Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5376/jmr.2023.13.0001
Yulin Zhou
This review explores the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in gene editing in the Aedes aegypti mosquito, focusing on its methods and challenges. This review describes the importance of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, particularly its association with infectious diseases such as dengue fever, Zika virus and malaria, and explains in detail the basic principles of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, how it compares with traditional gene editing methods and its potential in mosquito gene editing. This review highlights previous studies using CRISPR/Cas9 in the Aedes aegypti mosquito, emphasizing the potential applications and challenges of the technology. Ethical considerations, technical limitations and the impact of gene prevalence are also discussed in a comprehensive manner. This review provides recommendations to address ethical and ecological issues and emphasizes the exploration of future research and applications. This review provides strong support for the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology to improve the control of mosquito-borne infectious diseases, while also emphasizing the need to address ethical and ecological risk issues.
{"title":"Application of CRISPRCas9 in Gene Editing of <i>Aedes aegypti</i> Mosquitoes: Methods and Challenges","authors":"Yulin Zhou","doi":"10.5376/jmr.2023.13.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/jmr.2023.13.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This review explores the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in gene editing in the Aedes aegypti mosquito, focusing on its methods and challenges. This review describes the importance of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, particularly its association with infectious diseases such as dengue fever, Zika virus and malaria, and explains in detail the basic principles of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, how it compares with traditional gene editing methods and its potential in mosquito gene editing. This review highlights previous studies using CRISPR/Cas9 in the Aedes aegypti mosquito, emphasizing the potential applications and challenges of the technology. Ethical considerations, technical limitations and the impact of gene prevalence are also discussed in a comprehensive manner. This review provides recommendations to address ethical and ecological issues and emphasizes the exploration of future research and applications. This review provides strong support for the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology to improve the control of mosquito-borne infectious diseases, while also emphasizing the need to address ethical and ecological risk issues.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135508645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-20DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2020.11.0003
J. Yugi
Abstract: Intensive use of insecticide treated nets, indoor residual sprays and timely treatment of malaria patients saw reduced malaria parasitaemia from 11% to 8% by 2015. However, sorry housing characteristics in a number of homesteads in Kenya, threaten this. This study meant to evaluate the complementary effect of crude ethanol Phytolacca dodecandra (Endod) extracts with housing characteristics on density of indoor resting mosquitoes. A completely random block design was used to sample experimental houses and a four by seven factorial design used to sample indoor resting mosquitoes using resting boxes treated with Endod extracts. House characteristics and Endod treatments were taken as independent, mosquitoes as dependent variable and unsprayed (plain) resting boxes as control. Of recovered mosquitoes, Culicines (4.41 ± 0.03) were more abundant than Anophelines (2.65 ± 0.04). High [(3.05 ± 0.14), anopheline (5.03 ± 0.35), culicine] and least [(2.83 ± 0.14), anopheline (3.48 ± 0.21), culicine] mosquitoes were found in houses without and with highest number of nets respectively. The numbers however, differed significantly [(df=1; F=27.436; p < 0.001), no net (df=1; F=6.669; p < 0.012), three nets] irrespective of species. Most anophelines (2.32 ± 0.09) and Culicines (3.73 ± 0.26) were found in houses with open and closed eaves respectively. It is concluded that effectiveness of crude ethanol Endod extracts on indoor resting mosquitoes is dependent on house characteristics, that crude extracts of Endod repels mosquitoes and that it could be used as an alternative insecticide to reduce the risk and burden of mosquito borne infections. Key Words: Phytolacca dodecantra Anopheline, Culicine, Crude Extracts, House characteristics, Resting boxes
