Pub Date : 2016-11-07DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0024
Somia Gul, A. Malick, S. Kaleem, A. Malick, Afshan Shameem
Parasitic protozoa are transmitted by insect or by fecal or oral route. In human they mainly occupy the intestine or blood. Plasmodium falciparum cause severe malaria than other plasmodium species (vivax, ovale and malaria) and are transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, whereas dengue is transmitted by the bite of female mosquito Aedesaegypti. Infection with malaria parasites may result in a wide variety of symptoms, ranging from absent or very mild symptoms to severe disease and even death. This study is aimed to provide the awareness about two epidemic disease i.e. malaria and dengue. We have done a survey on population of Karachi (sample=200 and age group=15 to 50 years) presented at schools, colleges, universities and other professionals and common places. The survey was accomplished using common questions generally on malaria and dengue. Data analysis of current survey shows that 164 people were infected of malaria in a population of 200 which makes 82% hence here we can also conclude that catching the disease risk ratio is high. This research highlights the need for training and education about malaria and misjudgment of it with dengue. Nowadays malaria is not a life threatening disease it is curable with proper regimen by maintaining hygienic and health environment and preventions.
{"title":"Treatment Confusion Due To Misjudgment between Malaria and Dengue: A Comparative Study and Differential Analysis","authors":"Somia Gul, A. Malick, S. Kaleem, A. Malick, Afshan Shameem","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Parasitic protozoa are transmitted by insect or by fecal or oral route. In human they mainly occupy the intestine or blood. Plasmodium falciparum cause severe malaria than other plasmodium species (vivax, ovale and malaria) and are transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, whereas dengue is transmitted by the bite of female mosquito Aedesaegypti. Infection with malaria parasites may result in a wide variety of symptoms, ranging from absent or very mild symptoms to severe disease and even death. This study is aimed to provide the awareness about two epidemic disease i.e. malaria and dengue. We have done a survey on population of Karachi (sample=200 and age group=15 to 50 years) presented at schools, colleges, universities and other professionals and common places. The survey was accomplished using common questions generally on malaria and dengue. Data analysis of current survey shows that 164 people were infected of malaria in a population of 200 which makes 82% hence here we can also conclude that catching the disease risk ratio is high. This research highlights the need for training and education about malaria and misjudgment of it with dengue. Nowadays malaria is not a life threatening disease it is curable with proper regimen by maintaining hygienic and health environment and preventions.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70858956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-03DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0009
A. Joseph
This study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of Ocimum gratissimum oil and powder against adult Anopheles gambia e. The plant leaves were air-dried at room temperature (28±2 o C) and relative humidity of 75±5% for 30 days. The air-dried plant part was pulverized into fine powder. 100 g of the powder was dissolved in 95% ethanol and subsequently filtered. The oil was extracted from the filtrate using soxhlet extractor. The extracts were used as oil, fumigant and wax candle. Each weight and concentration was tested against 10 adult laboratory cultured mosquitoes. The results showed that O. gratissimum was effective in reducing the mosquito adults at all concentrations. The plant showed 100% mortality at 2 g and 5 g of the powder, 5-25 ml of the oil and 0.5 g/mol of the wax candle formulation at 30minutes of exposure. The results of the research showed that the plant extract was effective against adult Anopheles mosquitoes; therefore the botanical pesticides can be used in vector control programmes.
