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A case study of family-owned newspapers adapting and surviving in two rural states 家族式报纸在两个农村州的适应和生存案例研究
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V8I3.1957
Angela Powers, A. B. Sohn
Organizational ecologists follow the life histories of organizational populations, studying events such as founding, disbanding, and mergers. Newspaper organizations, for example, are often far from rational in their decision making to start, operate and end business practices. For this study, two daily papers located in rural states are analyzed within the context of organizational ecology, which has evolved from the physical sciences. For the larger market, rural-state newspaper, managers took an instrumental approach of quickly adapting new trends and technology. Because of economic uncertainties, a dismantling of such variations occurred. For the smaller market, rural-state newspaper, an institutional approach was most prevalent. Strong family ties and an assortment of family business ventures such as the streaming of high school sports supported the ability of this newspaper to continue business as usual throughout the timeframe of the study. Avoiding risk resulted in a stronger financial situation. This study indicates ecological analysis of newspapers is an attractive research method when organizations are subject to strong inertial pressures and face changeable, uncertain futures, as is the case in newspapers today. This case study explores practices of newspapers during one of the most economically uncertain times in the history of mass media. Two daily papers located in rural states are analyzed within the context of organizational ecology, which has evolved from the physical sciences. In biology, for example, ecology is the study of the relations that living organisms have with respect to each other and their natural environment including the composition, distribution, number, and changing states of organisms within an ecosystem. Ultimately, populations change over time, with stronger species surviving and filling a niche (McIntosh, 1985) 1 . Researchers agree that structural changes take place not only for living organisms but within living organizations as well. The adaptation of ecology to organizations and specifically media organizations provides an interesting framework to evaluate such change. The purpose of this paper is to develop a method of systematically analyzing media management by using an ecological approach adapted from the sociology of
组织生态学家关注组织群体的生活史,研究诸如成立、解散和合并等事件。例如,报纸机构在决定开始、经营和结束商业活动时,往往远远不够理性。在本研究中,在组织生态学的背景下分析了两份位于农村州的日报,这是从物理科学演变而来的。对于更大的市场——农村报纸,管理者采取了一种工具式的方法,迅速适应新的趋势和技术。由于经济上的不确定性,这种变化被消除了。对于较小的市场,如农村报纸,制度方法是最普遍的。牢固的家庭关系和各种各样的家族企业,如高中体育赛事的流媒体,支持了这份报纸在研究期间继续正常经营的能力。规避风险使财务状况更加稳固。这项研究表明,当组织受到强大的惯性压力并面临变化,不确定的未来时,报纸的生态分析是一种有吸引力的研究方法,就像今天的报纸一样。这个案例研究探讨了报纸在大众传媒历史上最不确定的经济时期的做法。位于农村国家的两份日报在组织生态学的背景下进行了分析,这是从物理科学演变而来的。例如,在生物学中,生态学是研究生物之间以及它们与自然环境之间的关系,包括生态系统中生物的组成、分布、数量和变化状态。最终,种群会随着时间的推移而变化,更强的物种会生存下来并填补生态位(McIntosh, 1985) 1。研究人员一致认为,结构变化不仅发生在活的有机体上,也发生在活的组织内部。生态学对组织,特别是媒体组织的适应为评估这种变化提供了一个有趣的框架。本文的目的是发展一种系统地分析媒介管理的方法,采用一种适应于社会学的生态学方法
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引用次数: 2
Perceptions of Aging-Friendly Community Characteristics: Does County Rurality Make a Difference? 对老年友好型社区特征的认知:县域乡村性有影响吗?
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V8I2.1944
C. Barber
“Aging-friendly” communities are environments where people can live their entire lives rather than having to relocate because of age-related changes. The objective of this study was to investigate the extent to which middle-aged, long-term residents in Wisconsin perceived their communities to be aging-friendly, and to determine whether these perceptions varied according to county rurality. Rurality was measured using the Index of Relative Rurality, and is based on four dimensions: population, population density, extent of urban area, and remoteness. The Index of Relative Rurality was combined with the USDA urban influence code to categorize counties into the following spheres: the “Metropolitan Sphere”, the “Rural-Metro Interface”, and the “Rural Sphere”. It was hypothesized that persons residing in metropolitan counties will be more likely to perceive that their communities have aging-friendly characteristics than those residing in rural counties, and this will be particularly true with regard to characteristics related to transportation and health care services. The hypothesis was supported. Respondents residing in metro and rural-metro counties perceived a higher prevalence of aging-friendly community characteristics than those in rural counties, particularly with regard to transportation, health care services, and community connectedness.
