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The Changing Face of Veterinary Practice: A Special Focus on Rural America 兽医实践的变化:对美国农村的特别关注
Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V5I7.258
D. Anderson, B. White, R. Larson
Rural and food animal veterinary practice is evolving in response to changes in society, veterinary student demographics, and business opportunities available in the 21st century. The gravitation of veterinarians toward metropolitan areas has created a perception of under-serviced animal health needs in rural communities. Many rural communities are heavily reliant on agriculture; therefore, this perceived need for veterinarians influences the food animal industry as a whole. Veterinary...
农村和食用动物兽医实践正在随着21世纪社会、兽医学生人口结构和商业机会的变化而发展。兽医被吸引到大都市地区,这造成了一种农村社区动物保健需求得不到充分服务的看法。许多农村社区严重依赖农业;因此,这种对兽医的感知需求影响了整个食用动物行业。兽医……
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引用次数: 3
Shortage of Rural Veterinarians: Real or Perceived? 农村兽医短缺:是真还是假?
Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V5I7.269
A. Villarroel, Stephen R McDonald, W. Walker, L. Kaiser, R. Dewell, G. Dewell
Concerns about lack of available jobs in rural veterinary practice (RVP) and ironically difficulties attracting new veterinarians are commonly expressed within the veterinary community. Reports on supply and demand for rural veterinarians have produced conflicting results. A 1990's economic study forecasted a 3.0% increase in available veterinarians in large animal private practice and a 1.7% decrease in demand from 1997 to 2015. However, a later study forecasted a shortage of food...
兽医界普遍表达了对农村兽医实践(RVP)缺乏可用工作以及具有讽刺意味的是难以吸引新兽医的担忧。关于农村兽医供需的报告产生了相互矛盾的结果。1990年的一项经济研究预测,从1997年到2015年,大型动物私人诊所的可用兽医数量增加了3.0%,需求减少了1.7%。然而,后来的一项研究预测了食物短缺。
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引用次数: 5
Recruitment of Veterinarians for Rural Communities through Education: The Veterinary Training Program for Rural Kansas 通过教育为农村社区招募兽医:堪萨斯州农村兽医培训计划
Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V5I7.260
R. Elmore, B. White
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引用次数: 0
Professional Services Offered in Rural, Mixed-Animal Veterinary Practices 农村混合动物兽医实践提供的专业服务
Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V5I7.261
B. White, Amy M. Brusk, D. Goehl
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引用次数: 2
Survey of Biosecurity Practices Utilized by Veterinarians Working with Farm Animal Species 兽医处理农场动物时使用的生物安全措施调查
Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V5I7.263
D. Anderson
the introduction of disease. 2 When infectious disease is present on a farm or in a region, the term “biocontainment” may be used to describe programs aimed at confinement of the diseases to that farm or region such that it does not spread to other farms. Veterinarians are intimately involved in the maintenance of health and in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. When confronting an ongoing disease diagnosis and treatment situation, biocontainment can be readily implemented because the effects are apparent. However, when working to maintain a healthy herd, biosecurity practices may be more challenging to enforce because the threat is neither apparent nor seems eminent. An additional perspective on biosecurity relates to zoonotic diseases. Animal handlers and veterinarians are at risk for disease transmission from the animal to humans as part of their normal daily work habits. 3 This chronic and persistent exposure may lead to complacency regarding risk if the people involved have never knowingly suffered disease. Thus, biosecurity can be a challenging concept for farm managers and veterinarians to apply in field settings. Veterinarians are challenged with different scenarios regarding their role in the treatment and prevention of disease. Veterinary practices having haul-in facilities with the option of hospitalization of livestock present different challenges as compared with veterinarians and vehicles traveling to farms for on-site procedures. Veterinary hospitals serve to concentrate sick or injured animals, pose risk of inter-species disease exposure, and present a greater burden on personnel to practice optimal hygiene and disinfection protocols. 