License. The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Ltd, provided the work is properly attributed. Permissions beyond the scope of the License are administered by Dove Medical Press Ltd. Information on how to request permission may be found at: http://www.dovepress.com/permissions.php Botanics: Targets and Therapy 2013:3 49–55 Botanics: Targets and Therapy Dovepress
{"title":"Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties of the herbal preparation indicated for prevention and treatment of alopecia","authors":"Alexander Yu. Galkin, V. F. Solovjova, A. Dugan","doi":"10.2147/BTAT.S45420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/BTAT.S45420","url":null,"abstract":"License. The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Ltd, provided the work is properly attributed. Permissions beyond the scope of the License are administered by Dove Medical Press Ltd. Information on how to request permission may be found at: http://www.dovepress.com/permissions.php Botanics: Targets and Therapy 2013:3 49–55 Botanics: Targets and Therapy Dovepress","PeriodicalId":91458,"journal":{"name":"Botanics : targets and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/BTAT.S45420","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68306450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study describes the active ingredients of Syringa pubescens Turcz which has been identified as being able to protect against hepatic fibrosis. Here we report the characteris - tics of high performance liquid chromatography and non-nuclear overhauser effect carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (HPLC-NNE 13 CNMR) technology developed for coupling finger - print analysis. The major contribution of this new method is the development of an efficient technology and a useful tool for analysis of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine using chro- matography and spectral coupling fingerprint technology. Isolation of secoiridoid glycosides and investigation of their structure-activity relationship showed that these derivatives are the active ingredients of Syringa pubescens Turcz, and account for the activity of this plant against hepatic fibrosis. The active compounds were identified as oleuropein, 10-hydroxyoleuropein, oleoside-11-methylester, (8Z)-ligstroside, and echinacoside by HPLC-NNE 13 CNMR coupling fingerprint analysis. A concentration-response relationship was also demonstrated for the HPLC- NNE 13 CNMR coupling fingerprint method.
{"title":"HPLC-NNE 13 CNMR coupling fingerprint analysis technology and its application in a study of Syringa pubescens Turcz and its activity against hepatic fibrosis","authors":"Zhi-xiang Zhang, W. Yin, Pu Liu, T. Zhao","doi":"10.2147/BTAT.S42158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/BTAT.S42158","url":null,"abstract":"This study describes the active ingredients of Syringa pubescens Turcz which has been identified as being able to protect against hepatic fibrosis. Here we report the characteris - tics of high performance liquid chromatography and non-nuclear overhauser effect carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (HPLC-NNE 13 CNMR) technology developed for coupling finger - print analysis. The major contribution of this new method is the development of an efficient technology and a useful tool for analysis of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine using chro- matography and spectral coupling fingerprint technology. Isolation of secoiridoid glycosides and investigation of their structure-activity relationship showed that these derivatives are the active ingredients of Syringa pubescens Turcz, and account for the activity of this plant against hepatic fibrosis. The active compounds were identified as oleuropein, 10-hydroxyoleuropein, oleoside-11-methylester, (8Z)-ligstroside, and echinacoside by HPLC-NNE 13 CNMR coupling fingerprint analysis. A concentration-response relationship was also demonstrated for the HPLC- NNE 13 CNMR coupling fingerprint method.","PeriodicalId":91458,"journal":{"name":"Botanics : targets and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/BTAT.S42158","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68306582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The protective effects of aqueous extracts of the fruit rind of Garcinia indica (GIE) in antitubercular drug (ATD)-induced liver injury were investigated in rats. GIE (400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg) and the reference drug Liv.52 (500 mg/kg) were administered orally for 29 days to ATD (isoniazid 7.5 mg/kg, rifampicin 10 mg/kg, and pyrazinamide 35 mg/kg)-treated rats. GIE attenuated significantly the ATD-elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and malondialdehyde and restored the ATD- depleted levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase, catalase, GSH peroxidase, and GSH reductase. The present findings indicate that the hepatoprotective effect of GIE in ATD- induced oxidative damage may be due to its antioxidant activity.