“老龄友好型”社区是指人们可以度过一生的环境,而不必因为与年龄相关的变化而搬迁。本研究的目的是调查威斯康星州的中年长期居民认为他们的社区对老年人友好的程度,并确定这些看法是否根据县乡村性而变化。乡村性是用相对乡村性指数来衡量的,它基于四个维度:人口、人口密度、城市面积范围和偏远程度。相对农村指数与美国农业部城市影响代码相结合,将县分为以下几个范围:“都市圈”、“农村-都市界面”和“农村圈”。据推测,居住在大都市县的人比居住在农村县的人更有可能认为他们的社区具有对老年人友好的特征,在交通和保健服务相关的特征方面尤其如此。这一假设得到了支持。居住在地铁县和农村-地铁县的受访者认为,与农村县相比,老年人友好型社区特征更为普遍,特别是在交通、医疗保健服务和社区连通性方面。
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引用次数: 7
Book Review: The Invasion of Indian Country in the Twentieth Century: American Capitalism and Tribal Natural Resources 书评:《二十世纪印第安人的入侵:美国资本主义和部落自然资源》
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V8I1.1867
Jeffrey S Hermsen
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引用次数: 10
Rural General Surgery: A Review of the Current Situation and Realities from a Rural Community Practice in Central Nebraska 农村普外科:内布拉斯加州中部农村社区实践的现状与现实回顾
Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V7I2.1669
Rob Anderson, Mark Anderson
Purpose: To examine the reasons fewer students and residents are entering general surgery, to educate residents about the realities of rural general surgery based on the experience of three general surgeons in central Nebraska, and to suggest a strategy for individual general surgeons and for residency programs to maintain the rural surgical workforce. Methods: A systematic literature review of surveys, review articles, and editorials through PUBMED was performed. Relevant studies were included in a review of the current literature on the rural general surgery workforce, general surgery residency, fellowship training, and rural surgery education. Findings: There is an insufficient supply of general surgeons in many parts of the country, particularly in rural settings. More general surgery residents are entering into subspecialty fellowship training and fewer are practicing general surgery than in the past. Residents may have inaccurate perceptions about rural general surgery practice. Those residency programs with dedicated rural and community surgery rotations have had more success in producing rural general surgeons. Conclusions: Although specialization in surgery has many positive effects, maintenance of a general surgical workforce in rural America is crucial to the health care of many citizens. Increasing the numbers of mentoring and training programs could provide medical students and general surgery residents with more educational opportunities that may lead to increased interest in rural surgery.
目的:研究进入普外科的学生和住院医师人数减少的原因,根据内布拉斯加州中部三位普外科医生的经验,向住院医师介绍农村普外科的现实情况,并为个体普外科医生和住院医师计划提出策略,以维持农村外科劳动力。方法:通过PUBMED对调查、综述文章和社论进行系统的文献综述。相关研究包括对农村普外科劳动力、普外科住院医师、奖学金培训和农村外科教育的现有文献进行综述。调查结果:在该国许多地区,特别是农村地区,普通外科医生的供应不足。与过去相比,越来越多的普通外科住院医生正在进入亚专科奖学金培训,而从事普通外科手术的人数却越来越少。居民对农村普外科的认识可能不准确。那些有专门的农村和社区外科轮转的住院医师项目在培养农村普通外科医生方面取得了更大的成功。结论:尽管外科专业化具有许多积极作用,但在美国农村维持一支普通外科队伍对许多公民的医疗保健至关重要。增加指导和培训项目的数量可以为医学生和普通外科住院医生提供更多的教育机会,这可能会增加他们对农村外科的兴趣。
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引用次数: 6
Wellness Activities of Rural Older Adults in the Great Plains 大平原地区农村老年人健康活动研究
Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V7I1.1626
R. Russ
Growing interest in healthier aging coincides with the comprehensive whole person wellness model, defined by Hettler (2003 1 ), that includes physical, emotional, spiritual, intellectual, occupational, and social dimensions. This study examined current activities for older adults in rural senior centers in the Great Plains. A mail survey was administered to the directors of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska senior centers. Findings indicated that only 15 percent of the senior centers in the three states offered activities for all six wellness dimensions. To accommodate activities in a rural senior center, both programs and space for the programs for diverse activities should be addressed.