4, 5 The veterinary hospital serves as the point source for interaction of multiple livestock operations. Veterinarians performing on-farm services have different challenges for biosecurity protocols because the vehicle, equipment, and practice personnel are the potential point sources of transmission of disease from one livestock operation to another. Veterinary practices that serve fewer, larger clients are less likely to act as a vehicle for transmission because they are less likely to visit more
疾病的引入。当一个农场或地区出现传染病时,“生物控制”一词可用于描述旨在将疾病限制在该农场或地区以使其不传播到其他农场的计划。兽医密切参与维护健康和疾病的诊断和治疗。当面对正在进行的疾病诊断和治疗情况时,生物控制可以很容易地实施,因为效果是明显的。然而,在努力维持健康的畜群时,生物安全措施的实施可能更具挑战性,因为威胁既不明显也不明显。关于生物安全的另一个观点与人畜共患疾病有关。作为日常工作习惯的一部分,动物处理者和兽医有将疾病从动物传播给人类的风险。这种长期和持续的接触可能导致对风险的自满,如果涉及的人从未知情地遭受疾病。因此,对于农场管理者和兽医来说,在野外环境中应用生物安全可能是一个具有挑战性的概念。兽医在治疗和预防疾病方面的作用面临着不同情况的挑战。与前往农场进行现场治疗的兽医和车辆相比,拥有可选择牲畜住院治疗的拖车设施的兽医实践面临着不同的挑战。兽医医院的作用是集中患病或受伤的动物,造成物种间疾病暴露的风险,并给工作人员带来更大的负担,以实施最佳的卫生和消毒方案。4、5兽医院是多种畜牧操作互动的点源。在农场提供服务的兽医在生物安全协议方面面临着不同的挑战,因为车辆、设备和从业人员是疾病从一个牲畜养殖场传播到另一个养殖场的潜在点源。为更少、更大的客户服务的兽医诊所不太可能成为传播媒介,因为他们不太可能去更多的地方
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引用次数: 20
The Contributions of Open and Distance Learning (ODL) Towards Job Performance of Veterinary Practitioners 开放和远程学习对兽医从业人员工作绩效的贡献
Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V5I7.1328
B. M. Maheswari, N. S. Kumar
An analytical study was conducted on Open and Distance Learning (ODL) programmes by veterinary university, Chennai for veterinary practitioners in Erode, Salem and Coimbatore districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Field veterinarians working in the public dispensaries / hospitals formed the sample for the study. The data was collected by mailing questionnaires to the respondents. The study revealed that the ODL courses effectively enhanced the job performance of the veterinarians in the areas of diagnosis (57.14 per cent) followed by medical treatment (49.86 per cent) at a frequency ranging from often to most often. Threefourths (75.00 per cent) of the participants and non-participants (87.50 per cent) had medium to high level of job performance. The „Z‟ test was statistically nonsignificant for job performance between the participants and the non-participants. Among the 14 independent variables, access to computer and training exposure was found to have a highly significant relationship with job performance in case of participants while all other variables were non-significant. The results would help the ODL developers to improve the contents and facilitate better delivery of distance education courses, so as to enhance the job performance of the veterinarians.
对金奈兽医大学为印度泰米尔纳德邦罗德、塞勒姆和哥印拜陀地区兽医从业人员开展的开放和远程学习(ODL)项目进行了分析研究。在公立诊所/医院工作的现场兽医构成了研究的样本。数据是通过邮寄问卷的方式收集的。研究表明,ODL课程有效地提高了兽医在诊断(57.14%)和医疗(49.86%)领域的工作表现,其频率从经常到最经常不等。四分之三(75.00%)的参与者和非参与者(87.50%)的工作表现为中高水平。“Z”检验在参与者和非参与者之间的工作绩效统计上不显著。在14个自变量中,计算机接触和培训接触与工作绩效有高度显著的关系,而其他变量均不显著。研究结果将有助于ODL开发人员改进远程教育课程的内容,更好地提供远程教育课程,从而提高兽医的工作绩效。
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引用次数: 2
Food Animal Veterinarians: Where We Came From and Where We Might Go 食用动物兽医:我们从哪里来,我们可能会去哪里
Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V5I7.259
G. Barrington, A. Allen
The history of veterinary medicine has been one of growth and adaptation to the needs of society. Today, the discipline relating to food animals is being challenged by various forces ranging from projected shortages of qualified personnel, to economic challenges and deficiencies in training future graduates. Despite these challenges, veterinarians interested in working with food animals have tremendous opportunities. Combining current interests and attention with a well-planned vision to...