{"title":"Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Garcinia indica fruit rind in antitubercular drug-induced liver injury in rats","authors":"Vandana Panda, Hardik D. Ashar, A. Sharan","doi":"10.2147/BTAT.S42483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/BTAT.S42483","url":null,"abstract":"The protective effects of aqueous extracts of the fruit rind of Garcinia indica (GIE) in antitubercular drug (ATD)-induced liver injury were investigated in rats. GIE (400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg) and the reference drug Liv.52 (500 mg/kg) were administered orally for 29 days to ATD (isoniazid 7.5 mg/kg, rifampicin 10 mg/kg, and pyrazinamide 35 mg/kg)-treated rats. GIE attenuated significantly the ATD-elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and malondialdehyde and restored the ATD- depleted levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase, catalase, GSH peroxidase, and GSH reductase. The present findings indicate that the hepatoprotective effect of GIE in ATD- induced oxidative damage may be due to its antioxidant activity.","PeriodicalId":91458,"journal":{"name":"Botanics : targets and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/BTAT.S42483","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68306254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Correspondence: Stefano Dall’Acqua Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5 35100, Padova, Italy Email stefano.dallacqua@unipd.it Abstract: The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been one of the most used strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The AChE inhibitors (AChE-I) produce not only short-term symptomatic effects, but can also play a role in other pathological mechanisms of the disease (eg, formation of amyloid-β plaques), which has renewed interest in the discovery of such inhibitors. Four of the five currently prescribed treatments for AD are AChE-I. Natural alkaloids such as galantamine or alkaloid-related synthetic compounds (such as rivastigmine) are considered beneficial for patients with mild-to-moderate AD. However, there is a need for the discovery of more effective compounds and for this reason, plants can still be a potential source of new AChE-I. Findings and advances in knowledge about natural alkaloids as potential new drugs acting as AChE-I will be summarized in this paper.
{"title":"Plant-derived acetylcholinesterase inhibitory alkaloids for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease","authors":"S. Dall'acqua","doi":"10.2147/BTAT.S17297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/BTAT.S17297","url":null,"abstract":"Correspondence: Stefano Dall’Acqua Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5 35100, Padova, Italy Email stefano.dallacqua@unipd.it Abstract: The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been one of the most used strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The AChE inhibitors (AChE-I) produce not only short-term symptomatic effects, but can also play a role in other pathological mechanisms of the disease (eg, formation of amyloid-β plaques), which has renewed interest in the discovery of such inhibitors. Four of the five currently prescribed treatments for AD are AChE-I. Natural alkaloids such as galantamine or alkaloid-related synthetic compounds (such as rivastigmine) are considered beneficial for patients with mild-to-moderate AD. However, there is a need for the discovery of more effective compounds and for this reason, plants can still be a potential source of new AChE-I. Findings and advances in knowledge about natural alkaloids as potential new drugs acting as AChE-I will be summarized in this paper.","PeriodicalId":91458,"journal":{"name":"Botanics : targets and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/BTAT.S17297","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68306176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herbal medicines have been used for centuries within different cultures to treat cardiovascular disease, including stable angina pectoris. However, the use of herbs varies within traditions of natural medicine, and how they are understood to work in systems such as Chinese medicine, for example, is vastly different from the pharmaceutical model that seeks to reduce herbs to their active constituents. This review first discusses, individually, key herbs used within Western, Indian, and Chinese herbalism to treat stable angina pectoris and their main active constituents and pharmacological actions. The second part of the paper then specifically explores how angina is treated traditionally with Chinese herbal medicine, a unique approach to the understanding of health and illness underpinned by philosophies and theories that describe the physiological functioning and pathological changes in the body in terms very different from those of biomedicine. A foundational account of the guiding theories of Chinese medicine is followed by a description of the cardiovascular system and the etiology and pathogenesis of angina from the Chinese medical perspective. This forms the basis for understanding the rationale for construction of Chinese herbal medicinal formulae for treating angina pectoris. The scientific evidence of the efficacy of some Chinese herbal formulae is discussed.