{"title":"Efficacy of Occimum grattissimum on Adult Anopheles gambiae","authors":"A. Joseph","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of Ocimum gratissimum oil and powder against adult Anopheles gambia e. The plant leaves were air-dried at room temperature (28±2 o C) and relative humidity of 75±5% for 30 days. The air-dried plant part was pulverized into fine powder. 100 g of the powder was dissolved in 95% ethanol and subsequently filtered. The oil was extracted from the filtrate using soxhlet extractor. The extracts were used as oil, fumigant and wax candle. Each weight and concentration was tested against 10 adult laboratory cultured mosquitoes. The results showed that O. gratissimum was effective in reducing the mosquito adults at all concentrations. The plant showed 100% mortality at 2 g and 5 g of the powder, 5-25 ml of the oil and 0.5 g/mol of the wax candle formulation at 30minutes of exposure. The results of the research showed that the plant extract was effective against adult Anopheles mosquitoes; therefore the botanical pesticides can be used in vector control programmes.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-07DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0018
E. Abba, K. P. Yoriyo, J. Philimon, J. Ayuba, B. Abdulmalik, H. Saidu
Six genera of culicines mosquitoes are known as vectors of several diseases such as yellow fever, dengue and filariasis. Insecticides are commonly used in controlling these vectors either through impregnated nets or by spraying. Susceptibility status of culicine to three different insecticides in Gombe metropolis was carried out between the months of march and may 2011 using the WHO protocol. A total of 1500 Adult female culicines were used for the tests. Mosquitoes from Gombe State University showed 96%, 63%, and 66% susceptibility to Alphacypermethrin (0.75%), Bifenthrin (0.15%) and Bendiocarb (0.1%) respectively. The mosquito samples from Dawaki quarters indicated 92%, 62% and 69% susceptibility to Alphacypermethrin, Bifenthrin, and Bendiocarb respectively; whereas culicines from New market Area showed susceptibility of 90% to Alphacypermethrin, 44% and 69% to Bifenthrin and Bendiocarb respectively. No full susceptibility to any of the chemicals was observed; however, percentage mortality to Alphacypermethrin in all the sites suggests the possibility of resistance that needs to be confirmed but results for Bifenthrin and Bendiocarb indicates resistance of the mosquitoes in all the study sites. In view of this, it is important to implement insecticide resistance monitoring strategy in Gombe State.
{"title":"Susceptibility Status of Culex quinquefasciatus to Alphacypermethrin, Bifenthrin and Bendiocarb in Gombe Metropolis","authors":"E. Abba, K. P. Yoriyo, J. Philimon, J. Ayuba, B. Abdulmalik, H. Saidu","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Six genera of culicines mosquitoes are known as vectors of several diseases such as yellow fever, dengue and filariasis. Insecticides are commonly used in controlling these vectors either through impregnated nets or by spraying. Susceptibility status of culicine to three different insecticides in Gombe metropolis was carried out between the months of march and may 2011 using the WHO protocol. A total of 1500 Adult female culicines were used for the tests. Mosquitoes from Gombe State University showed 96%, 63%, and 66% susceptibility to Alphacypermethrin (0.75%), Bifenthrin (0.15%) and Bendiocarb (0.1%) respectively. The mosquito samples from Dawaki quarters indicated 92%, 62% and 69% susceptibility to Alphacypermethrin, Bifenthrin, and Bendiocarb respectively; whereas culicines from New market Area showed susceptibility of 90% to Alphacypermethrin, 44% and 69% to Bifenthrin and Bendiocarb respectively. No full susceptibility to any of the chemicals was observed; however, percentage mortality to Alphacypermethrin in all the sites suggests the possibility of resistance that needs to be confirmed but results for Bifenthrin and Bendiocarb indicates resistance of the mosquitoes in all the study sites. In view of this, it is important to implement insecticide resistance monitoring strategy in Gombe State.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70858792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-23DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0019
N. Mondal, A. Hajra
Synthesis and characterization of CuNPs using petal extract of marigold ( Tagetes sp.) and sunflower ( Helianthus sp.) and mosquito larval mortality was studied by synthesized CuNPs against Culex quinquefasciatus . The CuNPs was synthesized by petal extract of marigold and sulflower. The characterization of CuNPs was done with visual colour change, UV-Vis spectrum, Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and phase contrast micrograph. Larvaecidal study was conducted as per standard method. It was recorded that blue colour of copper sulphate changes to reddish colour in aqueous medium. The Surface Plusmon Resonance (SPR) for marigold and sunflower mediated CuNPs shows absorption at 374 nm and 315 nm, respectively. SEM and phase contrast micrograph picture showed that CuNPs are spherical in nature. Moreover, FTIR spectra indicate the different functional groups of biomoleculs involved in the formation and stabilization of CuNPs. Results also revealed that synthesized nanoparticles showed mosquito larval mortality rate 98.8 % and 70 % with marigold and sunflower mediated CuNPs, respectively. Present results suggest that green synthesis of CuNPs has immense potentiality to kill the mosquito larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. The novelty of this work is that for the first time marigold and sunflower petal extract was used for the synthesis of CuNPs.