兽医学的历史一直是成长和适应社会需要的历史。今天,与食用动物相关的学科正受到各种力量的挑战,从合格人员的预计短缺到经济挑战和培训未来毕业生的不足。尽管存在这些挑战,但对食用动物感兴趣的兽医仍有巨大的机会。将当前的兴趣和关注与精心策划的愿景结合起来……
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引用次数: 1
Effectiveness of an Educational Interactive Video-DVD on Dairy Health Management Practices in Terms of Knowledge Gain among Dairy Farmers 关于奶业健康管理实践的教育互动视频dvd在奶农知识获取方面的有效性
Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V5I7.267
P. Vidya, C. Manivannan, N. S. Kumar
This study was undertaken with the goal of improving the Indian dairy sector by enhancing knowledge and skill among dairy farmers on animal health care; thereby enabling increased productivity and minimizing economic loss. The study focused on members of milk co-operative societies of Kannur district, Kerala, India. Though the milk co-operatives were organized institutions, they lacked much needed knowledge and skill enhancement of their member-farmers. Most rural households in Kerala own television sets and DVD players. Hence, an educational interactive video-DVD on dairy health management practices was considered as an appropriate medium to disseminate knowledge on dairy health management practices to them. Sixty dairy farmers owning a DVD player and a television were selected as the sample population for study by means of proportionate random sampling among four milk co-operative societies identified in Kannur block. The findings of the study revealed that the majority of the respondents possessed medium level of knowledge at the pre-exposure stage, while in the post-exposure stage, a majority rose to the high knowledge category. The respondents who had low knowledge regarding various livestock diseases, their causes, symptoms, prevention and control gained considerable knowledge after exposure to the educational interactive video-DVD. The difference observed between the mean scores of knowledge level of respondents in pre and postexposure stages was found to be statistically significant. Effectiveness of an Educational Interactive Video-DVD on Dairy Health Management... Vol. 5, Issue 7 (2010)
开展这项研究的目的是通过提高奶农在动物保健方面的知识和技能,改善印度奶业;从而提高生产率,减少经济损失。这项研究的重点是印度喀拉拉邦坎努尔地区牛奶合作社的成员。虽然牛奶合作社是有组织的机构,但它们缺乏农民成员急需的知识和技能提高。喀拉拉邦的大多数农村家庭都拥有电视机和DVD播放机。因此,有关奶业健康管理实践的教育互动视频dvd被认为是向他们传播奶业健康管理实践知识的适当媒介。采用比例随机抽样的方法,在坎努尔区确定的4个牛奶合作社中选取60名拥有一台DVD播放机和一台电视机的奶农作为研究样本。研究结果显示,在接触前阶段,大多数被调查者的知识水平为中等,而在接触后阶段,大多数被调查者的知识水平上升到高水平。对各种家畜疾病及其病因、症状、预防和控制的了解程度较低的调查对象在观看教育互动视频dvd后获得了相当多的知识。被调查者在接触前和接触后的平均知识水平得分差异有统计学意义。乳品健康管理教育互动视频dvd的有效性第五卷第七期(2010年)
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引用次数: 15
Loretta Lynn: Writin’ Life 洛蕾塔·林恩:《书写人生
Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V5I4.205
Danny Shipka
The release of Loretta Lynn‟s 2004 album Van Leer Rose welcomed back after 33 years one of the premier feminist voices in recorded music. The songs that Loretta wrote in 60s and early 70s were some of the most controversial and politically charged to hit the airwaves. They encompassed a microcosm of issues that rural women were facing including the changing sexual roles of women, ideas on marriage, the ravages of war and substance abuse. This textual analysis looks at the 94 songs that Loretta wrote and co-wrote between the years 1960 to 1972 (the year which she stopped writing), as well as the music of Van Leer Rose. By looking at Lynn‟s writing, we begin to understand the viewpoints of this trailblazing artist and how she reflected her life and the social times in her music. It is a testament to her that these works remain as timely and as politically charged today as they did 40 years ago.