{"title":"The potential role of herbal medicines in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris: a review of key herbs, and as illustration, exploration of the Chinese herbal medicine approach","authors":"K. O’Brien, L. Vitetta","doi":"10.2147/BTAT.S28866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/BTAT.S28866","url":null,"abstract":"Herbal medicines have been used for centuries within different cultures to treat cardiovascular disease, including stable angina pectoris. However, the use of herbs varies within traditions of natural medicine, and how they are understood to work in systems such as Chinese medicine, for example, is vastly different from the pharmaceutical model that seeks to reduce herbs to their active constituents. This review first discusses, individually, key herbs used within Western, Indian, and Chinese herbalism to treat stable angina pectoris and their main active constituents and pharmacological actions. The second part of the paper then specifically explores how angina is treated traditionally with Chinese herbal medicine, a unique approach to the understanding of health and illness underpinned by philosophies and theories that describe the physiological functioning and pathological changes in the body in terms very different from those of biomedicine. A foundational account of the guiding theories of Chinese medicine is followed by a description of the cardiovascular system and the etiology and pathogenesis of angina from the Chinese medical perspective. This forms the basis for understanding the rationale for construction of Chinese herbal medicinal formulae for treating angina pectoris. The scientific evidence of the efficacy of some Chinese herbal formulae is discussed.","PeriodicalId":91458,"journal":{"name":"Botanics : targets and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/BTAT.S28866","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68306295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashutosh Sharma, Alexandre Cardoso-Taketa, G. García, M. Villarreal
The aim of this review is to provide a summary on multidisciplinary scientific information obtained from medicinal plants used worldwide to treat anxiety, focusing on phar- macological and clinical studies. The bibliographical investigation was carried out by consulting five peer-reviewed worldwide database publications for references, and patents. The information gathered on plants with attributed anxiolytic properties are presented as follows: (1) plant extracts with anxiolytic properties evaluated in animal models; (2) plants with clinical trials; (3) identi- fied active compounds in plants that have been assayed in animal models; (4) mechanism of action of anxiolytic plant extracts and compounds; and (5) registered patents for anxiolytic plant preparations. We recorded 112 plant species belonging to 63 botanical families for which the anxiolytic properties had been tested in animal models. Eleven plant species to treat general anxiety disorders as well as eleven species to treat anxiety-associated conditions, had been documented by clinical trials. Thirty-three registers for active compounds belonging to five general types of secondary metabolites had also been recorded. The mechanism of action at the central nervous system level had been determined in 33 plant species, either in their extracts or isolated compounds. Forty-seven patent registrations for plant preparations to be used for the treatment of anxiety were included. Abstract: The aim of this review is to provide a summary on multidisciplinary scientific information obtained from medicinal plants used worldwide to treat anxiety, focusing on phar- macological and clinical studies. The bibliographical investigation was carried out by consulting five peer-reviewed worldwide database publications for references, and patents. The information gathered on plants with attributed anxiolytic properties are presented as follows: (1) plant extracts with anxiolytic properties evaluated in animal models; (2) plants with clinical trials; (3) identi- fied active compounds in plants that have been assayed in animal models; (4) mechanism of action of anxiolytic plant extracts and compounds; and (5) registered patents for anxiolytic plant preparations. We recorded 112 plant species belonging to 63 botanical families for which the anxiolytic properties had been tested in animal models. Eleven plant species to treat general anxiety disorders as well as eleven species to treat anxiety-associated conditions, had been documented by clinical trials. Thirty-three registers for active compounds belonging to five general types of secondary metabolites had also been recorded. The mechanism of action at the central nervous system level had been determined in 33 plant species, either in their extracts or isolated compounds. Forty-seven patent registrations for plant preparations to be used for the Abstract: The aim of this review is to provide a summary on multidisciplinary scientific information obtained from med
