{"title":"Rural Surgery Training Programs in the United States: A Review of the Literature","authors":"D. Avery, Joseph C. Wallace","doi":"10.4148/1936-0487.1078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1936-0487.1078","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70867472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Mills, A. Azzam, Kathleen R. Brooks, David J. Aiken
{"title":"An Econometric Analysis of the Nebraska Livestock Friendly County Program","authors":"B. Mills, A. Azzam, Kathleen R. Brooks, David J. Aiken","doi":"10.4148/1936-0487.1075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1936-0487.1075","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70867718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since 2005, state legislatures across the nation have passed a series of stringent voter identification laws in the expressed hope of preventing voter fraud. However, some scholars argue that these voter id laws negatively impact people who are less likely to have a photo id, such as racial minorities and young people. This study uses a survey of college students in the North Dakota University System to examine whether changes to North Dakota voter id laws in 2013 had any influence over the ability of these students to successfully cast a vote in the 2014 midterm elections. It finds that the new law did indeed have an impact, with the survey results indicating that several hundred students were unable to vote due to issues related to voter id.
{"title":"Home is Where the Vote Is: A Research Note on the Effects of Changes in North Dakota Voter Identification Laws on College Student Turnout in the 2014 Elections","authors":"Nicholas G. Bauroth, Kjersten Nelson","doi":"10.4148/1936-0487.1072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1936-0487.1072","url":null,"abstract":"Since 2005, state legislatures across the nation have passed a series of stringent voter identification laws in the expressed hope of preventing voter fraud. However, some scholars argue that these voter id laws negatively impact people who are less likely to have a photo id, such as racial minorities and young people. This study uses a survey of college students in the North Dakota University System to examine whether changes to North Dakota voter id laws in 2013 had any influence over the ability of these students to successfully cast a vote in the 2014 midterm elections. It finds that the new law did indeed have an impact, with the survey results indicating that several hundred students were unable to vote due to issues related to voter id.","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70867593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores the rural-urban divide, as it exists within Nebraska, which is a state that is largely homogenous, primarily red, with a historically sizable rural population that is in decline in most counties. 1 Using survey data of attitudes towards political and economic issues, and self-identified political ideology, two key questions are considered. Has there been change in the rural-urban divide in Nebraska as rural areas lose population? Second, does the rural-urban divide persist when controlling for party identification, age, and income in multivariate analyses? Bivariate results show that the rural-urban divide continues to be an important factor on several issues. The multivariate analyses reveal that the ruralurban divide remains significant when the issues are prayer and sex education in public schools, gun control, assisting the poor when times are bad, and choosing to reduce services rather than to raise taxes. The discussion considers the current and potential future effects of the rural-urban divide in Nebraska.
{"title":"Assessing the Rural-Urban Divide in a Red State","authors":"J. Blankenau, C. Parker","doi":"10.4148/1936-0487.1074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1936-0487.1074","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the rural-urban divide, as it exists within Nebraska, which is a state that is largely homogenous, primarily red, with a historically sizable rural population that is in decline in most counties. 1 Using survey data of attitudes towards political and economic issues, and self-identified political ideology, two key questions are considered. Has there been change in the rural-urban divide in Nebraska as rural areas lose population? Second, does the rural-urban divide persist when controlling for party identification, age, and income in multivariate analyses? Bivariate results show that the rural-urban divide continues to be an important factor on several issues. The multivariate analyses reveal that the ruralurban divide remains significant when the issues are prayer and sex education in public schools, gun control, assisting the poor when times are bad, and choosing to reduce services rather than to raise taxes. The discussion considers the current and potential future effects of the rural-urban divide in Nebraska.","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70867661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study is to examine the trend of usual source care (USC) rates and the discipline of choice among rural and urban older adults. Data used in this study were obtained from 2004 to 2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. The yearly percentages of having a specific discipline as the USC were demonstrated from 2004 to 2010. The association of residence with likelihoods of having any of these three physician categories as USCs was assessed holding other individual characteristics constant. The overall sample size is 24,834, of which 20.0% of older adults resided in rural areas. A similar percentage of older adults living in urban areas had USCs than that of rural areas (93.69% vs. 93.46%). Overall, family practitioners were the most common USC noted in this survey while geriatricians are the least. The urban older adults are more likely than the rural ones to have geriatricians as their USC. Geriatrician discipline receives the most intensive education and training to care for older adults. The growing aging population makes it imperative to address the crisis of geriatrician shortage.