{"title":"Synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) from petal extracts of marigold ( Tagetes sp.) and sunflower ( Helianthus sp.) and their effective use as a control tool against mosquito vectors","authors":"N. Mondal, A. Hajra","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Synthesis and characterization of CuNPs using petal extract of marigold ( Tagetes sp.) and sunflower ( Helianthus sp.) and mosquito larval mortality was studied by synthesized CuNPs against Culex quinquefasciatus . The CuNPs was synthesized by petal extract of marigold and sulflower. The characterization of CuNPs was done with visual colour change, UV-Vis spectrum, Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and phase contrast micrograph. Larvaecidal study was conducted as per standard method. It was recorded that blue colour of copper sulphate changes to reddish colour in aqueous medium. The Surface Plusmon Resonance (SPR) for marigold and sunflower mediated CuNPs shows absorption at 374 nm and 315 nm, respectively. SEM and phase contrast micrograph picture showed that CuNPs are spherical in nature. Moreover, FTIR spectra indicate the different functional groups of biomoleculs involved in the formation and stabilization of CuNPs. Results also revealed that synthesized nanoparticles showed mosquito larval mortality rate 98.8 % and 70 % with marigold and sunflower mediated CuNPs, respectively. Present results suggest that green synthesis of CuNPs has immense potentiality to kill the mosquito larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. The novelty of this work is that for the first time marigold and sunflower petal extract was used for the synthesis of CuNPs.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70858536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-28DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0016
J. A. Owoeye, O. Akawa, J. Akinneye, S. Oladipupo, O. Akomolede
The toxicity of the extracts of three common tropical plants; Tobacco plant ( Nicotiana tabacum ), West African Black Pepper ( Piper guineense ) and Jimson weed ( Datura stramonium ) was evaluated on the larvae and pupae of Anopheles gambiae while the fumigation effect of the extracts was investigated on the adult mosquito. The concentrations of the extract used in the study were 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.0%. The extracts of the leaves of N. tabacum and seeds of P. guineense had significant larvicidal and pupaecidal effect on A. gambiae at 1hour and 24hours observation having LC95 values of 0.67mL and 0.1mL for larvae and 0.19mL and 0.1mL for pupae respectively. However, only N. tabacum at 0.8% and 1.0% had significant adulticidal effect on the adult mosquito under 1hour observation. The extract of D. stramonium leaves had LC95 value of 1.07mL for larvae and 0.91mL for the pupae. It was found to be least toxic to the larvae and pupae after 1hour and 24 hours observation period. It also had no lethal effect on the adult A. gambiae at all concentrations. It is inferred from the results obtained that the extracts used had some bioactive constituents, which resulted in the mortality effects.