{"title":"A systematic updated review of scientifically tested selected plants used for anxiety disorders","authors":"Ashutosh Sharma, Alexandre Cardoso-Taketa, G. García, M. Villarreal","doi":"10.2147/BTAT.S20593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/BTAT.S20593","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this review is to provide a summary on multidisciplinary scientific information obtained from medicinal plants used worldwide to treat anxiety, focusing on phar- macological and clinical studies. The bibliographical investigation was carried out by consulting five peer-reviewed worldwide database publications for references, and patents. The information gathered on plants with attributed anxiolytic properties are presented as follows: (1) plant extracts with anxiolytic properties evaluated in animal models; (2) plants with clinical trials; (3) identi- fied active compounds in plants that have been assayed in animal models; (4) mechanism of action of anxiolytic plant extracts and compounds; and (5) registered patents for anxiolytic plant preparations. We recorded 112 plant species belonging to 63 botanical families for which the anxiolytic properties had been tested in animal models. Eleven plant species to treat general anxiety disorders as well as eleven species to treat anxiety-associated conditions, had been documented by clinical trials. Thirty-three registers for active compounds belonging to five general types of secondary metabolites had also been recorded. The mechanism of action at the central nervous system level had been determined in 33 plant species, either in their extracts or isolated compounds. Forty-seven patent registrations for plant preparations to be used for the treatment of anxiety were included. Abstract: The aim of this review is to provide a summary on multidisciplinary scientific information obtained from medicinal plants used worldwide to treat anxiety, focusing on phar- macological and clinical studies. The bibliographical investigation was carried out by consulting five peer-reviewed worldwide database publications for references, and patents. The information gathered on plants with attributed anxiolytic properties are presented as follows: (1) plant extracts with anxiolytic properties evaluated in animal models; (2) plants with clinical trials; (3) identi- fied active compounds in plants that have been assayed in animal models; (4) mechanism of action of anxiolytic plant extracts and compounds; and (5) registered patents for anxiolytic plant preparations. We recorded 112 plant species belonging to 63 botanical families for which the anxiolytic properties had been tested in animal models. Eleven plant species to treat general anxiety disorders as well as eleven species to treat anxiety-associated conditions, had been documented by clinical trials. Thirty-three registers for active compounds belonging to five general types of secondary metabolites had also been recorded. The mechanism of action at the central nervous system level had been determined in 33 plant species, either in their extracts or isolated compounds. Forty-seven patent registrations for plant preparations to be used for the Abstract: The aim of this review is to provide a summary on multidisciplinary scientific information obtained from med","PeriodicalId":91458,"journal":{"name":"Botanics : targets and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/BTAT.S20593","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68305914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Correspondence: Joan Campbell-Tofte Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Coordinating Research Unit, Frederiksberg University Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark Tel +45 38 16 34 48 Fax +45 38 16 47 19 Email joan.campbell-tofte@frh.regionh.dk Abstract: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder arising from complex interactions between multiple genetic and/or environmental factors. The characteristic high blood sugar levels result from either lack of the hormone insulin (type 1 diabetes, T1D), or because body tissues do not respond to the hormone (type 2 diabetes, T2D). T1D patients currently need exogenous insulin for life, while for T2D patients who do not respond to diet and exercise regimes, oral anti-diabetic drugs (OADs) and sometimes insulin are administered to help keep their blood glucose as normal as possible. As neither the administration of insulin nor OADs is curative, many patients develop tissue degenerative processes that result in life-threatening diabetes comorbidities. Several surveys of medicinal plants used as anti-diabetic agents amongst different peoples have been published. Some of this interest is driven by the ongoing diabetes pandemic coupled with the inadequacies associated with the current state of-the-art care and management of the syndrome. However, there is a huge cleft between traditional medicine and modern (Western) medicine, with the latter understandably demanding meaningful and scientific validation of anecdotal evidence for acceptance of the former. The main problems for clinical evaluation of medicinal plants with promising anti-diabetic properties reside both with the complexity of components of the plant materials and with the lack of full understanding of the diabetes disease etiology. This review is therefore focused on why research activities involving an integration of Systems Biology-based technologies of pharmacogenomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics with standard clinical data, should be used for cost-effective validation of the safety and anti-diabetic efficacy of promising medicinal plants. The application of such approaches to studying entire mixtures of plant materials will ensure proper elucidation of novel therapies with improved mechanisms of action, as well as facilitate a personalized clinical use of medicinal plants as anti-diabetic agents.
