Pub Date : 2020-06-22DOI: 10.31707/vdr2020.6.2.p91
The internet is often the first venue through which we hear about changes in our profession. Sometimes it is valid and supported information, other times conjecture or rumor. This juxtaposition was highlighted recently with the expansion of telehealth services due to COVID-19 and the CMS 1135 waiver that expanded the use of telehealth. Doctors have been getting information regarding billing from the internet and it has been unclear if these rules are valid or rumor based. Telemedicine has traditionally been bound by the same patient protection laws as conventional medicine to protect the doctor and the patient for provision of care. The CMS changes that cascaded through private carriers were primarily loosening the restrictions. As Doctors of Optometry that practice vision therapy, vision rehabilitation or simply behavioral based eye care our interactions with telehealth technology raise many ethical questions.
{"title":"Billing Telehealth/Telemedicine and Vision Therapy","authors":"","doi":"10.31707/vdr2020.6.2.p91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2020.6.2.p91","url":null,"abstract":"The internet is often the first venue through which we hear about changes in our profession. Sometimes it is valid and supported information, other times conjecture or rumor. This juxtaposition was highlighted recently with the expansion of telehealth\u0000services due to COVID-19 and the CMS 1135 waiver that expanded the use of telehealth. Doctors have been getting information regarding billing from the internet and it has been unclear if these rules are valid or rumor based. Telemedicine has traditionally been bound by the same patient protection laws as conventional medicine to protect the doctor and the patient for provision of care. The CMS changes that cascaded through private carriers were primarily loosening the restrictions. As Doctors of Optometry that practice vision therapy, vision rehabilitation or simply behavioral based eye care our interactions with telehealth technology raise many ethical questions.","PeriodicalId":91423,"journal":{"name":"Vision development and rehabilitation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89316953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-30DOI: 10.31707/vdr2020.6.1.p64
Katharine Funari
Introduction: Vision therapy has been shown to be a successful treatment option for basic intermittent exotropia as long as a complete workup is performed to assess prognosis and appropriate management. Case Presentation: A 9 year old hispanic male presented to the clinic for a comprehensive exam and was subsequently diagnosed with a basic type intermittent exotropia with a V-pattern deviation. After thorough evaluation of binocular skills and accommodative function with a binocular vision evaluation, he was referred for a vision therapy program to improve fusional ranges, accommodative function, and symptoms. This program consisted of 20 sessions and significantly improved his binocular skills. Discussion: Basic intermittent exotropia can be treated in various ways. Vision Therapy is a worthwhile option. Surgical correction and overminus treatment have also been effective treatments. Assessment should include the intermittent exotropia control scale and the convergence insufficiency symptom survey. Vision therapy treatments focus on diplopia awareness, antisuppression, and fusional vergence ranges. Conclusion: Though more research is necessary, vision therapy has been proven to be a very effective treatment option in basic intermittent exotropia.
