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How Workplaces Should Design Lactation Rooms: A Wishlist Informed by Clinical Practice, Maternal Health Research, and Personal Experience as a Breastfeeding Mom. 工作场所应如何设计哺乳室:根据临床实践、孕产妇健康研究和母乳喂养妈妈的亲身经历编写的建议书。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0340
Gabriela Alvarado
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引用次数: 0
Human Migration and Breastfeeding Practices. 人类迁徙与母乳喂养实践。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0346
Arthur I Eidelman
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引用次数: 0
Building a Cathedral…. 建立大讲堂....
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0345
Elien Rouw
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Cannabis Consumption During Lactation on the Macronutrient Concentrations in Breast Milk. 哺乳期吸食大麻对母乳中宏量营养素浓度的影响
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0083
Priyadharshini Narayanan, Kerri Bertrand, Jill Waalen, Christina Chambers, Karen Ferran, Gretchen Bandoli

Introduction: Human breast milk macronutrients play a vital role in the development of breastfed infants and are known to be influenced by several factors. There is limited information on the influence of cannabis use during lactation on these macronutrients. Given the rising use of cannabis among lactating women with its widespread legalization, this study aimed to examine the association of cannabis use during lactation on breast milk macronutrients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used and 637 breast milk samples with measured macronutrients were utilized. Of these, 165 samples that had detectable cannabis metabolites were defined as the study group, and 472 samples from mothers who did not report cannabis use and from mothers who reported cannabis use but did not have measurable metabolites of cannabis in their milk samples were defined as the control group. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess the association of presence of cannabis metabolites with protein, carbohydrates, fat, and calories in breast milk. Results: Greater protein levels (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.112-0.376; p < 0.001) and lower fat levels (95% CI: -0.217, -0.018; p = 0.020) were found in the milk exposed to cannabis compared with reported nonexposure. The presence of cannabis was associated with an increase of 0.244 mg/dL in protein and a reduction of 11% in fats in breast milk. The levels of energy and carbohydrates were not significantly different among the two groups. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a statistically significant association between the presence of metabolites of cannabis in breast milk and protein and fat concentrations in breath milk. Further studies are required toward building the body of evidence to determine safety of cannabis use during lactation.

导言:母乳中的常量营养素对母乳喂养婴儿的发育起着至关重要的作用,而且众所周知会受到多种因素的影响。关于哺乳期吸食大麻对这些宏量营养素的影响的信息很有限。鉴于随着大麻的广泛合法化,哺乳期妇女使用大麻的人数不断增加,本研究旨在探讨哺乳期使用大麻与母乳中主要营养素的关系。材料和方法:本研究采用横断面研究设计,使用了 637 份已测定宏量营养素的母乳样本。其中,165 份可检测到大麻代谢物的样本被定义为研究组,472 份来自未报告使用大麻的母亲和报告使用大麻但其母乳样本中未检测到大麻代谢物的母亲的样本被定义为对照组。使用多变量线性回归模型评估母乳中大麻代谢物的存在与蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪和热量之间的关系。结果显示与未接触大麻的母乳相比,接触大麻的母乳蛋白质含量更高(95% 置信区间 [CI]:0.112-0.376;p < 0.001),脂肪含量更低(95% 置信区间:-0.217,-0.018;p = 0.020)。母乳中含有大麻会导致蛋白质增加 0.244 毫克/分升,脂肪减少 11%。两组母乳中的能量和碳水化合物含量没有明显差异。结论:这项研究表明,母乳中大麻代谢物的存在与呼出的乳汁中蛋白质和脂肪浓度之间存在统计学意义上的显著关联。还需要进一步研究,以积累证据,确定在哺乳期使用大麻是否安全。
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引用次数: 0
Breastfeeding and Children's Cognitive Development up to the Age of 4 Years: The Japan Environment and Children's Study. 母乳喂养与 4 岁前儿童的认知发展:日本环境与儿童研究》。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0195
Toshie Nishigori, Hidekazu Nishigori, Taeko Suzuki, Toma Fukuda, Tsuyoshi Murata, Hyo Kyozuka, Akiko Sato, Yuka Ogata, Yuichi Nagasaka, Seiji Yasumura, Keiya Fujimori, Mitsuaki Hosoya, Koichi Hashimoto