Loretta Lynn在2004年发行的专辑《Van Leer Rose》在33年之后迎来了唱片音乐中最重要的女权主义声音之一。洛丽塔在60年代和70年代初创作的歌曲是广播中最具争议和政治色彩的歌曲之一。它们是农村妇女所面临问题的缩影,包括妇女性别角色的变化、对婚姻的看法、战争的破坏和药物滥用。本文分析了洛丽塔在1960年至1972年(她停止写作的那一年)之间创作和合作的94首歌曲,以及Van Leer Rose的音乐。通过观察林恩的作品,我们开始了解这位开拓性艺术家的观点,以及她如何在她的音乐中反映她的生活和社会时代。这些作品在今天仍然像40年前一样及时和充满政治色彩,这是对她的证明。
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引用次数: 1
VillageSoup: Sustaining News in a Rural Setting 村社:农村环境下的持续新闻
Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V5I6.232
Norman H. Sims, Bill Densmore, S. Majka
In rural Camden, Maine, Richard Anderson has found a formula for sustainable news coverage in an age when the Internet seems to be killing the news business. He began by starting an online-only news site for the community in 1996, an ambitious and early web presence. By specializing in quick, hard news, community service, citizen involvement, and community leadership, Anderson built an audience for his VillageSoup website. But the community had a moribund weekly newspaper that soaked up much of the advertising revenue. After five years of online-only news, Anderson started his own weekly paper newspaper that republished his web content. Today, Anderson has a sustainable multimedia enterprise, and a business model that could serve as the savior for weekly newspapers in communities with a population around 30,000. VillageSoup may be the first genuine example of alternative news media reaching sustainability. As Richard Anderson walked through downtown Camden, Maine, there was a palpable skip in the gait of the former Chicago book-publishing entrepreneur, now in his late sixties. It seemed as if every third passerby was a friend or customer, worthy of a hello or a quick chat. His pace slowed, though, as he reached the corner of Main and Mechanic streets and the French & Brawn delicatessen, which was owned by his son Todd. His eyes brightened as he remembered the story of the webcam. He installed the video camera in 1998 in the storefront window of French & Brawn looking out at the street of spiffy little shops—very few chain-store names here—that lined the roads for a few blocks around Camden Harbor. Camden is made up of community-minded people with cultural interests, wealthy retirees, marine and outdoor-oriented people. And so people noticed this piece of electronics because it wasn’t just a video camera—it was a ―webcam.