{"title":"Geriatrician and Other Physician Disciplines as the Usual Source of Care for Rural and Urban Older Adults: 2004-2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey","authors":"Wei-Chen Lee, C. Sumaya","doi":"10.4148/1936-0487.1071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1936-0487.1071","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to examine the trend of usual source care (USC) rates and the discipline of choice among rural and urban older adults. Data used in this study were obtained from 2004 to 2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. The yearly percentages of having a specific discipline as the USC were demonstrated from 2004 to 2010. The association of residence with likelihoods of having any of these three physician categories as USCs was assessed holding other individual characteristics constant. The overall sample size is 24,834, of which 20.0% of older adults resided in rural areas. A similar percentage of older adults living in urban areas had USCs than that of rural areas (93.69% vs. 93.46%). Overall, family practitioners were the most common USC noted in this survey while geriatricians are the least. The urban older adults are more likely than the rural ones to have geriatricians as their USC. Geriatrician discipline receives the most intensive education and training to care for older adults. The growing aging population makes it imperative to address the crisis of geriatrician shortage.","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70867555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Self-management plays a vital role in improving health outcomes and reducing costs in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated risk factors. Based on existing studies, rural residents with CVD and/or risk factors show low engagement in self-management behaviors. Due to low participation in behavioral intervention trials, the most promising mechanism to promote self-management among rural populations is unknown. In turn, the purpose of this article is to review the evidence that supports strategies to recruit and retain rural patients to participate in behavioral intervention trials aimed to promote self-management of CVD and its risk factors. This review is expected to assist researchers in identifying effective solutions to overcome barriers in the recruitment and retention processes when conducting intervention research studies on the self-management of CVD in rural communities.
{"title":"Review Strategies to Recruit and Retain Rural Patient Participating Self-management Behavioral Trials.","authors":"Lufei Young, Susan Barnason, VAN DO","doi":"10.4148/1936-0487.1070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1936-0487.1070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Self-management plays a vital role in improving health outcomes and reducing costs in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated risk factors. Based on existing studies, rural residents with CVD and/or risk factors show low engagement in self-management behaviors. Due to low participation in behavioral intervention trials, the most promising mechanism to promote self-management among rural populations is unknown. In turn, the purpose of this article is to review the evidence that supports strategies to recruit and retain rural patients to participate in behavioral intervention trials aimed to promote self-management of CVD and its risk factors. This review is expected to assist researchers in identifying effective solutions to overcome barriers in the recruitment and retention processes when conducting intervention research studies on the self-management of CVD in rural communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451124/pdf/nihms-827964.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35060310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, a community resilience model is utilized to explore the impacts of a rural school’s closure and its implication on community resiliency in the Village of Limerick, Saskatchewan. The findings from four semi-structured interviews and three focus groups indicate that the school’s closure created a number of constraints that have considerable implications for community resilience. In particular, the school’s closure decreased the residents’ sense of community. In addition, as a result of the school’s closure, the community resident’s experienced diminishing civic engagement in the form of volunteerism, community recreation participation, and intergenerational relationships. This paper demonstrates the challenges of a rural school’s closure on cultivating community resiliency, but also the changes to rural residents’ lives and their communities.
{"title":"Creating Constraints to Community Resiliency: The Event of a Rural School's Closure","authors":"J. Oncescu","doi":"10.4148/1936-0487.1068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1936-0487.1068","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a community resilience model is utilized to explore the impacts of a rural school’s closure and its implication on community resiliency in the Village of Limerick, Saskatchewan. The findings from four semi-structured interviews and three focus groups indicate that the school’s closure created a number of constraints that have considerable implications for community resilience. In particular, the school’s closure decreased the residents’ sense of community. In addition, as a result of the school’s closure, the community resident’s experienced diminishing civic engagement in the form of volunteerism, community recreation participation, and intergenerational relationships. This paper demonstrates the challenges of a rural school’s closure on cultivating community resiliency, but also the changes to rural residents’ lives and their communities.","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70867493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Tilley, G. Roux, Fuqin Liu, Kyoung-eun Lee, Suzanne M Ackers, V. Zeigler