{"title":"Vision Therapy’s Role in Basic Intermittent Exotropia: A Case Report","authors":"Katharine Funari","doi":"10.31707/vdr2020.6.1.p64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2020.6.1.p64","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Vision therapy has been shown to be a successful treatment option for basic intermittent exotropia as long as a complete workup is performed to assess prognosis and appropriate management.\u0000\u0000Case Presentation: A 9 year old hispanic male presented to the clinic for a comprehensive exam and was subsequently diagnosed with a basic type intermittent exotropia with a V-pattern deviation. \u0000\u0000After thorough evaluation of binocular skills and accommodative function with a binocular vision evaluation, he was referred for a vision therapy program to improve fusional ranges, accommodative function, and symptoms.\u0000\u0000This program consisted of 20 sessions and significantly improved his binocular skills.\u0000\u0000Discussion: Basic intermittent exotropia can be treated in various ways. Vision Therapy is a worthwhile option. Surgical correction and overminus treatment have also been effective treatments. Assessment should include the intermittent exotropia control scale and the convergence insufficiency symptom survey. Vision therapy treatments focus on diplopia awareness, antisuppression, and fusional vergence ranges.\u0000\u0000Conclusion: Though more research is necessary, vision therapy has been proven to be a very effective treatment option in basic intermittent exotropia.","PeriodicalId":91423,"journal":{"name":"Vision development and rehabilitation","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72491246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: This case discusses the neurological impact of Wallenberg syndrome on the visual-vestibular system and provides a clinical pathologic correlation between neuro-anatomic involvements with the manifesting symptoms. Case Report: A 50-year-old male presented for consultation following a left lateral medullary infarct occlusion of the left vertebral artery (Wallenberg syndrome) with complaints of intermittent binocular diplopia, vertigo, and oscillopsia. Assessment revealed an intermittent central nystagmus, a right skew deviation, and a left Horner’s syndrome. Video recordings of the nystagmus and ocular motor responses were documented. Conclusion: Wallenberg syndrome has very defined characteristics which can be used clinically to make a definitive diagnosis.It is important for eye care professionals to understand the neuro-anatomic involvements associated with this condition and make the clinical correlation to aid in the treatment and management of these patients.
{"title":"Neurological Impact of Wallenberg Syndrome on the Visual-Vestibular Systems","authors":"","doi":"10.31707/vdr2020.6.1.p8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2020.6.1.p8","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This case discusses the neurological impact of Wallenberg syndrome on the visual-vestibular system and provides a clinical pathologic correlation between neuro-anatomic involvements with the manifesting symptoms.\u0000\u0000Case Report: A 50-year-old male presented for consultation following a left lateral medullary infarct occlusion of the left vertebral artery (Wallenberg syndrome) with complaints of intermittent binocular diplopia, vertigo, and oscillopsia. Assessment revealed an intermittent central nystagmus, a right skew deviation, and a left Horner’s syndrome. Video recordings of the nystagmus and ocular motor responses were documented.\u0000\u0000Conclusion: Wallenberg syndrome has very defined characteristics which can be used clinically to make a definitive diagnosis.It is important for eye care professionals to understand the neuro-anatomic involvements associated with this condition and make the clinical correlation to aid in the treatment and management of these patients.","PeriodicalId":91423,"journal":{"name":"Vision development and rehabilitation","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73503049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-30DOI: 10.31707/vdr2020.6.1.p26
Background: Chromatic (“color”) filter therapeutic intervention is one of the rapidly evolving areas of neuro-optometry. Case Report: We describe the use of both traditional and newer technological approaches in a multiconcussed, adult patient manifesting a constellation of visual symptoms, including visual snow. Conclusion: Our multi-pronged chromatic approach resulted in resolution of the patient’s primary related visual symptoms.
{"title":"Primary Chromatic Filter Treatment in a Concussion Patient: Traditional and Contemporary Approaches","authors":"","doi":"10.31707/vdr2020.6.1.p26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2020.6.1.p26","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Chromatic (“color”) filter therapeutic intervention is one of the rapidly evolving areas of neuro-optometry.\u0000Case Report: We describe the use of both traditional and newer technological approaches in a multiconcussed, adult patient manifesting a constellation of visual symptoms, including visual snow.\u0000Conclusion: Our multi-pronged chromatic approach resulted in resolution of the patient’s primary related visual symptoms.","PeriodicalId":91423,"journal":{"name":"Vision development and rehabilitation","volume":"66 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79171114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-30DOI: 10.31707/vdr2020.6.1.p32
Background: The etiology and natural course and history of pediatric anisometropia are incompletely understood. This article reviews the literature regarding pediatric anisometropia with much of the review integrated into a case series. The review and case reports are intended to elevate clinical understanding of pediatric anisometropia including and especially treatment outcomes. Case Reports: Case one is anisomyopia with amblyopia that resulted in a poor treatment outcome despite outstanding compliance with prescribed spectacles, vision therapy, and occlusion. Case two is anisometropia caused by organic vision loss from optic neuritis early in life. Case three is an infant with hyperopic anisometropia and esotropia. The esotropia did not respond to spectacles and home based vision therapy. Neonatal high bilateral hyperopia that converted to anisometropia because of early onset cosmetically invisible unilateral esotropia is speculated. Case four describes a boy diagnosed with hyperopic anisometropia at age 11 months coincident with a diagnosis of pseudoesotropia. His compliance with prescribed spectacles was spotty until age three years. An outstanding visual outcome was achieved by age five years with spectacles only (no occlusion therapy). Case five concerns a boy who acquired hyperopic anisometropia because one eye experienced increasing hyperopia during his toddler years. His response to treatment, spectacles and part time occlusion with home vision therapy, was outstanding. Case six is an infant diagnosed with 2.50 diopters of hyperopic anisometropia at age six months. Monocular home based vison developmental activities, not glasses, were prescribed. Her anisometropia vanished three months later. Conclusions: Pediatric anisometropia presents and responds to treatment in a variety of ways that challenge clinical care. Etiology and age of onset, which usually elude clinicians, can explain this variety. Additional research is required to improve clinical outcomes.