对健康老龄化日益增长的兴趣与Hettler(2003)定义的全面的全人健康模型不谋而合,该模型包括身体、情感、精神、智力、职业和社会维度。本研究调查了目前大平原农村老年中心老年人的活动。对堪萨斯州、俄克拉荷马州和内布拉斯加州老年中心的负责人进行了邮件调查。调查结果表明,在这三个州,只有15%的老年中心提供所有六个健康维度的活动。为了适应农村老年中心的活动,应该解决各种活动的项目和空间问题。
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引用次数: 7
Absence of Age-Income Correlation in Ten Rural South Dakota Counties: Real Capital Outflow or Self-selection Bias? 南达科他州10个农村县年龄收入相关性缺失:真实资本外流还是自我选择偏差?
Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V7I3.1741
Daren Junker, Meredith Redlin, David P. Olson, Gary Aguiar
Previous research establishes a positive correlation between age and income during the working years of 18 to 65. Survey data from the first 10 communities in a development project in South Dakota do not exhibit this correlation. Census data is examined for the 10 counties involved to determine whether the correlation is absent countywide or if self-selection bias may have produced this result. With income distributions matching their respective counties and working age distributions that do not, factors that might skew self-selection in the observed manner are examined from a life-course perspective. Often the assumption is made that small data sets from applied projects cannot yield much information of value for research purposes. Applying nonparametric tests appropriately allowed some surprises to be discovered and explained in one such small data set. Income has long been positively correlated with age (DiazGimenez, Glover, and Rios-Rull 2011) 1 , but this correlation did not appear in surveys collected from participants in 10 community book reads across South Dakota hosted by the SDSU Extension and the Political Science and Sociology departments of South Dakota State University.
先前的研究表明,在18岁至65岁的工作年限内,年龄与收入之间存在正相关关系。来自南达科塔州一个开发项目的前10个社区的调查数据没有显示出这种相关性。对涉及的10个县的人口普查数据进行了检查,以确定是否在全县范围内不存在相关性,或者是否自我选择偏差可能导致了这一结果。由于收入分配与各自的县相匹配,而工作年龄分布与之不匹配,因此可能以观察到的方式扭曲自我选择的因素从生命历程的角度进行了检查。通常假设来自应用项目的小数据集不能为研究目的产生很多有价值的信息。适当地应用非参数测试可以在这样一个小数据集中发现和解释一些意外。长期以来,收入与年龄呈正相关(DiazGimenez, Glover和Rios-Rull, 2011) 1,但这种相关性并没有出现在SDSU扩展和南达科他州立大学政治科学和社会学系主办的南达科他州10个社区读书活动参与者的调查中。
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引用次数: 0
Revising State and Federal Approaches to Fire Policy Coordination 修订州和联邦的消防政策协调方法
Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V7I4.1787
J. Richie
For nine decades, the central tenet of American wildfire policy was to protect natural resources and human communities from damages caused by wildfires. After 34 firefighters lost their lives on the front lines during a 1994 wildland fire in California, state and federal approaches to fire policy were irrevocably altered. Plagued by funding woes, climate change and increased development the US fire season grew longer, with already taxed firefighting personnel and equipment in perilously short supply. A collection of federal, state and community agencies are attempting to stem the tide, although require both social agreement and political action by state and federal government. Long term economic and environmental implications of continued outbreaks are profound, and requires both a dedicated set of on-call firefighters, as well as equipment extensive enough to meet the workload demanded not only by a major wildland fire, albeit that of two or three simultaneously.
90年来,美国野火政策的中心原则是保护自然资源和人类社区免受野火造成的损害。1994年,34名消防员在加州的一场野火中牺牲在第一线后,州和联邦的消防政策发生了不可逆转的改变。受资金困难、气候变化和发展加剧的影响,美国的消防季节延长了,已经超负荷的消防人员和设备供应严重短缺。联邦、州和社区机构正试图遏制这一趋势,尽管这需要州和联邦政府的社会协议和政治行动。持续爆发的长期经济和环境影响是深远的,既需要一组专门的随叫随到的消防队员,也需要足够广泛的设备,不仅能够应付一场重大野火,而且能够同时应付两到三场野火。
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引用次数: 0
The Dump: A Visual Exploration of Illegal Dumping on Public Lands in Rural America 垃圾场:美国农村公共土地上非法倾倒的视觉探索
Pub Date : 2011-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V6I2.1603
Kenneth H. Laundra