{"title":"Toxicity of Three Tropical Plants to Mosquito Larvae, Pupae and Adults","authors":"J. A. Owoeye, O. Akawa, J. Akinneye, S. Oladipupo, O. Akomolede","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0016","url":null,"abstract":"The toxicity of the extracts of three common tropical plants; Tobacco plant ( Nicotiana tabacum ), West African Black Pepper ( Piper guineense ) and Jimson weed ( Datura stramonium ) was evaluated on the larvae and pupae of Anopheles gambiae while the fumigation effect of the extracts was investigated on the adult mosquito. The concentrations of the extract used in the study were 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.0%. The extracts of the leaves of N. tabacum and seeds of P. guineense had significant larvicidal and pupaecidal effect on A. gambiae at 1hour and 24hours observation having LC95 values of 0.67mL and 0.1mL for larvae and 0.19mL and 0.1mL for pupae respectively. However, only N. tabacum at 0.8% and 1.0% had significant adulticidal effect on the adult mosquito under 1hour observation. The extract of D. stramonium leaves had LC95 value of 1.07mL for larvae and 0.91mL for the pupae. It was found to be least toxic to the larvae and pupae after 1hour and 24 hours observation period. It also had no lethal effect on the adult A. gambiae at all concentrations. It is inferred from the results obtained that the extracts used had some bioactive constituents, which resulted in the mortality effects.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70858189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-24DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0013
Mousumi Barik, Anjali Rawani, G. Chandra
The purpose of present study was to determine the larvicidal activity of different solvent extracts of fruits of Acacia auriculiformis against the 3 rd larval instar of Culex vishnui group. The solvent extracts of fruits of A. auriculiformis (concentrations were 100, 200, 300 ppm) showed varied results against 3 rd larval instars with highest mortality at 300 ppm. The percent mortality was higher in chloroform: methanol (1:1 v/v) extract than other extracts. The order of efficacy of different solvent extracts was chloroform: methanol (1:1 v/v) > absolute alcohol > n-Hexane > acetone > petroleum ether. Results of regression analyses showed that percentage mortalities were positively correlated with the concentrations. Probit analysis revealed LC 50 value and their LCL and UCL values at different time intervals and the lowest LC 50 value was obtained at 72 h of exposures. There was no mortality of non-target organisms after 24 h of exposure to lethal concentration (LC 50 value of chloroform: methanol (1:1 v/v) solvent extract at 24 h determined against 3rd instar larvae).
本研究旨在测定金合树果实不同溶剂提取物对vishnui库蚊组第3幼虫的杀虫活性。木耳木耳果实溶剂提取物(浓度分别为100、200、300 ppm)对3龄幼虫的杀伤效果不同，以300 ppm的效果最高。氯仿:甲醇(1:1 v/v)提取物的死亡率高于其他提取物。不同溶剂提取物的药效顺序为:氯仿:甲醇(1:1 v/v);无水乙醇;bb1;正己烷;bb2;丙酮;回归分析结果表明，死亡率与浓度呈正相关。Probit分析显示不同时间间隔的lc50值及其LCL和UCL值，暴露72h时lc50值最低。致死浓度(氯仿:甲醇(1:1 v/v)溶剂提取物对3龄幼虫24 h lc50)处理后，非目标生物无死亡。
{"title":"Mosquito larvicidal activity of solvent extracts of fruits of Acacia auriculiformis against Japanese encephalitis vector Culex vishnui group","authors":"Mousumi Barik, Anjali Rawani, G. Chandra","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0013","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of present study was to determine the larvicidal activity of different solvent extracts of fruits of Acacia auriculiformis against the 3 rd larval instar of Culex vishnui group. The solvent extracts of fruits of A. auriculiformis (concentrations were 100, 200, 300 ppm) showed varied results against 3 rd larval instars with highest mortality at 300 ppm. The percent mortality was higher in chloroform: methanol (1:1 v/v) extract than other extracts. The order of efficacy of different solvent extracts was chloroform: methanol (1:1 v/v) > absolute alcohol > n-Hexane > acetone > petroleum ether. Results of regression analyses showed that percentage mortalities were positively correlated with the concentrations. Probit analysis revealed LC 50 value and their LCL and UCL values at different time intervals and the lowest LC 50 value was obtained at 72 h of exposures. There was no mortality of non-target organisms after 24 h of exposure to lethal concentration (LC 50 value of chloroform: methanol (1:1 v/v) solvent extract at 24 h determined against 3rd instar larvae).","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-15DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0017
C. Egbuche, C. Ezihe, D. Aribodor, C. B. Ukonze