{"title":"Harnessing the potential clinical use of medicinal plants as anti-diabetic agents","authors":"J. Campbell-Tofte, P. Mølgaard, K. Winther","doi":"10.2147/BTAT.S17302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/BTAT.S17302","url":null,"abstract":"Correspondence: Joan Campbell-Tofte Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Coordinating Research Unit, Frederiksberg University Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark Tel +45 38 16 34 48 Fax +45 38 16 47 19 Email joan.campbell-tofte@frh.regionh.dk Abstract: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder arising from complex interactions between multiple genetic and/or environmental factors. The characteristic high blood sugar levels result from either lack of the hormone insulin (type 1 diabetes, T1D), or because body tissues do not respond to the hormone (type 2 diabetes, T2D). T1D patients currently need exogenous insulin for life, while for T2D patients who do not respond to diet and exercise regimes, oral anti-diabetic drugs (OADs) and sometimes insulin are administered to help keep their blood glucose as normal as possible. As neither the administration of insulin nor OADs is curative, many patients develop tissue degenerative processes that result in life-threatening diabetes comorbidities. Several surveys of medicinal plants used as anti-diabetic agents amongst different peoples have been published. Some of this interest is driven by the ongoing diabetes pandemic coupled with the inadequacies associated with the current state of-the-art care and management of the syndrome. However, there is a huge cleft between traditional medicine and modern (Western) medicine, with the latter understandably demanding meaningful and scientific validation of anecdotal evidence for acceptance of the former. The main problems for clinical evaluation of medicinal plants with promising anti-diabetic properties reside both with the complexity of components of the plant materials and with the lack of full understanding of the diabetes disease etiology. This review is therefore focused on why research activities involving an integration of Systems Biology-based technologies of pharmacogenomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics with standard clinical data, should be used for cost-effective validation of the safety and anti-diabetic efficacy of promising medicinal plants. The application of such approaches to studying entire mixtures of plant materials will ensure proper elucidation of novel therapies with improved mechanisms of action, as well as facilitate a personalized clinical use of medicinal plants as anti-diabetic agents.","PeriodicalId":91458,"journal":{"name":"Botanics : targets and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/BTAT.S17302","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68305853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Correspondence: Adolfo Andrade-Cetto Laboratorio de Etnofarmacologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Coyoacan 04510, D.F. Mexico Email aac@ciencias.unam.mx Abstract: On a global level, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common endocrine disorder. T2DM is defined as an elevated blood glucose level associated with the absence of or inadequacy in pancreatic insulin secretion. The liver plays a key role in maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting by synthesizing glucose, mainly from lactate and amino acids through a process called gluconeogenesis. Because hepatic glucose production is increased at least twofold in patients with T2DM, targeting this pathway may lead to a blood glucose reduction in these patients. Botanical agents show promise for the development of new compounds to treat T2DM. Important mechanisms of action function via the inhibition of gluconeogenesis can occur in one of five ways: direct enzyme inhibition; through the downregulation of mRNA levels of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-P); through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, which leads to decreased levels of cAMP response elementbinding protein, a key transcription factor for gluconeogenic enzyme phosphorylation; through the expression of the glucokinase gene, which stimulates glucokinase activity and inhibits G-6-P; and through the inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, which decreases gluconeogenesis and enzymatically inhibits G-6-P and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase.