Those living in rural areas face particular risks to health and well-being as they are more likely to be poor, have no health insurance, and have less access to health care. Many obstacles exist in achieving optimal rural health outcomes. Many of the health related issues experienced by adolescents are preventable and are often related to risky behavior such as substance use and abuse, smoking, and unprotected sex. The purpose of this review is to define the current primary health concerns of rural dwelling adolescents worldwide. Based on current research, the primary health related problems of rural adolescents were identified as risky sexual behaviors, mental health issues, violence and bullying, substance and alcohol use, and overweight and obesity. These problems are exacerbated by diminished access to care, peer influences, and parental influences. This integrative review also illustrates many dimensions of health disparities exist in rural areas. When addressing diversity in care models, it is important to consider the rural setting as well as race or ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic status in designing curriculum and interventions. Globally, evidence based findings are needed to inform curriculum and respond to the health needs of rural adolescents. Health Concerns of Rural Dwelling Adolescents Vol. 9, Issue 1 (2014) 2 Programs and rural initiatives for adolescents can decrease the prevalence of established health problems and lower health care expenditures across life spans. Those living in rural areas face particular risks to health and well-being (United States [U.S.] Department of Health and Human Services [HHS], 2011). Rural dwellers are more likely than their urban counterparts to be poor, have no health insurance, and have less access to health care (Gamm, Hutchinson, Dabney, & Dorsey, 2003; Ziller, Anderson, & Coburn, 2010). Rural health concerns continue to draw attention from policy makers, clinicians and researchers. Healthy People 2020 re-emphasized the 2010 goal to address the health needs among rural U.S. populations (Bolin & Gamm, 2003; HHS, Healthy People 2020, 2011). Nonetheless, many obstacles exist in achieving optimal rural health outcomes. The purpose of this article is to synthesize findings from an integrative literature review on the current state of rural health needs for adolescents. Adolescence is typically considered to occur between the ages of 13 and 19 years (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2008). During these years, adolescents become more independent and autonomous and often make decisions with lifetime implications for their health. Many of the health related issues experienced by adolescents are preventable and are often related to risky behavior by adolescents (Shannon & Broussard, 2011). Risky behaviors such as substance use and abuse, smoking, and unprotected sex have been targeted as leading health indicators for adolescent health in the Healthy People 2020 initiative (HHS, Healt
{"title":"An Integrative Review of Literature Regarding Health Concerns of Rural Dwelling Adolescents","authors":"D. Tilley, G. Roux, Fuqin Liu, Kyoung-eun Lee, Suzanne M Ackers, V. Zeigler","doi":"10.4148/1936-0487.1066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1936-0487.1066","url":null,"abstract":"Those living in rural areas face particular risks to health and well-being as they are more likely to be poor, have no health insurance, and have less access to health care. Many obstacles exist in achieving optimal rural health outcomes. Many of the health related issues experienced by adolescents are preventable and are often related to risky behavior such as substance use and abuse, smoking, and unprotected sex. The purpose of this review is to define the current primary health concerns of rural dwelling adolescents worldwide. Based on current research, the primary health related problems of rural adolescents were identified as risky sexual behaviors, mental health issues, violence and bullying, substance and alcohol use, and overweight and obesity. These problems are exacerbated by diminished access to care, peer influences, and parental influences. This integrative review also illustrates many dimensions of health disparities exist in rural areas. When addressing diversity in care models, it is important to consider the rural setting as well as race or ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic status in designing curriculum and interventions. Globally, evidence based findings are needed to inform curriculum and respond to the health needs of rural adolescents. Health Concerns of Rural Dwelling Adolescents Vol. 9, Issue 1 (2014) 2 Programs and rural initiatives for adolescents can decrease the prevalence of established health problems and lower health care expenditures across life spans. Those living in rural areas face particular risks to health and well-being (United States [U.S.] Department of Health and Human Services [HHS], 2011). Rural dwellers are more likely than their urban counterparts to be poor, have no health insurance, and have less access to health care (Gamm, Hutchinson, Dabney, & Dorsey, 2003; Ziller, Anderson, & Coburn, 2010). Rural health concerns continue to draw attention from policy makers, clinicians and researchers. Healthy People 2020 re-emphasized the 2010 goal to address the health needs among rural U.S. populations (Bolin & Gamm, 2003; HHS, Healthy People 2020, 2011). Nonetheless, many obstacles exist in achieving optimal rural health outcomes. The purpose of this article is to synthesize findings from an integrative literature review on the current state of rural health needs for adolescents. Adolescence is typically considered to occur between the ages of 13 and 19 years (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2008). During these years, adolescents become more independent and autonomous and often make decisions with lifetime implications for their health. Many of the health related issues experienced by adolescents are preventable and are often related to risky behavior by adolescents (Shannon & Broussard, 2011). Risky behaviors such as substance use and abuse, smoking, and unprotected sex have been targeted as leading health indicators for adolescent health in the Healthy People 2020 initiative (HHS, Healt","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70867451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Anderson, George Langelett, Gary Aguiar, B. Shuler, Meredith Redlin