{"title":"Pediatric Anisometropia: Case Series and Review","authors":"","doi":"10.31707/vdr2020.6.1.p32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2020.6.1.p32","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The etiology and natural course and history of pediatric anisometropia are incompletely understood. This article reviews the literature regarding pediatric anisometropia with much of the review integrated into a case series. The review and case reports are intended to elevate clinical understanding of pediatric anisometropia including and especially treatment outcomes.\u0000\u0000Case Reports: Case one is anisomyopia with amblyopia that resulted in a poor treatment outcome despite outstanding compliance with prescribed spectacles, vision therapy, and occlusion. Case two is anisometropia caused by organic vision loss from optic neuritis early in life. Case three is an infant with hyperopic anisometropia and esotropia. The esotropia did not respond to spectacles and home based vision therapy. Neonatal high bilateral hyperopia that converted to anisometropia because of early onset cosmetically invisible unilateral esotropia is speculated. Case four describes a boy\u0000diagnosed with hyperopic anisometropia at age 11 months coincident with a diagnosis\u0000of pseudoesotropia. His compliance with prescribed spectacles was spotty until age\u0000three years. An outstanding visual outcome was achieved by age five years with spectacles only (no occlusion therapy). Case five concerns a boy who acquired hyperopic anisometropia because one eye experienced increasing hyperopia during his toddler years. His response to treatment, spectacles and part time occlusion with home vision therapy, was outstanding. Case six is an infant diagnosed with 2.50 diopters of hyperopic anisometropia at age six months. Monocular home based vison developmental activities, not glasses, were prescribed. Her anisometropia vanished\u0000three months later.\u0000\u0000Conclusions: Pediatric anisometropia presents and responds to treatment in a variety of ways that challenge clinical care. Etiology and age of onset, which usually elude clinicians, can explain this variety. Additional research is required to improve clinical outcomes.","PeriodicalId":91423,"journal":{"name":"Vision development and rehabilitation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73165483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-26DOI: 10.31707/vdr2019.5.4.p249
Kenneth J. Ciuffreda Od, Fcovd Mh Esther Han Od, Fcovd Barry Tannen Od
Visual snow syndrome (VSS) is a relatively rare, unusual, and disturbing abnormal visual condition. The individual perceives “visual snow” (VS) throughout the entire visual field, as well as other abnormal visual phenomena (e.g., photopsia). Only relatively recently has treatment been proposed (e.g., chromatic filters) in adults with VSS, but rarely in the pediatric VSS population (i.e., medications). In this paper, we present three well-documented cases of VSS in children, including their successful neuro-optometric therapeutic interventions (i.e., chromatic filters and saccadic-based vision therapy)
{"title":"Pediatric Visual Snow Syndrome (VSS): A Case Series","authors":"Kenneth J. Ciuffreda Od, Fcovd Mh Esther Han Od, Fcovd Barry Tannen Od","doi":"10.31707/vdr2019.5.4.p249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2019.5.4.p249","url":null,"abstract":"Visual snow syndrome (VSS) is a\u0000relatively rare, unusual, and disturbing\u0000abnormal visual condition. The individual\u0000perceives “visual snow” (VS) throughout the\u0000entire visual field, as well as other abnormal\u0000visual phenomena (e.g., photopsia). Only\u0000relatively recently has treatment been proposed\u0000(e.g., chromatic filters) in adults with VSS, but\u0000rarely in the pediatric VSS population (i.e.,\u0000medications). In this paper, we present three\u0000well-documented cases of VSS in children,\u0000including their successful neuro-optometric\u0000therapeutic interventions (i.e., chromatic filters\u0000and saccadic-based vision therapy)","PeriodicalId":91423,"journal":{"name":"Vision development and rehabilitation","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73891037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-26DOI: 10.31707/vdr2019.5.4.p255