{"title":"Effects of medicinal plant extracts on gluconeogenesis","authors":"A. Andrade-Cetto","doi":"10.2147/BTAT.S24726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/BTAT.S24726","url":null,"abstract":"Correspondence: Adolfo Andrade-Cetto Laboratorio de Etnofarmacologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Coyoacan 04510, D.F. Mexico Email aac@ciencias.unam.mx Abstract: On a global level, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common endocrine disorder. T2DM is defined as an elevated blood glucose level associated with the absence of or inadequacy in pancreatic insulin secretion. The liver plays a key role in maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting by synthesizing glucose, mainly from lactate and amino acids through a process called gluconeogenesis. Because hepatic glucose production is increased at least twofold in patients with T2DM, targeting this pathway may lead to a blood glucose reduction in these patients. Botanical agents show promise for the development of new compounds to treat T2DM. Important mechanisms of action function via the inhibition of gluconeogenesis can occur in one of five ways: direct enzyme inhibition; through the downregulation of mRNA levels of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-P); through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, which leads to decreased levels of cAMP response elementbinding protein, a key transcription factor for gluconeogenic enzyme phosphorylation; through the expression of the glucokinase gene, which stimulates glucokinase activity and inhibits G-6-P; and through the inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, which decreases gluconeogenesis and enzymatically inhibits G-6-P and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase.","PeriodicalId":91458,"journal":{"name":"Botanics : targets and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/BTAT.S24726","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68306228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Correspondence: Alexander weng institut fur Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, D-12200 Berlin, Germany Tel +49 30 8445 3097 Fax +49 30 8445 4152 email alexander.weng@charite.de Abstract: Saponins are bioactive compounds produced mainly by plants but also by some marine organisms and insects. In the recent past, there has been unforeseen interest in the clinical utilization of saponins as chemotherapeutic agents. The research on saponins in various forms as a treatment for cancer has generated a lot of potential. The advent of nanotechnology and the cytotoxicity enhancing properties of saponins are some of the highlights of the current decade. This review gives an updated overview of the clinical potential that saponins hold as cytotoxic agents, and covers the literature for 1957–2011, with the main focus on research conducted in the last decade. It is conceivable that saponins hold a lot of therapeutic potential and could be a lead for identification of synthetic or semisynthetic molecules for the treatment of cancer via membrane-mediated or transport-mediated pathways.
{"title":"Chemistry and pharmacology of saponins: special focus on cytotoxic properties","authors":"M. Thakur, M. Melzig, H. Fuchs, A. Weng","doi":"10.2147/BTAT.S17261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/BTAT.S17261","url":null,"abstract":"Correspondence: Alexander weng institut fur Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, D-12200 Berlin, Germany Tel +49 30 8445 3097 Fax +49 30 8445 4152 email alexander.weng@charite.de Abstract: Saponins are bioactive compounds produced mainly by plants but also by some marine organisms and insects. In the recent past, there has been unforeseen interest in the clinical utilization of saponins as chemotherapeutic agents. The research on saponins in various forms as a treatment for cancer has generated a lot of potential. The advent of nanotechnology and the cytotoxicity enhancing properties of saponins are some of the highlights of the current decade. This review gives an updated overview of the clinical potential that saponins hold as cytotoxic agents, and covers the literature for 1957–2011, with the main focus on research conducted in the last decade. It is conceivable that saponins hold a lot of therapeutic potential and could be a lead for identification of synthetic or semisynthetic molecules for the treatment of cancer via membrane-mediated or transport-mediated pathways.","PeriodicalId":91458,"journal":{"name":"Botanics : targets and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/BTAT.S17261","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68304535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The polyphenol natural product curcumin has been the subject of numerous studies over the past decades, which have identified and characterized the compound's pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and clinical pharmacological properties. In in vitro and in vivo model systems, curcumin displays potent pharmacological effects, by targeting many critical cellular factors, through a diverse array of mechanisms of action. Despite this tremendous molecular versatility, however, the clinical application of curcumin remains limited due to poor pharma- cokinetic characteristics in human beings. The current trend is to develop and utilize unique delivery systems, chemical derivatives, and chemical analogs to circumvent these pharmaco- logical obstacles, in order to optimize the conditions for curcumin as a chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer's disease, and inflammatory disorders. The present work seeks to review recent studies in the basic pharma-
{"title":"Pharmacological and clinical properties of curcumin","authors":"Christopher S Beevers, Shile Huang","doi":"10.2147/BTAT.S17244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/BTAT.S17244","url":null,"abstract":"The polyphenol natural product curcumin has been the subject of numerous studies over the past decades, which have identified and characterized the compound's pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and clinical pharmacological properties. In in vitro and in vivo model systems, curcumin displays potent pharmacological effects, by targeting many critical cellular factors, through a diverse array of mechanisms of action. Despite this tremendous molecular versatility, however, the clinical application of curcumin remains limited due to poor pharma- cokinetic characteristics in human beings. The current trend is to develop and utilize unique delivery systems, chemical derivatives, and chemical analogs to circumvent these pharmaco- logical obstacles, in order to optimize the conditions for curcumin as a chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer's disease, and inflammatory disorders. The present work seeks to review recent studies in the basic pharma-","PeriodicalId":91458,"journal":{"name":"Botanics : targets and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/BTAT.S17244","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68303795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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