Backgrounds: Hard metal lung disease (HMLD) is an occupational disease caused by exposure to hard metal (HM) dust. We explored TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and KL-6 as potential biomarkers for HMLD by examining their levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum.
Methods: Forty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into hard metal (HM) and normal control (NC) groups. The HM group was exposed to tungsten carbide-cobalt dust (WC-Co) dust via intratracheal instillation. Cytokine levels in BALF and serum were measured at 4-, 8-, and 12-weeks. Lung changes were assessed by micro-CT and histopathology.
Results: At 4-, 8-, and 12-weeks, the micro-CT showed ground glass opacities, diffuse ground-glass nodules, and scattered ground glass opacities in both lungs of HM group rats, while the pathological tissue found inflammatory cell infiltration, a large number of multinucleated giant cells, and inflammatory cell infiltration, respectively. TGF-β2 levels in BALF were significantly higher in the HM group at 8 and 12 weeks, while serum TGF-β2 levels were lower. KL-6 levels in BALF were elevated in the HM group at 12 weeks, but serum KL-6 levels were lower at 8 weeks.
Conclusions: TGF-β2 and KL-6 levels in BALF and serum demonstrate dynamic changes associated with HMLD progression and may serve as potential biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring. Further studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms.
{"title":"TGF-β2 and KL-6 as potential biomarkers for hard metal lung disease.","authors":"Zhansai Zhang, Qian Yao, Yanfang Zhao, Kongrong Guo, Jinbo Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12890-026-04173-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-026-04173-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgrounds: </strong>Hard metal lung disease (HMLD) is an occupational disease caused by exposure to hard metal (HM) dust. We explored TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and KL-6 as potential biomarkers for HMLD by examining their levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into hard metal (HM) and normal control (NC) groups. The HM group was exposed to tungsten carbide-cobalt dust (WC-Co) dust via intratracheal instillation. Cytokine levels in BALF and serum were measured at 4-, 8-, and 12-weeks. Lung changes were assessed by micro-CT and histopathology.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At 4-, 8-, and 12-weeks, the micro-CT showed ground glass opacities, diffuse ground-glass nodules, and scattered ground glass opacities in both lungs of HM group rats, while the pathological tissue found inflammatory cell infiltration, a large number of multinucleated giant cells, and inflammatory cell infiltration, respectively. TGF-β2 levels in BALF were significantly higher in the HM group at 8 and 12 weeks, while serum TGF-β2 levels were lower. KL-6 levels in BALF were elevated in the HM group at 12 weeks, but serum KL-6 levels were lower at 8 weeks.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>TGF-β2 and KL-6 levels in BALF and serum demonstrate dynamic changes associated with HMLD progression and may serve as potential biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring. Further studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":9148,"journal":{"name":"BMC Pulmonary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146194060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1186/s12890-026-04154-w
Yan Chen, Xuemei Zhu, Jing Wei, Xiaoyun Gu, Jiaying Fei, Qiong Liu
Objective: To investigate the frailty status and associated risk factors in older patients diagnosed with interstitial lung disease (ILD).
Methods: A total of 242 older ILD patients admitted to the hospital between April 2023 and April 2024 were recruited using a cluster sampling method. Comprehensive clinical data were collected, including information from the General Data Questionnaire, the Fried Frailty Phenotype (FFP) Scale, the Dyspnea Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease Scale. Based on the Fried criteria, participants were categorized into two groups: the frailty group (FFP ≥ 3) and the non-frailty group (FFP < 3).
Results: The prevalence of frailty among older patients with ILD was found to be 38.02%. Multivariate analysis revealed that age (OR = 1.064), polypharmacy (OR = 2.479), poor sleep quality (OR = 5.687), and dyspnea (OR = 10.316) were independent risk factors for frailty (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: Frailty in older patients with ILD is significantly associated with age, polypharmacy, poor sleep quality, and dyspnea. Healthcare professionals, particularly nursing staff, should closely monitor frailty indicators in this population and implement timely, targeted interventions to mitigate its development and progression.