Background: Mosquitoes are small slender bodied insects that feed on man and other animals for blood meals. They are widely distributed in both tropical and temperate regions of the world. Mosquitoes are strongly attracted to humans and are especially adapted to breeding in places created by human activities. Methods: Survey of mosquito larvae in both open and closed habitats was carried out in Aguleri between the months of March and June, 2014. Random sampling method was used in selecting the communities surveyed as well as the identified breeding sites in the study area. Collection of mosquito larvae was done with either the use of larval net or dipper method depending on the nature of the habitat encountered. Open habitats where mosquito larvae were collected included ground pools, gutter, domestic water containers, other containers that can hold water and banks of rivers and streams. The closed habitats where mosquito larvae were collected included toilets/bathroom floors and broken septic tanks. Results: A total of four hundred and twenty nine mosquito larvae belonging to three different genera were identified in the study area. They included: Aedes aegypti (39.9%), Ae. albopictus (19.6%), Ae. circumlutoelus (1.2%), Anopheles gambiae (18.9%), An. funestus (1.4%), An. moucheti (1.6%), Culex quinquefasciatus (13.1%) and Cx. tigripes (4.4%). In open larval habitat, the three genera of mosquitoes identified were present whereas in the closed habitat, only two genera (Culex and Aedes) were present. Also, all the eight different species of mosquito collected were found in the open larval habitat; only two species ( Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus ) were identified in the closed habitat. The equitability or evenness of individuals' distributions among the three genera collected in the survey is relatively high (ED=0.75). However the distribution of the species is not even (ED=0.49). Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus tend to be more abundant and use almost all the breeding sites encountered. Conclusion: This is a useful indicator of the risk of mosquito borne diseases transmission in the study area. The information provided by this research would be helpful in planning and implementation of larval control approach as a method of mosquito control. This is because the breeding sites identified favour the survival of one or more species of mosquito.
{"title":"Survey of mosquitoes in open and closed larval habitats in Aguleri, Anambra East Local Government Area of Anambra State, South Eastern Nigeria","authors":"C. Egbuche, C. Ezihe, D. Aribodor, C. B. Ukonze","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Mosquitoes are small slender bodied insects that feed on man and other animals for blood meals. They are widely distributed in both tropical and temperate regions of the world. Mosquitoes are strongly attracted to humans and are especially adapted to breeding in places created by human activities. Methods: Survey of mosquito larvae in both open and closed habitats was carried out in Aguleri between the months of March and June, 2014. Random sampling method was used in selecting the communities surveyed as well as the identified breeding sites in the study area. Collection of mosquito larvae was done with either the use of larval net or dipper method depending on the nature of the habitat encountered. Open habitats where mosquito larvae were collected included ground pools, gutter, domestic water containers, other containers that can hold water and banks of rivers and streams. The closed habitats where mosquito larvae were collected included toilets/bathroom floors and broken septic tanks. Results: A total of four hundred and twenty nine mosquito larvae belonging to three different genera were identified in the study area. They included: Aedes aegypti (39.9%), Ae. albopictus (19.6%), Ae. circumlutoelus (1.2%), Anopheles gambiae (18.9%), An. funestus (1.4%), An. moucheti (1.6%), Culex quinquefasciatus (13.1%) and Cx. tigripes (4.4%). In open larval habitat, the three genera of mosquitoes identified were present whereas in the closed habitat, only two genera (Culex and Aedes) were present. Also, all the eight different species of mosquito collected were found in the open larval habitat; only two species ( Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus ) were identified in the closed habitat. The equitability or evenness of individuals' distributions among the three genera collected in the survey is relatively high (ED=0.75). However the distribution of the species is not even (ED=0.49). Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus tend to be more abundant and use almost all the breeding sites encountered. Conclusion: This is a useful indicator of the risk of mosquito borne diseases transmission in the study area. The information provided by this research would be helpful in planning and implementation of larval control approach as a method of mosquito control. This is because the breeding sites identified favour the survival of one or more species of mosquito.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70858930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-10DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0023
Ezeike Amarachi Keziah, E. Nukenine, Simon Pierre Yinyang Danga, Charles Okechukwu Esimon