Faao Jennifer Fisher Od, Faao Tyler Phan Od
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders has increased almost two-fold since 2007. This increase has facilitated a need for a new approach in vision therapy when treating deficits in accommodation, binocularity, oculomotor, and visual processing in children with autism. The clinician may face challenges when treating this population because children with autism may have difficulty engaging in reciprocal conversation, have poor attention due to sensory overstimulation, be resistant to change, or be non-verbal. This paper seeks to compile effective behavior modifications, strategies, and supports used by other professionals, such as teachers, and physical, occupational, and behavioral therapists, that may be incorporated into optometric vision therapy to maximize visual outcomes for this patient population.
{"title":"Incorporating Behavior Modifications, Strategies, and Supports to Maximize the Effectiveness of Vision Therapy in the Autism Spectrum Disorder Population","authors":"Faao Jennifer Fisher Od, Faao Tyler Phan Od","doi":"10.31707/vdr2019.5.4.p255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2019.5.4.p255","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders\u0000has increased almost two-fold since 2007.\u0000This increase has facilitated a need for a new\u0000approach in vision therapy when treating\u0000deficits in accommodation, binocularity, oculomotor, and visual processing in children with\u0000autism. The clinician may face challenges when treating this population because children\u0000with autism may have difficulty engaging in\u0000reciprocal conversation, have poor attention\u0000due to sensory overstimulation, be resistant\u0000to change, or be non-verbal. This paper seeks\u0000to compile effective behavior modifications,\u0000strategies, and supports used by other\u0000professionals, such as teachers, and physical,\u0000occupational, and behavioral therapists, that\u0000may be incorporated into optometric vision\u0000therapy to maximize visual outcomes for this\u0000patient population.","PeriodicalId":91423,"journal":{"name":"Vision development and rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87283496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-26DOI: 10.31707/vdr2019.5.4.p269
Nicholas Murry Od, K. Kubitz, C. Roberts, Melissa Hunfalvay, Takumi Bolte, Ankur Tyagi
Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of oculomotor metrics in healthy individuals, to determine the normative values through cluster analysis, and to compare oculomotor metrics by age groups in a suite of digitized eye tracking tests. Design Experimental cross sectional Participants A large sample of 2993 participants completed RightEye tests. Results These tests demonstrated acceptable or higher reliability on 85% of the eye movement metrics and the clustering analysis distinguished 5 distinct age groups. Furthermore, group differences were found between age clusters. Conclusions Overall, the findings represent the reliability of a computerized oculomotor measure and the importance to consider individual and group characteristics for clinical applications as well as applied settings.