{"title":"Analysis of risk factors for frailty in older inpatients with interstitial lung disease.","authors":"Yan Chen, Xuemei Zhu, Jing Wei, Xiaoyun Gu, Jiaying Fei, Qiong Liu","doi":"10.1186/s12890-026-04154-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12890-026-04154-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the frailty status and associated risk factors in older patients diagnosed with interstitial lung disease (ILD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 242 older ILD patients admitted to the hospital between April 2023 and April 2024 were recruited using a cluster sampling method. Comprehensive clinical data were collected, including information from the General Data Questionnaire, the Fried Frailty Phenotype (FFP) Scale, the Dyspnea Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease Scale. Based on the Fried criteria, participants were categorized into two groups: the frailty group (FFP ≥ 3) and the non-frailty group (FFP < 3).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of frailty among older patients with ILD was found to be 38.02%. Multivariate analysis revealed that age (OR = 1.064), polypharmacy (OR = 2.479), poor sleep quality (OR = 5.687), and dyspnea (OR = 10.316) were independent risk factors for frailty (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Frailty in older patients with ILD is significantly associated with age, polypharmacy, poor sleep quality, and dyspnea. Healthcare professionals, particularly nursing staff, should closely monitor frailty indicators in this population and implement timely, targeted interventions to mitigate its development and progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":9148,"journal":{"name":"BMC Pulmonary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13005536/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146194116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1186/s12890-026-04159-5
Hai Qin Wang, Jie Qiong Ping, Jia Yu Xu, Jie Yun Zhu, Xiang Yu Gao, Hong Peng Li, Cheng Kong, Li Luo
{"title":"Therapeutic effects of oxygen inhalation for obstructive sleep apnea patients with high carotid body chemosensitivity.","authors":"Hai Qin Wang, Jie Qiong Ping, Jia Yu Xu, Jie Yun Zhu, Xiang Yu Gao, Hong Peng Li, Cheng Kong, Li Luo","doi":"10.1186/s12890-026-04159-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12890-026-04159-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9148,"journal":{"name":"BMC Pulmonary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13005524/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146194109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1186/s12890-026-04166-6
Yilin Zhao, Mi Jing, Fei Wang
{"title":"Efficacy and safety of mucolytic agents in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.","authors":"Yilin Zhao, Mi Jing, Fei Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12890-026-04166-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12890-026-04166-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9148,"journal":{"name":"BMC Pulmonary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13005520/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146194077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1186/s12890-026-04169-3
Branavan Ragunanthan, Bachar Botrus, Bibek Shrestha, Jason Kim, Hend Elsaghir, Caitlyn Hollingshead, Fadi Safi
{"title":"A rare case of community-acquired necrotizing pneumonia in a patient treated with adalimumab therapy.","authors":"Branavan Ragunanthan, Bachar Botrus, Bibek Shrestha, Jason Kim, Hend Elsaghir, Caitlyn Hollingshead, Fadi Safi","doi":"10.1186/s12890-026-04169-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12890-026-04169-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9148,"journal":{"name":"BMC Pulmonary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13005451/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146177868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1186/s12890-026-04167-5
Ziwei Zhang, Lifen Gong, Junbao Du, Jialiang Wang, Zenghui Li, Yadong Gao, Hang Cheng
{"title":"Vitamin D and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms modify cardiovascular outcomes in asthma: a prospective cohort study based on the UK Biobank.","authors":"Ziwei Zhang, Lifen Gong, Junbao Du, Jialiang Wang, Zenghui Li, Yadong Gao, Hang Cheng","doi":"10.1186/s12890-026-04167-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12890-026-04167-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9148,"journal":{"name":"BMC Pulmonary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13005465/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146194049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-12DOI: 10.1186/s12890-026-04176-4
Nhan Nguyen, Yacin Zawam, Nghi Bao Tran, Nathalia Alves de Barros E Lyra, Vinh Quang Tri Ho, David Downes, Vy Ngoc Dan Nguyen, Ha Duc Thien Le, Jafar Aljazeeri
{"title":"Hypertonic saline in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (Hyper-BRONCHI): an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Nhan Nguyen, Yacin Zawam, Nghi Bao Tran, Nathalia Alves de Barros E Lyra, Vinh Quang Tri Ho, David Downes, Vy Ngoc Dan Nguyen, Ha Duc Thien Le, Jafar Aljazeeri","doi":"10.1186/s12890-026-04176-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12890-026-04176-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9148,"journal":{"name":"BMC Pulmonary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12997658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146164192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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