{"title":"Complementary Effects of Crude Ethanol Phytolacca dodecandra Extracts with House Characteristics on Densities of Indoor Resting Mosquitoes in Western Kenya","authors":"J. Yugi","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2020.11.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2020.11.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Intensive use of insecticide treated nets, indoor residual sprays and timely treatment of malaria patients saw reduced malaria parasitaemia from 11% to 8% by 2015. However, sorry housing characteristics in a number of homesteads in Kenya, threaten this. This study meant to evaluate the complementary effect of crude ethanol Phytolacca dodecandra (Endod) extracts with housing characteristics on density of indoor resting mosquitoes. A completely random block design was used to sample experimental houses and a four by seven factorial design used to sample indoor resting mosquitoes using resting boxes treated with Endod extracts. House characteristics and Endod treatments were taken as independent, mosquitoes as dependent variable and unsprayed (plain) resting boxes as control. Of recovered mosquitoes, Culicines (4.41 ± 0.03) were more abundant than Anophelines (2.65 ± 0.04). High [(3.05 ± 0.14), anopheline (5.03 ± 0.35), culicine] and least [(2.83 ± 0.14), anopheline (3.48 ± 0.21), culicine] mosquitoes were found in houses without and with highest number of nets respectively. The numbers however, differed significantly [(df=1; F=27.436; p < 0.001), no net (df=1; F=6.669; p < 0.012), three nets] irrespective of species. Most anophelines (2.32 ± 0.09) and Culicines (3.73 ± 0.26) were found in houses with open and closed eaves respectively. It is concluded that effectiveness of crude ethanol Endod extracts on indoor resting mosquitoes is dependent on house characteristics, that crude extracts of Endod repels mosquitoes and that it could be used as an alternative insecticide to reduce the risk and burden of mosquito borne infections. Key Words: Phytolacca dodecantra Anopheline, Culicine, Crude Extracts, House characteristics, Resting boxes","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48236586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5376/jmr.2020.10.0002
P. Shil, R. Balasubramanian
Tropical countries like India has a huge burden of vector-borne diseases, necessitating studies on mosquito demographics for effective control. In the present paper, we summarize the findings of a 12-month entomological survey conducted to determine the diversity of mosquitoes in human settlements located along the Arabian Sea shoreline in Alappuzha district, Kerala, India. Adult mosquitoes were sampled using modified CDC light-traps operated in dusk to dawn operations at ten trapping sites. Captured mosquitoes were transported to laboratory and identified using standard entomological keys. Shannon’s diversity and evenness were calculated to evaluate the richness and diversity of mosquito species. A total of 20 species were identified across five genera. Culex tritaeniorhynchus is the eudominant species followed by Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex gelidus. The seasonal variability of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. gelidus, the two principal vectors for West Nile and Japanese Encephalitis viruses, were studied. The present study provided valuable information about the mosquito demographics and seasonal variability of abundance in human settlements along the Arabian Sea shoreline in Alappuzha, India. Considering the venerability of the area to vector-borne diseases due to ecology and presence of migratory birds, future studies may be necessitated to determine the association between vector biodiversity and risk of viral disease transmission to humans.
{"title":"Meteorological Parameters and Mosquito Species Diversity and Abundance along the Arabian Sea Coastline of Alappuzha District, India: A Year-round Study (2017-18)","authors":"P. Shil, R. Balasubramanian","doi":"10.5376/jmr.2020.10.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/jmr.2020.10.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Tropical countries like India has a huge burden of vector-borne diseases, necessitating studies on mosquito demographics for effective control. In the present paper, we summarize the findings of a 12-month entomological survey conducted to determine the diversity of mosquitoes in human settlements located along the Arabian Sea shoreline in Alappuzha district, Kerala, India. Adult mosquitoes were sampled using modified CDC light-traps operated in dusk to dawn operations at ten trapping sites. Captured mosquitoes were transported to laboratory and identified using standard entomological keys. Shannon’s diversity and evenness were calculated to evaluate the richness and diversity of mosquito species. A total of 20 species were identified across five genera. Culex tritaeniorhynchus is the eudominant species followed by Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex gelidus. The seasonal variability of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. gelidus, the two principal vectors for West Nile and Japanese Encephalitis viruses, were studied. The present study provided valuable information about the mosquito demographics and seasonal variability of abundance in human settlements along the Arabian Sea shoreline in Alappuzha, India. Considering the venerability of the area to vector-borne diseases due to ecology and presence of migratory birds, future studies may be necessitated to determine the association between vector biodiversity and risk of viral disease transmission to humans.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70859479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-12DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2019.09.0001
I. Simon-Oke, A. V. Akeju