{"title":"An Examination of the Oculomotor Metrics within a Suite of Digitized Eye Tracking Tests","authors":"Nicholas Murry Od, K. Kubitz, C. Roberts, Melissa Hunfalvay, Takumi Bolte, Ankur Tyagi","doi":"10.31707/vdr2019.5.4.p269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2019.5.4.p269","url":null,"abstract":"Objective\u0000The purpose of this study was to examine the\u0000reliability of oculomotor metrics in healthy\u0000individuals, to determine the normative values\u0000through cluster analysis, and to compare\u0000oculomotor metrics by age groups in a suite of\u0000digitized eye tracking tests. \u0000Design\u0000Experimental cross sectional\u0000Participants\u0000A large sample of 2993 participants completed\u0000RightEye tests.\u0000Results\u0000These tests demonstrated acceptable or higher\u0000reliability on 85% of the eye movement metrics\u0000and the clustering analysis distinguished\u00005 distinct age groups. Furthermore, group\u0000differences were found between age clusters.\u0000Conclusions\u0000Overall, the findings represent the reliability of\u0000a computerized oculomotor measure and the\u0000importance to consider individual and group\u0000characteristics for clinical applications as well\u0000as applied settings.","PeriodicalId":91423,"journal":{"name":"Vision development and rehabilitation","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89628721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-27DOI: 10.31707/vdr2019.5.3.p175
Background: Reading is a complex task and for students who are not proficient in reading, intervention and remediation is frequently necessitated. Previous literature has shown support for the inclusion of in-school oculomotor training using the King-Devick Reading Acceleration Program (K-D RAP) to supplement current reading curriculums. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the K-D RAP intervention in students with dyslexia. Methods: Participants with dyslexia diagnosed by a licensed professional were recruited and enrolled (n=7). Participants performed a total of six hours of K-D RAP intervention which was parent-supervised in their homes. A test of reading fluency and the King-Devick Eye Movement Test for Reading were administered before and after the intervention. Results: Participants demonstrated a median 14 WCPM increase in fluency following intervention with K-D RAP, which was significant (50 to 64 WCPM; p = 0.0178). Greater reading fluency improvements were observed in younger participants compared to older participants (under age 10: 51.2% vs. ages 10 and above: 3.2% improvement; p = 0.0339). Participants with other learning disability diagnoses in addition to dyslexia were likely to impact progress in reading achievements. Conclusion: Similar to prior research of randomized, controlled trials examining the effect of K-D RAP in the general school curriculum, students with dyslexia in this study achieved significant reading gains following six hours of practice. There is an urgency for implementing K-D RAP, as findings indicate that older students do not improve to the same degree as younger students, which is coincident with research demonstrating earlier intervention is more effective for reading enhancement.
{"title":"The King-Devick Reading Acceleration Program Significantly Improves Reading Performance in Students with Dyslexia","authors":"","doi":"10.31707/vdr2019.5.3.p175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2019.5.3.p175","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Reading is a complex task and for students who are not proficient in reading, intervention and remediation is frequently necessitated. Previous literature has shown support for the inclusion of in-school oculomotor training using the King-Devick Reading Acceleration Program (K-D RAP) to supplement current reading curriculums. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the K-D RAP intervention in students with dyslexia.\u0000\u0000Methods: Participants with dyslexia diagnosed by a licensed professional were recruited and enrolled (n=7). Participants performed a total of six hours of K-D RAP intervention which was parent-supervised in their homes. A test of reading fluency and the King-Devick Eye Movement Test for Reading were administered before and after the intervention.\u0000\u0000Results: Participants demonstrated a median 14 WCPM increase in fluency following intervention with K-D RAP, which was significant (50 to 64 WCPM; p = 0.0178). Greater reading fluency improvements were observed in younger participants compared to older participants (under age 10: 51.2% vs. ages 10 and above: 3.2% improvement; p = 0.0339). Participants with other learning disability diagnoses in addition to dyslexia were likely to impact progress in reading achievements.\u0000\u0000Conclusion: Similar to prior research of randomized, controlled trials examining the effect of K-D RAP in the general school curriculum, students with dyslexia in this study achieved significant reading gains following six hours of practice. There is an urgency for implementing K-D RAP, as findings indicate that older students do not improve to the same degree as younger students, which is coincident with research demonstrating earlier intervention is more effective for reading enhancement.","PeriodicalId":91423,"journal":{"name":"Vision development and rehabilitation","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85317092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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