Due to the continuous and misuse of synthetic insecticides which led to development of insecticide resistance, the present study was to determine the mosquito larvicidal activity of Lantana camara and Ocimum gratissimum leaf extracts in individual and combined forms to explore eco-friendly plant extracts that have potentials to suppress mosquito larval population. Recommended WHO mosquito larval bioassay method for insecticide was used. Four concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 2 g/L were performed for all extracts and fractions in single and combined forms. In single form of L. camara , the LC 50 values of solvent extracts and fractions were ordered as follows: 0.62>0.72>0.96>2.20>3.36 g/L for ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol crude, chloroform and methanol, respectively. For O. gratissimum the following order of LC 50 values was observed: 0.37>0.60>0.97>1.60>3.23 g/L for hexane, methanol crude, ethyl acetate, chloroform and methanol, respectively. Methanol crude extract, hexane and ethyl acetate fractions were selected to form five combinations in 1:1 ratios. The combination of the two plants’ hexane fraction and hexane ( L. camara ) + ethyl acetate ( O. gratissimum ) showed assumed synergistic actions. However, the two plants’ ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate ( L. camara ) + hexane ( O. gratissimum ) exhibited assumed antagonistic effects. In Conclusion, identifying these possible synergistic compounds within mixtures may lead to the development of more effective biopesticides in reducing the Ae. aegypti population, especially in the areas where surveillance and supervisory mechanism are poor as Nigeria.
{"title":"Synergistic Activity of a Mixture of Lantana camara and Ocimum gratissimum Leaves Extracts against Aedes aegypti Larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"Ezeike Amarachi Keziah, E. Nukenine, Simon Pierre Yinyang Danga, Charles Okechukwu Esimon","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the continuous and misuse of synthetic insecticides which led to development of insecticide resistance, the present study was to determine the mosquito larvicidal activity of Lantana camara and Ocimum gratissimum leaf extracts in individual and combined forms to explore eco-friendly plant extracts that have potentials to suppress mosquito larval population. Recommended WHO mosquito larval bioassay method for insecticide was used. Four concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 2 g/L were performed for all extracts and fractions in single and combined forms. In single form of L. camara , the LC 50 values of solvent extracts and fractions were ordered as follows: 0.62>0.72>0.96>2.20>3.36 g/L for ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol crude, chloroform and methanol, respectively. For O. gratissimum the following order of LC 50 values was observed: 0.37>0.60>0.97>1.60>3.23 g/L for hexane, methanol crude, ethyl acetate, chloroform and methanol, respectively. Methanol crude extract, hexane and ethyl acetate fractions were selected to form five combinations in 1:1 ratios. The combination of the two plants’ hexane fraction and hexane ( L. camara ) + ethyl acetate ( O. gratissimum ) showed assumed synergistic actions. However, the two plants’ ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate ( L. camara ) + hexane ( O. gratissimum ) exhibited assumed antagonistic effects. In Conclusion, identifying these possible synergistic compounds within mixtures may lead to the development of more effective biopesticides in reducing the Ae. aegypti population, especially in the areas where surveillance and supervisory mechanism are poor as Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70858934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-10DOI: 10.5376/jmr.2016.06.0015
E. Ndiok, E. Ohimain, Sylvester Chibueze Izah
Malaria and diabetics are common diseases especially in tropical countries. The study was carried out to assess the effect on the liver of Type 2 diabetics with malaria using Type 2 diabetics without malaria and non-diabetics with/without malaria as control subjects. Two hundred persons participated in this study, comprising of 100 diabetics (50 type 2 diabetics with malaria and 50 type two diabetics without malaria) and 100 non diabetics (50 non diabetics with malaria and 50 non diabetics without malaria). Samples was collected and analyzed for blood sugar, malaria parasite and liver function tests using standard procedures. Mean result for diabetics with malaria, diabetes without malaria, non-diabetes with malaria and non-diabetes without malaria were 4.47, 4.73, 5.16 and 4.46 mmol/L respectively (conjugated bilirubin), 19.04, 15.85 24.02 and 19.76 respectively iu/L (alkaline phosphatase), 39.78, 40.70, 40.05 and 38.10 g/L respectively (albumin), 68.90, 69.68, 69.18 and 71.06 g/L respectively (total protein), 5.96, 7.96, 7.32 and 6.24 mmol/L respectively (total bilirubin), 7.44, 6.08, 6.60 and 6.76 IU/L respectively (Alanine transaminase), 7.29, 6.69, 10.43 and 7.41 IU/L, respectively (Aspartate transaminase). The mean