‖ Around the VillageSoup: Sustaining News in a Rural Setting Vol. 5, Issue 6 (2010) 2 clock, day-after-day, the faces of passersby, converted to bits and bytes, moved through wires to the offices of VillageSoup—the local, online news company that Anderson founded in 1996— across a high-speed link, and into the Internet cloud. Anderson liked to think of the camera as a media metaphor. ―It was just like sitting on the park bench watching people walk by,‖ he said. There were those who loved it. Teenagers would ham it up. Parents would bring their young children down to the storefront and beam a view of the kids to grandparents online a few thousand miles away. It was a community snapshot. But some townspeople saw the webcam in French & Brawn’s window differently. The mood changed. Some avoided the camera’s incessant prying, not willing to have their stroll on the street documented and perhaps recorded by some precursor of Big Brother. It didn’t help that one of the people concerned was balladeer Don McLean (―American Pie‖). Then Dan Rather picked up the controversy and CBS Evening News showed clips from the webcam one night. Anderson
在缅因州卡姆登(Camden)的乡村,理查德·安德森(Richard Anderson)找到了一个可持续新闻报道的公式,在这个互联网似乎正在扼杀新闻业的时代。1996年,他开始为社区创建一个仅在线的新闻网站,这是一个雄心勃勃的早期网络存在。通过专注于快速、硬新闻、社区服务、公民参与和社区领导,安德森为他的VillageSoup网站建立了受众。但这个社区有一份奄奄一息的周报,吸收了大部分广告收入。在做了5年的网络新闻之后,安德森创办了自己的周报,重新发布他的网络内容。如今,安德森拥有一家可持续发展的多媒体企业,其商业模式可以成为人口约为3万的社区周报的救星。VillageSoup可能是另类新闻媒体实现可持续发展的第一个真正例子。当理查德·安德森(Richard Anderson)走过缅因州卡姆登(Camden)市中心时,这位60多岁的前芝加哥图书出版企业家的步伐明显加快了。似乎每三个过路人中就有一个是朋友或顾客,值得打个招呼或简短地聊一聊。不过,当他走到缅因街和梅克街的拐角处,来到他儿子托德(Todd)开的French & brown熟食店时,他的步伐放慢了。当他想起网络摄像头的故事时,他的眼睛亮了起来。1998年,他在French & brown商店的橱窗里安装了摄像机,看着卡姆登港周围几个街区的街道上一排排漂亮的小商店——这里很少有连锁店的名字。卡姆登由有文化兴趣的社区人士、富有的退休人员、海洋人士和户外人士组成。所以人们注意到这个电子产品,因为它不仅仅是一个摄像机,它是一个网络摄像机。‖在VillageSoup周围:农村环境中的持续新闻第5卷,第6期(2010)2钟,日复一日,路人的脸,转换成比特和字节,通过电线移动到VillageSoup的办公室,安德森于1996年创立的本地在线新闻公司,通过高速连接,进入互联网云。安德森喜欢把照相机看作是一种媒介隐喻。-就像坐在公园的长椅上看着人们走过,”他说。有些人喜欢它。青少年会把它搞得很夸张。父母们会把他们年幼的孩子带到店面,然后把孩子们的照片发送给几千英里外的祖父母。这是一个社区快照。但一些市民对French & brown窗户上的摄像头有不同的看法。气氛变了。有些人避开了摄像机不停的窥探,不愿意让他们在街上的漫步被记录下来,也许是被一些老大哥的前身记录下来。