Objective: Breastfeeding, depending on its duration, has been suggested to benefit children's cognitive development. We aimed to examine this issue by using the Japan Environment and Children's Study, a nationwide prospective birth cohort study. Methods: We evaluated the relationship between feeding methods and cognitive development in 2- and 4-year-old children. We classified the children based on the following feeding method during the first 6 months postpartum: (1) exclusive breastfeeding group, solely breastfeeding; (2) partial breastfeeding group, solely breastfeeding for ≤5 months and combination of breastfeeding/formula for the rest of months; (3) formula-fed group, solely formula feeding for ≥4 months; and (4) others. Cognitive development was assessed by trained testers using the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development 2001. Results: Data on 1,329 boys and 1,398 girls were analyzed. Multiple regression analysis was performed using the exclusive breastfeeding group as the reference. Boys of age 2 years in the formula-fed group had significantly lower developmental quotients (DQs) in the language-social developmental (L-S) area (partial regression coefficient [B]: -4.624, p = 0.01), whereas no significant difference was observed in those of age 4 years. Girls of age 2 and 4 years in the formula-fed group had significantly lower L-S area DQ (B: -3.637, p = 0.03 and B: -3.414, p = 0.03, respectively). In the partial breastfeeding group, no significant differences in the L-S area DQ were observed in 2- and 4-year-old boys and girls. Conclusions: Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months postpartum may be more beneficial for verbal cognitive development in 4-year-old girls than solely formula feeding for ≥4 months. Furthermore, breastfeeding combined with formula for the first 6 months postpartum may not have a disadvantage on cognitive development in boys and girls of age ≥ 2 years, when compared with that observed with exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months postpartum.

目的:有人认为,母乳喂养(取决于其持续时间)有利于儿童的认知发展。我们旨在通过日本环境与儿童研究(一项全国性的前瞻性出生队列研究)来研究这一问题。研究方法我们评估了 2-4 岁儿童的喂养方式与认知发展之间的关系。我们根据产后头 6 个月的喂养方式对儿童进行了分类:(1) 纯母乳喂养组,即完全以母乳喂养;(2) 部分母乳喂养组,即≤5 个月完全以母乳喂养,其余几个月母乳/配方奶混合喂养;(3) 配方奶喂养组,即≥4 个月完全以配方奶喂养;(4) 其他。认知发展由经过培训的测试人员使用 2001 年京都心理发展量表进行评估。结果:分析了 1 329 名男孩和 1 398 名女孩的数据。以纯母乳喂养组为参照,进行了多元回归分析。配方奶粉喂养组的 2 岁男孩在语言-社会发展(L-S)方面的发展商数(DQs)明显较低(部分回归系数[B]:-4.624,P = 0.01),而 4 岁男孩的发展商数则无明显差异。配方奶喂养组 2 岁和 4 岁女孩的 L-S 面积 DQ 明显较低(B:-3.637,p = 0.03;B:-3.414,p = 0.03)。在部分母乳喂养组中,2 岁和 4 岁男孩和女孩的 L-S 面积 DQ 没有明显差异。结论产后头 6 个月纯母乳喂养可能比单纯配方奶喂养≥4 个月更有利于 4 岁女孩的言语认知发展。此外,与产后头 6 个月纯母乳喂养相比,产后头 6 个月配方奶和母乳喂养对≥2 岁男童和女童的认知发展可能没有不利影响。
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引用次数: 0
Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex: Measurement, Prevalence, Clinical Features, Maternal Mental Health, and Mother-Infant Bonding. 排乳反射障碍:测量、发病率、临床特征、产妇心理健康和母婴关系。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0172
Maja Žutić, Marijana Matijaš, Sandra Nakić Radoš