malaria parasite was 2376.83 and 2943.23 parasite numbers/μL for Type 2 diabetes and Non-diabetics patients, respectively. The Fasting blood glucose from the Type 2 diabetes and Non-diabetics patients was 6.92 and 3.89 mmol/L respectively. Analysis of variance showed that there were no significant differences ( P >0.05) among the various treatment apart from alkaline phosphatase for liver function test. Also significant variation ( P <0.05) exist for malaria parasite count and fasting blood sugar. All liver function parameters apart from alkaline phosphatase were within the normal range for both diabetics with and without malaria and non-diabetics with and without malaria. The increased alkaline phosphatase in both Type 2 diabetics and non-diabetics with malaria indicates that individuals with severe malaria parasitaemia and other complications such as diabetics may be at risk of liver impaired.
{"title":"Incidence of Malaria in Type 2 Diabetic patients and the effect on the liver: a case study of Bayelsa state","authors":"E. Ndiok, E. Ohimain, Sylvester Chibueze Izah","doi":"10.5376/jmr.2016.06.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/jmr.2016.06.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria and diabetics are common diseases especially in tropical countries. The study was carried out to assess the effect on the liver of Type 2 diabetics with malaria using Type 2 diabetics without malaria and non-diabetics with/without malaria as control subjects. Two hundred persons participated in this study, comprising of 100 diabetics (50 type 2 diabetics with malaria and 50 type two diabetics without malaria) and 100 non diabetics (50 non diabetics with malaria and 50 non diabetics without malaria). Samples was collected and analyzed for blood sugar, malaria parasite and liver function tests using standard procedures. Mean result for diabetics with malaria, diabetes without malaria, non-diabetes with malaria and non-diabetes without malaria were 4.47, 4.73, 5.16 and 4.46 mmol/L respectively (conjugated bilirubin), 19.04, 15.85 24.02 and 19.76 respectively iu/L (alkaline phosphatase), 39.78, 40.70, 40.05 and 38.10 g/L respectively (albumin), 68.90, 69.68, 69.18 and 71.06 g/L respectively (total protein), 5.96, 7.96, 7.32 and 6.24 mmol/L respectively (total bilirubin), 7.44, 6.08, 6.60 and 6.76 IU/L respectively (Alanine transaminase), 7.29, 6.69, 10.43 and 7.41 IU/L, respectively (Aspartate transaminase). The mean malaria parasite was 2376.83 and 2943.23 parasite numbers/μL for Type 2 diabetes and Non-diabetics patients, respectively. The Fasting blood glucose from the Type 2 diabetes and Non-diabetics patients was 6.92 and 3.89 mmol/L respectively. Analysis of variance showed that there were no significant differences ( P >0.05) among the various treatment apart from alkaline phosphatase for liver function test. Also significant variation ( P <0.05) exist for malaria parasite count and fasting blood sugar. All liver function parameters apart from alkaline phosphatase were within the normal range for both diabetics with and without malaria and non-diabetics with and without malaria. The increased alkaline phosphatase in both Type 2 diabetics and non-diabetics with malaria indicates that individuals with severe malaria parasitaemia and other complications such as diabetics may be at risk of liver impaired.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70858112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-03DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0012
J. Yugi, O. H. Ochanda, W. Mukabana
This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of larval diet Rastrineobola argentae on pupae eclosion and mating success of adult Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae). Rastrineobola argentae as a test diet and Tetramin ® Baby as a comparative diet were fed to An. arabiensis larvae to generate adults raised exclusively on either of the two diets. Early pupae raised on the diets were placed in containers measuring 6 cm × 5.7 cm × 3.5 cm and assessed for pupae eclosion success. Emerged adults were sexed, transferred to holding cages and provided with 10% sugar solution. Ten three day old virgin male and female raised either on same or different diet types were paired in similar containers as pupae, given 10% sugar solution and left to mate. A wing was removed from experimental mosquitoes and measured to determine size. Spermathecae from every female was removed and examined for sperms. Diet type did not influence pupae eclosion success. Highest proportion of emerged (56%) and competitive (78%) males were associated with crushed silver cyprinid fish food. Female mosquito size influenced mating success (p=0.008) for Tetramin ® Baby fish food raised mosquitoes and not crushed silver cyprinid fish (p=0.068) raised mosquitoes. Most females inseminated were raised from the same diet as the males. Diet type influenced mating success and size. High proportions of larger females were inseminated compared to smaller ones.