This research note revisits the question of rural persistence, which was first brought to light in this journal by Redlin et al. (2010) 1 . We follow Redlin et al’s example by employing county-level data and seek to identify small towns that are surviving to explain their persistence. Our effort to replicate their results begins with the collection of the data anew, but we also include two additional states and incorporate a time dimension. By using Census data from 2000 only, Redlin et al. applied a static approach to test their hypothesis. In this study, we collect data from 1990 as well as 2000 to explore the time dimension of rural persistence. Our findings indicate that rural persistence is a dynamic rather than a static process. First, human capital systematically affects rural persistence. Second, changes in human capital affect rural persistence much more significantly than a stock of each measure at an earlier point in time. This result is encouraging; it suggests that no matter a community’s starting point in human capital, efforts towards community survival can be successful. Increases in any of our independent variables affect small town persistence more than the initial stock of any of them. Moreover, our results produce differences among the states, specifically Montana and Wyoming from the Dakotas, which indicate that future research efforts in rural persistence
{"title":"Persistence among Deep Rural Communities in the Northern Plains, Revisited","authors":"A. Anderson, George Langelett, Gary Aguiar, B. Shuler, Meredith Redlin","doi":"10.4148/1936-0487.1064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1936-0487.1064","url":null,"abstract":"This research note revisits the question of rural persistence, which was first brought to light in this journal by Redlin et al. (2010) 1 . We follow Redlin et al’s example by employing county-level data and seek to identify small towns that are surviving to explain their persistence. Our effort to replicate their results begins with the collection of the data anew, but we also include two additional states and incorporate a time dimension. By using Census data from 2000 only, Redlin et al. applied a static approach to test their hypothesis. In this study, we collect data from 1990 as well as 2000 to explore the time dimension of rural persistence. Our findings indicate that rural persistence is a dynamic rather than a static process. First, human capital systematically affects rural persistence. Second, changes in human capital affect rural persistence much more significantly than a stock of each measure at an earlier point in time. This result is encouraging; it suggests that no matter a community’s starting point in human capital, efforts towards community survival can be successful. Increases in any of our independent variables affect small town persistence more than the initial stock of any of them. Moreover, our results produce differences among the states, specifically Montana and Wyoming from the Dakotas, which indicate that future research efforts in rural persistence","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70867442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: The National Children's Study (NCS) is a longitudinal observational study that will examine the effects of genetics and environment on the health and development of children in the United States. The NCS is in a Vanguard, or pilot phase, so it is important to determine the feasibility, acceptability and cost of different data collection methods. The purpose of this study was to determine whether demographic characteristics differed in self-administered questionnaire (SAQ) completion rates, and to examine response rates when a $2 incentive was included with the mailed questionnaire.
Methods: Subjects for the study (~500) were being followed by a local call center and were mailed SAQs. Women who did not complete their last telephone event were eligible. Women were randomized to receive a $2 bill incentive with their SAQ (approximately 250 women in each group).
Results: Approximately 450 women comprised the final sample. In the incentive group, 35% of SAQs were returned, which was significantly higher than the 27% returned in the non-incentive group (p<0.001). No significant differences in completion rates based on demographic characteristics were seen, except in divorced women. The final cost per completed SAQ was $12.51 in the incentive group compared to $7.57 for the non-incentive group.
Conclusions: Adding a $2 bill as an incentive significantly increased response rates of hard-to-reach rural women completing mailed questionnaires about pregnancy information. Future research should focus on different incentive amounts and types and how they influence response rates.
{"title":"Effect of Small Monetary Incentive and Demographic Characteristics on Response Rate of Self-Administered Questionnaire Mailed to Rural Women.","authors":"Lacey A McCormack","doi":"10.4148/ojrrp.v8i1.1866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/ojrrp.v8i1.1866","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The National Children's Study (NCS) is a longitudinal observational study that will examine the effects of genetics and environment on the health and development of children in the United States. The NCS is in a Vanguard, or pilot phase, so it is important to determine the feasibility, acceptability and cost of different data collection methods. The purpose of this study was to determine whether demographic characteristics differed in self-administered questionnaire (SAQ) completion rates, and to examine response rates when a $2 incentive was included with the mailed questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Subjects for the study (~500) were being followed by a local call center and were mailed SAQs. Women who did not complete their last telephone event were eligible. Women were randomized to receive a $2 bill incentive with their SAQ (approximately 250 women in each group).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Approximately 450 women comprised the final sample. In the incentive group, 35% of SAQs were returned, which was significantly higher than the 27% returned in the non-incentive group (p<0.001). No significant differences in completion rates based on demographic characteristics were seen, except in divorced women. The final cost per completed SAQ was $12.51 in the incentive group compared to $7.57 for the non-incentive group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Adding a $2 bill as an incentive significantly increased response rates of hard-to-reach rural women completing mailed questionnaires about pregnancy information. Future research should focus on different incentive amounts and types and how they influence response rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8216037/pdf/nihms-1713367.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39029527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：