Introduction: Dysphoric milk ejection reflex (D-MER) is a condition affecting lactating women, characterized by abrupt emotions of dysphoria that start shortly before or during milk let-down and progress for several minutes. Research on D-MER, especially with quantitative methodology, is minimal. This study aimed to validate an instrument for D-MER-related emotions, examine its prevalence and clinical features, and explore differences in maternal mental health and mother-infant bonding between mothers with and without D-MER. Methods: A total of 711 women up to 12 months postpartum participated in an online cross-sectional study. Participants fulfilled the D-MER Questionnaire (D-MERq), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales, and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire. Results: The analysis showed that D-MERq had high reliability and good discriminant and divergent validity. The prevalence of D-MER was 5.9%. For the majority, D-MER manifested intensely, accompanied mostly by agitation- and anxiety-related emotions, and 45% of mothers discontinued breastfeeding due to D-MER. Mothers experiencing D-MER had higher levels of depression, anxiety, stress, previous psychiatric diagnoses, and more mother-infant bonding difficulties compared with mothers without D-MER. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that D-MERq is a valuable tool with good psychometric properties and suitable for clinical and research use to facilitate early identification and better understanding of this phenomenon. D-MER affects a noteworthy number of women and is associated with impaired mental health, bonding difficulties, and breastfeeding discontinuation. This highlights the importance of health care providers recognizing D-MER to ensure better outcomes and a more positive breastfeeding experience.

导言:排乳障碍反射(D-MER)是一种影响哺乳期妇女的症状,其特点是在排乳前或排乳过程中突然出现排乳障碍情绪,并持续数分钟。有关 D-MER 的研究,尤其是定量方法的研究很少。本研究旨在验证一种与 D-MER 相关的情绪测试工具,检查其流行率和临床特征,并探讨有 D-MER 和无 D-MER 的母亲在心理健康和母婴关系方面的差异。研究方法共有 711 名产后 12 个月的妇女参加了在线横断面研究。参与者填写了 D-MER 问卷(D-MERq)、爱丁堡产后抑郁量表、抑郁、焦虑和压力量表以及产后亲子关系问卷。结果显示分析表明,D-MERq 具有较高的信度、良好的判别效度和发散效度。D-MER 的发病率为 5.9%。对于大多数人来说,D-MER表现强烈,主要伴有与激动和焦虑相关的情绪,45%的母亲因D-MER而中断母乳喂养。与没有出现 D-MER 的母亲相比,出现 D-MER 的母亲抑郁、焦虑、压力、曾被诊断患有精神病的程度更高,母婴关系更难建立。结论这些研究结果表明,D-MERq 是一种有价值的工具,具有良好的心理测量特性,适合临床和研究使用,有助于早期识别和更好地理解这一现象。D-MER影响着相当多的妇女,并与心理健康受损、亲子关系困难和停止母乳喂养有关。这凸显了医护人员识别 D-MER 的重要性,以确保更好的结果和更积极的母乳喂养体验。
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引用次数: 0
Breastfeeding Behaviors by Race/Ethnicity and Foreign-Born Status in the United States: An Analysis of the U.S. National Survey of Children's Health. 美国按种族/族裔和外国出生身份分列的母乳喂养行为:美国全国儿童健康调查分析》。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0271
Angela G Campbell, Saman Naz, Armando Peña