本试验研究了阿氏按蚊幼虫摄食对阿氏按蚊成虫蛹羽化及交配成功率的影响。饲喂试验饲粮为阿根廷拉氏蝽，对照饲粮为Tetramin®Baby。仅在两种饲料中任一种饲养的Arabiensis幼虫产生成虫。将饲粮饲养的早期蛹置于6 cm × 5.7 cm × 3.5 cm的容器中，评估蛹的羽化成功率。出茧成虫进行性别鉴定，转移到笼中，并提供10%的糖溶液。在相同或不同的饮食类型下饲养的10只3天大的雄性和雌性处女在与蛹相似的容器中配对，给予10%的糖溶液，然后离开交配。从实验蚊子身上取下一只翅膀并测量其大小。从每只雌性的精子中取出精子并检查精子。饮食类型不影响蛹羽化成功。出现雄鱼的最高比例(56%)和竞争雄鱼的最高比例(78%)与碾碎的银鲤鱼食有关。雌蚊的大小影响了Tetramin®幼鱼饲料饲养的蚊子的交配成功率(p=0.008)，而碾碎的银鲤鱼饲养的蚊子没有影响(p=0.068)。大多数受精后的雌性与雄性的饮食习惯相同。饮食类型影响交配成功率和大小。与较小的雌虫相比，较大的雌虫受精率较高。
{"title":"Effect of Crushed Silver Cyprinid Rastrineobola Argentae Larval Diet on Pupae Eclosion and Mating Success of Male Anopheles arabiensis Mosquitoes","authors":"J. Yugi, O. H. Ochanda, W. Mukabana","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of larval diet Rastrineobola argentae on pupae eclosion and mating success of adult Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae). Rastrineobola argentae as a test diet and Tetramin ® Baby as a comparative diet were fed to An. arabiensis larvae to generate adults raised exclusively on either of the two diets. Early pupae raised on the diets were placed in containers measuring 6 cm × 5.7 cm × 3.5 cm and assessed for pupae eclosion success. Emerged adults were sexed, transferred to holding cages and provided with 10% sugar solution. Ten three day old virgin male and female raised either on same or different diet types were paired in similar containers as pupae, given 10% sugar solution and left to mate. A wing was removed from experimental mosquitoes and measured to determine size. Spermathecae from every female was removed and examined for sperms. Diet type did not influence pupae eclosion success. Highest proportion of emerged (56%) and competitive (78%) males were associated with crushed silver cyprinid fish food. Female mosquito size influenced mating success (p=0.008) for Tetramin ® Baby fish food raised mosquitoes and not crushed silver cyprinid fish (p=0.068) raised mosquitoes. Most females inseminated were raised from the same diet as the males. Diet type influenced mating success and size. High proportions of larger females were inseminated compared to smaller ones.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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