Breastfeeding Medicine最新文献

Human milk (HM) research has its origins in the early 20th century, emerging from the field of dairy science. Early pioneers such as Drs. David Forsyth, Lucy Naish, and Disney Cran were among the first to formally study HM, building on centuries of recognition of its importance. Clinicians such as Dr. Ruth A. Lawrence, a true "giant" in the field, played a pivotal role in translating HM research into medical education and clinical practice. This commentary highlights the milestones, key contributors, technical advancements, and future directions of HM research, tracing its journey from modest beginnings to its establishment as a rapidly evolving scientific discipline.

Background: Despite many well-documented benefits of breastfeeding, only 44% of babies worldwide are exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months. The aggressive marketing of formula food companies may be contributing to why mothers are choosing artificial feeding over breastfeeding. Objective: To identify when and how mothers become aware of infant formula food and the impact it has on breastfeeding. Methods: Four commonly used formula food logos were modified to unbranded versions using photoshop and shown to 444 participants at a tertiary level hospital. The participants included first-time pregnant women and mothers of infants aged 0-6 months. They were asked if they recognized the logos and how they knew them. Breastfeeding practices and media usage were also examined with a questionnaire. Results: The overall rate of logo recognition was 60.8%, increasing with the baby's age. Of the mothers who had never used formula, 51.6% still recognized them. Of the participants, 70.5% admitted to getting baby care ideas from the media, with the logo recognition rate being higher among them. Exclusive breastfeeding was lower among the mothers who were aware of the logos. Conclusion: The awareness of formula food was quite high among the group that needed to breastfeed exclusively. More than half of those who recognized the logos stated that they saw them through the media, highlighting its role in formula awareness.

Objective: To determine whether women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were less likely to initiate breastfeeding or have shorter breastfeeding duration. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional analysis was performed of the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System dataset, a national questionnaire from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of postpartum women, from 2016 to 2018. Logistic regression assessed the odds of any breastfeeding initiation. Cox proportional hazards assessed duration of any breastfeeding. Results: Sample included 2,382,290 women (6.1% PCOS). In univariable analysis, PCOS was associated with increased odds of any breastfeeding initiation (89.9% versus 87.9%; odds ratio [OR]: 1.23 [95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.47]; p = 0.03). This outcome remained significant after controlling for body mass index (BMI; OR_adj:1.3 [1.1, 1.6]; p = 0.005) but not after controlling for education and prior live births (OR_adj:1.10 [0.89, 1.37]; p = 0.37). With increasing BMI, the odds of any breastfeeding initiation decreased, with the lowest odds seen in women with class III obesity (OR_adj: 0.74 [0.60, 0.9]; p = 0.003). In a subanalysis of racial/ethnic groups, PCOS did not impact any breastfeeding initiation in White or Black non-Hispanic groups but increased odds of any breastfeeding initiation in Hispanic women (OR_adj: 2.0 [1.1, 3.7]; p = 0.03). In multivariable models, there was no difference in the duration of any breastfeeding in women with PCOS compared with those without. Conclusions: Understanding predictors of breastfeeding success is paramount. In this national survey measuring any breastfeeding, PCOS did not decrease breastfeeding initiation or duration, despite confirming the association between overweight/obesity and decreased breastfeeding. However, because the data did not distinguish between exclusive breastfeeding and supplementation, we cannot rule out the possibility that PCOS affects breastfeeding exclusivity or necessitates supplementation. This limitation suggests that important trends could be obscured, and therefore, our findings should be interpreted with caution regarding breastfeeding exclusivity. Interventions aimed at increasing breastfeeding should target populations that would benefit the most; our data support that PCOS-specific targeting is not needed. Additional prospective studies are necessary to fully understand the association between different PCOS phenotypes and breastfeeding.

Background: Pain management is an important issue in newborns. This study aimed to compare the effects of three different sensory interventions (mother's voice [hearing], mother's milk smell [smell], and mother's holding [touch]) during heel lance on pain levels in term newborns. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 120 term newborns included in the study were divided into four groups. Pain scores were assessed with Neonatal Infant Pain Scale during and after the procedure. Results: When compared in terms of interventions, newborns in mother's voice and mother's holding groups showed statistically significantly less pain response during the procedure compared with the control group (p = 0.005). But no significance was found in terms of mother's milk smell. Conclusion: In conclusion, mother's holding and mother's voice are effective methods to reduce pain during heel prick procedure in newborns. In addition, both maternal smell and maternal touch may have had an effect in the mother's holding group. Nevertheless, future studies with different designs on the effect of breast milk smell are recommended. (Trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05526378.).

Surprisingly little is known about the effect of breastfeeding on the infant's immune system development. Systematic reviews have suggested the role of breastfeeding in the prevention against asthma, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and childhood leukemia. However, studies on atopic disease suffer from reverse causation, small size, and those assessing food allergy (FA) have often relied on parent-reported outcomes. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are not possible for ethical reasons. In addition, epidemiological studies have not considered that there is a large interindividual variation in human milk (HM) composition and feeding at the breast versus pumped HM potentially impacting the effect of breastfeeding between mothers. While prevention strategies such as early introduction of highly allergenic food are impactful in preventing peanut and egg allergies, implementation of early introduction guidelines has been slow, and many infants are already sensitized by 4-6 months of age. To be more effective, primary prevention strategies must commence much earlier, during breastfeeding. There are studies that imply a definitive effect of breastfeeding on the gut microbiome and regulatory T cells (Tregs) as well as a higher rate of FA in populations with historically low rates of breastfeeding. These provide a strong rationale for assessing the effect of feeding HM in the context of HM composition and mode of feeding on immune development. The lack of well-conducted, large studies assessing the role of breastfeeding and HM composition in the development of immune system development is a significant gap when designing prevention strategies.

Introduction: Breastfeeding practices vary widely among different ethnic groups and are influenced by cultural, social, economic, and educational factors. The aim of this study was to compare the breastfeeding behaviors of mothers toward infants in different ethnic groups. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included women of four ethnic groups (Assyrian, Turkish, Arab, and Kurdish) living in Mardin, Turkey. The study was completed with 180 Assyrian, 184 Turkish, 175 Arab, and 169 Kurdish women. In total, 708 women participated in this study. Data were collected between August 12, 2024, and September 22, 2024. Results: The highest rate of traditional breastfeeding practices was seen in Kurdish (99.4%), whereas this rate was 97.3% in Turkish, 96% in Arab, and 84.4% in Assyrian. The highest rate of giving breast milk immediately after birth was in Assyrian (71.7%), while this rate was 69.3% in Turkish, 61.9% in Kurdish, and 47% in Arab (p = 0.000). The rate of those who waited for three calls to prayer to feed the baby was 13.1% in Kurdish, 11.3% in Arab, 9.5% in Turkish, and 7.9% in Assyrian. The rate of those who did not give the first milk (colostrum) to the baby was 15.8% in Assyrian, 11.7% in Turkish, 6.5% in Kurdish, and 6% in Arab. The rate of those who give sugared water as the baby's first nutrient was 37.5% in Arab, 20.8% in Kurdish, 11.7% in Turkish, and 9.2% in Assyrian. Increased education levels were associated with decreased rates of the presence of traditional practices. Conclusion: This study provides novel results regarding the comparison of breastfeeding behaviors among ethnic groups living in the same city. Comparing breastfeeding practices across the four ethnic groups allowed us to better understand different breastfeeding practices, which could lead to the development of culturally sensitive interventions to improve the health of children and mothers. Educating the community about the benefits of breastfeeding and the risks associated with some traditional practices could contribute to public health.