Objective: The foreign-born population is growing in the United States, but no nationally representative statistics of breastfeeding behavior disaggregated by race/ethnicity and foreign-born status have been published in recent years. This study examines breastfeeding initiation, any breastfeeding, and exclusive breastfeeding at 3 and 6 months among foreign-born and U.S.-born Non-Hispanic (NH) Black, NH White, and Hispanic women in the United States. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study utilizing years 2021 and 2022 of the National Survey of Children's Health. Sample children identified as NH White, NH Black, and Hispanic who were 6 months to 5 years old and residing with their biological or adoptive mother were included (n = 27,818). Results: Foreign-born women in all racial/ethnic groups (NH Black, NH White, and Hispanic) had significantly higher odds of any breastfeeding at 6 months relative to U.S.-born NH White women. However, they did not have significantly different odds of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months relative to U.S.-born NH White women. U.S.-born Hispanic women had rates of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months (23.2%) that were much closer to U.S.-born NH Black women (23.4%) than to foreign-born Hispanic women (29.4%) or U.S.-born White women (32.1%). Conclusions: The large percentage of foreign-born women who reported some breastfeeding at 6 months indicates a strong commitment to breastfeeding and may be a leverage point for future exclusive breastfeeding interventions among this group. U.S.-born Hispanic women appear to be struggling with exclusive breastfeeding and may need additional interventions.

目的:美国的外国出生人口在不断增长,但近年来尚未公布按种族/族裔和外国出生身份分列的具有全国代表性的母乳喂养行为统计数据。本研究调查了美国外国出生和美国出生的非西班牙裔(NH)黑人、NH 白人和西班牙裔妇女的母乳喂养启动情况、任何母乳喂养情况以及 3 个月和 6 个月的纯母乳喂养情况。研究方法:这是一项利用 2021 年和 2022 年全国儿童健康调查进行的横断面研究。样本包括 6 个月至 5 岁、与生母或养母同住的 NH 白人、NH 黑人和西班牙裔儿童(n = 27,818)。结果:与美国出生的北荷兰裔白人妇女相比,所有种族/族裔群体(北荷兰裔黑人、北荷兰裔白人和西班牙裔)中的外国出生妇女在 6 个月时进行母乳喂养的几率明显更高。然而,与在美国出生的新罕布什尔州白人妇女相比,她们在 6 个月内进行纯母乳喂养的几率并无明显差异。在美国出生的西班牙裔妇女 6 个月内纯母乳喂养的比率(23.2%)与在美国出生的新罕布什尔州黑人妇女(23.4%)相比,更接近于在外国出生的西班牙裔妇女(29.4%)或在美国出生的白人妇女(32.1%)。结论:有很大比例的外国出生妇女在 6 个月大时曾进行过母乳喂养,这表明她们对母乳喂养有着坚定的承诺,这可能是未来对这一群体进行纯母乳喂养干预的一个杠杆点。在美国出生的西班牙裔妇女在纯母乳喂养方面似乎有困难,可能需要额外的干预措施。
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引用次数: 0
Factors Associated with Mother's Own Milk Feeding and Direct Breastfeeding at Discharge in Preterm Infants with Feeding Difficulties: Clinical and Research Implications. 有喂养困难的早产儿出院时母亲自己喂奶和直接母乳喂养的相关因素:临床和研究意义。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0231
Faith Bala, Enas Alshaikh, Sudarshan R Jadcherla

Background: Prematurity presents numerous barriers to mother's own milk (MOM) feeding and direct breastfeeding (DBF). Aim: This study aimed to determine factors associated with MOM feeding and DBF at discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in preterm-born infants presenting with feeding difficulties. Methods: A retrospective study of data from 237 preterm-born infants referred for evaluation of feeding difficulties and discharged home on full oral feeds was examined. Maternal and infant characteristics and oral feeding milestones were examined for their association with MOM intake and DBF at discharge using bivariate and multivariate regression analyses. Results: MOM feeding at discharge occurred in 35.4% (n = 84) infants. The odds of any MOM feeding at discharge were higher with higher maternal age, absence of maternal substance use, and fewer days between full per oral (PO) and discharge (all, p < 0.05). Among the 84 MOM-fed infants, 4.76% (n = 4) were exclusively breastfed, whereas 39.3% (n = 33) were partially DBF at discharge. The DBF infants had higher birthweight, no incidence of being small for gestational age, lower incidence of respiratory support at birth and intraventricular hemorrhage, lower postmenstrual age (PMA) at full PO, shorter duration from first PO to full PO, and lower PMA at discharge (all, p < 0.05). Conclusion: We found reduced use of MOM and DBF among preterm-born infants with feeding difficulties at NICU discharge. Clinical management and research advocacy must focus on targeted interventions in this setting by recognizing significant modifiable factors applicable to prepregnancy, pregnancy, NICU, and postdischarge care.