This study examines a commonly overlooked form of criminal activity in the countryside – the act of illegally dumping piles of waste materials onto public lands. After a visual examination of the various types of debris that are commonly dumped in these areas, consideration is given to the attitudes, motives and rationalizations that lead to the act of dumping. This study attempts to contextualize this activity within the framework of environmental sociology, emphasizing how attitudes about the natural environment, but also how the physical environment itself, can affect the propensity to dump. This study employs the more specific and quantifiable activity of illegal dumping piles of debris onto public lands in order to more clearly distinguish this activity from similar or related criminal enterprises that occur in rural America; however, it is important to note that the deviant element of this activity is central to the investigation. More specifically, the extent to which this criminal activity is viewed (by either the perpetrator or the community) as deviant has bearing on whether the activity is discouraged, whether penalties or alternatives are provided, the extent and frequency of this activity and, arguably, whether or not illegal dumping occurs in the first place. Finally, solutions to the problems posed by illegal dumping are considered in terms of wiser public policy informed by these social scientific findings. The Dump: A Visual Exploration of Illegal Dumping on Public Lands in Rural America Vol. 6, Issue 2 (2011)
这项研究调查了农村一种通常被忽视的犯罪活动形式——在公共土地上非法倾倒废物的行为。在对通常倾倒在这些地区的各种类型的碎片进行目视检查之后,考虑到导致倾倒行为的态度、动机和合理化。本研究试图在环境社会学的框架内将这一活动置于背景中,强调对自然环境的态度以及物理环境本身如何影响倾倒倾向。本研究采用了更具体和可量化的活动,即在公共土地上非法倾倒成堆的碎片,以便更清楚地将这种活动与发生在美国农村的类似或相关犯罪企业区分开来;然而,重要的是要注意,这一活动的异常因素是调查的核心。更具体地说,这种犯罪活动在多大程度上被(犯罪者或社区)视为越轨行为,关系到是否不鼓励这种活动,是否提供惩罚或替代办法,这种活动的范围和频率,以及可以说,是否首先发生非法倾倒。最后,根据这些社会科学发现,从更明智的公共政策角度考虑非法倾倒所带来的问题的解决方案。垃圾场:美国农村公共土地上非法倾倒的视觉探索第6卷第2期(2011)
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引用次数: 4
School Consolidation in Nebraska: Economic Efficiency vs. Rural Community Life 内布拉斯加州的学校合并:经济效率与农村社区生活
Pub Date : 2011-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V6I1.1309
Joan M. Blauwkamp, P. Longo, John Anderson
We examine the factors driving rural school consolidations, focusing our analysis on Nebraska. We consider statutory and case law, the school financing formulas that drive consolidation and the efforts by rural citizens to challenge those financing formulas in courts. We analyze how rural school consolidations have been framed in newspaper coverage, in order to see the dominant understandings of the cost-benefit tradeoffs in consolidating rural schools. Finally, we study three cases of rural Nebraska school districts for the insights these cases provide as to the challenges of sustaining rural community schools and the effects of consolidation on the students and the communities. Our conclusion is that schools play a vital role in sustaining rural community life, although the costs to the community when schools are consolidated are more difficult to quantify than the economies of scale that motivate those consolidations.
我们研究了推动农村学校合并的因素,重点分析了内布拉斯加州。我们考虑了成文法和判例法、推动整合的学校融资模式以及农村公民在法庭上挑战这些融资模式的努力。我们分析了农村学校合并是如何在报纸报道中被框定的,以便了解对农村学校合并的成本效益权衡的主流理解。最后,我们研究了内布拉斯加州农村学区的三个案例,这些案例提供了关于维持农村社区学校的挑战以及整合对学生和社区的影响的见解。我们的结论是,学校在维持农村社区生活方面发挥着至关重要的作用,尽管学校合并给社区带来的成本比推动这些合并的规模经济更难以量化。
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引用次数: 23
Salamosa: Examining a Small-Market Newspaper Covering a Local Crisis 萨拉莫萨:调查一家报道当地危机的小市场报纸
Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.4148/OJRRP.V5I6.230
Mark L Finney
This paper explores crisis coverage in local, small-market newspapers. Comparing relevant theory with the practice of journalism in Alamosa, CO’s Valley Courier, this content analysis suggests close relationships between media, government and business in small communities, contributing to coverage that veers away from journalism’s best practices. The result is coverage that overlooks potentially important information about the crisis’ causes and eschews journalism’s watchdog and investigative responsibilities, while offering local elite sources significant degrees of power over the shape of the coverage. As national news coverage contracts, situations like this rise in prominence.
本文探讨了地方小市场报纸的危机报道。将相关理论与科罗拉多州阿拉莫萨的《山谷信使》的新闻实践进行比较,这一内容分析表明,在小社区中,媒体、政府和企业之间存在密切关系,导致报道偏离了新闻的最佳实践。其结果是,报道忽视了有关危机起因的潜在重要信息,回避了新闻业的监督和调查责任,同时让当地精英人士在报道的形式方面拥有了相当大的权力。随着全国新闻报道的减少,这种情况越来越突出。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Online journal of rural research and policy
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