其中一位有关人士是民谣歌手唐·麦克莱恩(“美国派”),这也无济于事。然后丹·拉瑟(Dan Rather)关注了这一争议,CBS晚间新闻播放了一天晚上网络摄像头拍摄的片段。安德森的儿子和儿媳开始担心,他们的商店被视为侵犯了卡姆登市民的隐私。有人说要抵制这家商店。理查德·安德森(Richard Anderson)认为这款相机已经引起了足够多的争议,同时也引发了对隐私的良好讨论,于是几个月后就把它撤了下来。-很有趣!‖安德森回忆起睁大眼睛的微笑。可以称之为实验或噱头,但对安德森来说,这是一次记录社区面孔的有趣尝试。当它变成了对隐私概念的全民公投时,这也没关系。他说,这段经历教会了他作为社区出版商的一些事情:在社区中引发对话,让人们表达自己的想法,但永远不要树敌,并保持乐趣,这是他角色的一部分。作为在线新闻的先驱,经验将是安德森最好的老师。他比大多数人更早地创建了一个纯网络新闻网站,在这样做的过程中,他使用了严格的新闻专业精神来为他的产品创造价值。在与缅因州中部沿海地区现有周报的竞争中,他赢得了读者的争夺战,但没有把所有的广告客户从印刷产品中吸引过来。因此,他创办了自己的印刷周报,从网络转向印刷,这一反直觉的举动很少有人尝试过。缅因州中部海岸坐落在一个广阔的农村地区,周围环绕着森林,它的生存部分来自于被美丽的港口和海岸线吸引的游客。缅因州只有130万居民,面积与印第安纳州相当(印第安纳州有600多万居民),是新英格兰地区最农村的州。包括卡姆登在内的国会选区是《农村研究与政策在线杂志》第5卷第6期(2010年),是密西西比河以东地理区域最大的选区,而缅因州只有两个选区。 缅因州只出版三份日报,加上一些周报,使得大多数居民比城市居民更少地接触到当天的新闻。缅因州报纸和媒体的财政状况反映了大平原农村地区的问题。VillageSoup从创业到可持续发展的故事读起来就像一个三幕剧,包括许多新媒体网站在任何地方都会遇到的复杂问题,但它解决了可能成为可持续的基于网络的新闻生产的标准经济模式,特别是在农村地区。第一幕:“你知道市中心那栋楼着火的事吗?”1996年12月9日——理查德·安德森的56岁生日——他和他的儿子德里克(Derek)创办了专注于本地新闻的纯网络新闻网站。卡姆登的地理位置很方便,但不是进行商业实验的理想场所。特别是在1996年,它拥有大量的互联网渗透到社区,但它也有一份有127年历史的周报——《卡姆登先驱报》。为了竞争,安德森采用了核心新闻价值观。他的第一个雇员是总编辑吉尔·朗,她毕业于马萨诸塞大学和哥伦比亚大学新闻研究生院,在缅因州也有丰富的印刷新闻经验。一个焦点小组帮助他们确定了一个独特的名字,VillageSoup.com,这个名字强调了社区的亲和力,并提出了一个温暖的想法,文字,照片,广告和列表。他们选择了一个橘黄色的大圆点作为标志,把它贴在汽车、建筑和赞助场地上。安德森出生于爱荷华州的伯灵顿,在爱荷华大学获得博士学位,并在锡达拉皮兹教中学数学。1996年,他关闭了在芝加哥成功的小学和高中教科书制作公司Ligature后,搬到了卡姆登。从Ligature毕业后,他曾试图创办一家创新公司,在cd和互联网上发布课程,但老师们不喜欢。然而,正如信息时代经常发生的那样,失败可以带来创新的成功。安德森读了一本名为《净收益:通过虚拟社区拓展市场》的书,这本书是由约翰·哈格尔三世和阿瑟·g·阿姆斯特朗于1997年出版的,他看到了主题和地理区域可以创建商业亲和团体。-我从盈利开始,但读了那本书后,我看到了亲和力的一面。每日在线新闻是我们产生流量的方式,”他说。我们在组织亲缘团体。我们没有出版报纸。‖用更简单的语言来说,他决定创建一个网站,卡姆登(他的地理亲缘关系组)的人会去。他可以创建一个以商业和广告为特色的网站,但他知道这些并不受欢迎。他决定发布当地新闻来吸引人们访问这个网站。一旦到了那里,他们就可以与广告商互动,并做其他本地业务,这是他的初衷。新闻与其说是他的激情所在,不如说是他认为最好的载体。几乎与此同时,美国的报纸也在网上迈出了小步。报纸创办了网站。起初,粗糙的软件将当天的印刷版新闻放到网上,稍加修饰。渐渐地是照片,然后是音频、博客和视频。这些网站中的大多数至今仍无利可图。VillageSoup:农村环境中的持续新闻第5卷,第6期(2010)4安德森一家专注于网络。他们只在网络上发表文章,用快速、准确、写得好的故事以及只有网络才能提供的所有互动服务来吸引读者。他们很快扩展到附近的罗克兰和贝尔法斯特镇。1999年至2008年担任罗克兰市市长的托马斯·j·霍尔(Thomas J. Hall)说:“新闻的新鲜感使我们每天都要点击几次来了解正在发生的事情。”这是我们从未享受过的新闻报道。‖他看了VillageSoup上的讨论,比如关于美沙酮诊所的讨论,觉得这些论坛可能是政府
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引用次数: 0
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Online journal of rural research and policy
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