背景:早产儿在母乳喂养(MOM)和直接母乳喂养(DBF)方面存在诸多障碍。目的:本研究旨在确定出现喂养困难的早产儿从新生儿重症监护室(NICU)出院时的母乳喂养和直接母乳喂养的相关因素。研究方法对转诊评估喂养困难并以全口喂养出院的 237 名早产儿的数据进行回顾性研究。通过二元和多元回归分析,研究了母婴特征和口服喂养里程碑与出院时 MOM 摄入量和 DBF 的关系。结果:35.4%的婴儿(n = 84)在出院时进行了MOM喂养。产妇年龄越大、未使用药物、每次口服全量(PO)和出院之间的间隔天数越少,出院时出现任何MOM喂养的几率就越高(均为P < 0.05)。在 84 名 MOM 喂养的婴儿中,4.76%(n = 4)为纯母乳喂养,而 39.3%(n = 33)出院时为部分 DBF。DBF婴儿出生体重较高,无胎龄偏小发生率,出生时呼吸支持和脑室内出血发生率较低,完全母乳喂养时月经后年龄(PMA)较低,从首次母乳喂养到完全母乳喂养的持续时间较短,出院时PMA较低(均为P < 0.05)。结论:我们发现,有喂养困难的早产儿在出院时减少了 MOM 和 DBF 的使用。在这种情况下,临床管理和研究宣传必须将重点放在有针对性的干预上,认识到适用于孕前、孕期、NICU 和出院后护理的重要可改变因素。
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引用次数: 0
Minimal Transfer of Atorvastatin and Its Metabolites in Human Milk: A Case Series. 阿托伐他汀及其代谢物在母乳中的最小转移:一个案例系列。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0258
Levi Campbell, Kristin Huseman, Kaytlin Krutsch, Palika Datta

Background: Statins are historically contraindicated during breastfeeding due to theoretical concerns of disruptions in infant development from drug exposure and nutritional changes in milk. Breastfeeding mothers requiring statins often discontinue statins or postpone treatment until breastfeeding cessation, contributing to delays in treatment up to 14 years. This study aims to determine the transfer of atorvastatin and its active metabolites into human milk and evaluate the infant's risk of drug exposure. Materials and Methods: Milk samples and health information were released from the InfantRisk Human Milk Biorepository for three women taking 20 mg, 40 mg, and 80 mg of atorvastatin daily at steady state conditions. The concentration of atorvastatin (AT) and its active metabolites, ortho-hydroxy AT (2OH AT) and para-hydroxy AT (4OH AT), was quantified in timed milk samples using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: The highest absolute infant dose of AT was 0.00027 mg/kg/day, and the highest weight-adjusted relative infant dose of the combined analytes was 0.09%, far below established thresholds for infant safety. Milk cholesterol levels were within previously established norms in the range of 10 mg/dL. The mothers reported no adverse outcomes in the two exposed infants. Conclusions: The transfer of atorvastatin and its metabolites was exceedingly low. While the impact on milk composition in states of hyperlipidemia (whether treated or untreated) is not well understood, it is unlikely that the drug in the milk would be present in clinically significant levels to adversely affect a breastfed infant.

背景:他汀类药物历来是母乳喂养期间的禁忌,因为理论上担心药物暴露和乳汁营养变化会影响婴儿发育。需要服用他汀类药物的哺乳期母亲通常会停用他汀类药物或推迟治疗直至停止哺乳,这导致治疗延迟长达 14 年之久。本研究旨在确定阿托伐他汀及其活性代谢物转移到母乳中的情况,并评估婴儿接触药物的风险。材料与方法:从 InfantRisk 人乳生物库中提取了三名妇女的乳汁样本和健康信息,她们在稳定状态下每天服用 20 毫克、40 毫克和 80 毫克阿托伐他汀。采用液相色谱-质谱法对定时牛奶样本中的阿托伐他汀(AT)及其活性代谢物--正羟基AT(2OH AT)和对羟基AT(4OH AT)的浓度进行了定量分析。结果显示婴儿摄入 AT 的最高绝对剂量为 0.00027 毫克/千克/天,综合分析物的最高体重调整相对婴儿剂量为 0.09%,远低于婴儿安全的既定阈值。牛奶中的胆固醇水平在 10 毫克/分升的范围内,符合先前确定的标准。据母亲报告,两名暴露婴儿未出现不良后果。结论阿托伐他汀及其代谢物的转移量极低。虽然对高脂血症状态下(无论是否经过治疗)乳汁成分的影响尚不十分清楚,但乳汁中的药物含量不太可能达到对母乳喂养婴儿产生不利影响的临床显著水平。
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引用次数: 0
One Pump at a Time: A Wearable Lactation Pump Pilot for Graduate Medical Education Trainees. 一次一泵:针对医学研究生教育受训人员的可穿戴哺乳泵试点项目。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0134
Virginia Sheffield, Sarah Tomlinson, Harlan McCaffery, Amanda D McCormick

Background: Despite the known benefits of lactation, lactating graduate medical education (GME) trainees encounter difficulties when returning to work. Wearable lactation pumps are known to be beneficial in lactating physicians, but the benefit for GME trainees in clinical care and education has not been explored. Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the benefits of wearable lactation pumps on education and clinical care for GME trainees. Methods: In 2022-2023, all lactating GME trainees at a large academic center were invited to participate in a wearable pump pilot. Participants completed six baseline surveys with questions on lactation practices and individuals' perceptions before receiving the pump, repeated the six surveys after receiving the pump, and completed a monthly survey for 6 months after receiving the pump. A linear mixed methods model was used to compare reported experiences before and after receiving the wearable pump. Results: Twelve trainees participated in the pilot, with 10 completing pre- and post-surveys. When compared with experiences before receiving the wearable pump, there was a significant decrease in the perceived impact of lactation on clinical care (p = 0.03), medical education (p = 0.004), and missed pumping sessions (p = 0.02) after using the wearable pump. All participants who used the wearable pumps reported that it helped them to meet lactation goals. Conclusions: Wearable pumps are beneficial to trainees and may decrease the barriers to education and clinical care. GME sponsored pump programs may better support lactating trainees on their return to work.

背景:尽管哺乳的好处众所周知,但哺乳期的医学教育(GME)研究生在重返工作岗位时仍会遇到困难。众所周知,可穿戴式哺乳泵对哺乳期的医生有益,但对医学研究生教育受训者在临床护理和教育方面的益处还没有进行过研究。研究目的本研究旨在探讨可穿戴式哺乳泵对 GME 受训人员的教育和临床护理的益处。研究方法2022-2023 年,一家大型学术中心邀请所有哺乳期的 GME 受训人员参加可穿戴泵试点项目。参与者在接受泵之前完成了六次基线调查,其中包括哺乳实践和个人感知等问题,接受泵后重复了六次调查,并在接受泵后的 6 个月内完成了一次月度调查。我们采用线性混合方法模型来比较使用可穿戴泵前后的体验报告。结果12 名学员参加了试点,其中 10 人完成了前后调查。与使用可穿戴泵前的体验相比,使用可穿戴泵后,学员对哺乳对临床护理的影响(p = 0.03)、医学教育(p = 0.004)和错过泵奶时间(p = 0.02)的感知显著下降。所有使用过可穿戴泵的参与者都表示,这有助于他们实现哺乳目标。结论可穿戴式泵对学员有益,可减少教育和临床护理的障碍。GME 赞助的泵计划可为哺乳期学员重返工作岗位提供更好的支持。
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引用次数: 0
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Breastfeeding Medicine
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