Mosquitoes are the most important group of insects known for their public health importance. Efforts to eradicate this disease involve elimination of the vector with natural base insecticides which are safer when compared to synthetic insecticides which are harmful to human. Toxicity effect of extracts from peels and seeds of Citrus sinesis , Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus limonum were evaluated against adult Anopheles mosquitoes at different concentrations and time of exposure; 20, 40 and 60 minutes. The peels and seeds were air dried for 15 days before pulverization. The pulverized peels and seeds were subjected to extraction using soxhlet apparatus and ethanol as solvent. The stock solutions were prepared by adding 0.1 mL of extract to 9.9 mL of ethanol to make 1% concentration. The following different concentrations 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% of the extract were prepared as followed; 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mL of the extract were dissolved in 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0 and 7.5 mL of the solvent (Ethanol) respectively with three (3) replicates for each concentration, while 10 mL of ethanol was used as the control (0%). The qualitative and quantitative analyses of the phytochemical constituents were analyzed. The efficacy of the extracted oils was tested on adult female Anopheles mosquitoes. At 25% concentration, C. aurantifolia peel extract recorded 62.22% mortality at 60 minutes while the seed extract recorded 50% mortality at the same concentration and time. The toxicity increased in respect to time of exposure, the toxicity estimation of LC 50 was 22.05% from the extract of C. aurantifolia peels and LC 95 was 112.27% for C. limonum peels extract after 60 minutes of application. The potency of the Citrus peels and seeds extracts may be as a result of the phytochemical constituents present in them. These results suggest that the Citrus peel and seed extracts have the potential to be used as ideally in eco-friendly approach for the control of the vector control programs.
{"title":"Laboratory Evaluation of Extract from Peels and Seeds of Some Citrus Species against Anopheles Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"I. Simon-Oke, A. V. Akeju","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2019.09.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2019.09.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Mosquitoes are the most important group of insects known for their public health importance. Efforts to eradicate this disease involve elimination of the vector with natural base insecticides which are safer when compared to synthetic insecticides which are harmful to human. Toxicity effect of extracts from peels and seeds of Citrus sinesis , Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus limonum were evaluated against adult Anopheles mosquitoes at different concentrations and time of exposure; 20, 40 and 60 minutes. The peels and seeds were air dried for 15 days before pulverization. The pulverized peels and seeds were subjected to extraction using soxhlet apparatus and ethanol as solvent. The stock solutions were prepared by adding 0.1 mL of extract to 9.9 mL of ethanol to make 1% concentration. The following different concentrations 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% of the extract were prepared as followed; 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mL of the extract were dissolved in 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0 and 7.5 mL of the solvent (Ethanol) respectively with three (3) replicates for each concentration, while 10 mL of ethanol was used as the control (0%). The qualitative and quantitative analyses of the phytochemical constituents were analyzed. The efficacy of the extracted oils was tested on adult female Anopheles mosquitoes. At 25% concentration, C. aurantifolia peel extract recorded 62.22% mortality at 60 minutes while the seed extract recorded 50% mortality at the same concentration and time. The toxicity increased in respect to time of exposure, the toxicity estimation of LC 50 was 22.05% from the extract of C. aurantifolia peels and LC 95 was 112.27% for C. limonum peels extract after 60 minutes of application. The potency of the Citrus peels and seeds extracts may be as a result of the phytochemical constituents present in them. These results suggest that the Citrus peel and seed extracts have the potential to be used as ideally in eco-friendly approach for the control of the vector control programs.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42144001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-12DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2019.09.0003
Iqbal Nusrat, Kumar Natish, A. Amrish, K. Jitendra
Mosquito problem is the major problem in our country to compete the mosquito generating problems there are many formulated products are available in the market but due to some harmful effect on human beings there is urgent requirement of safe and effective formulation. The aim of this study is to develop an effective, safe and slow release formulation against mosquito control. In the present study, First neem microemulsion was prepared then further this microemulsion was converted into microemulsion gel by using polymeric gel matrix Carbopol-934. Microemulsion has globular size in nano range and thermodynamically stabilized formulation so, these characteristic features of microemulsion will remain in the gel phase. Size and zeta potential of microemulsion gel are 400nm ± 6nm and -10.0 mV respectively. synersis, spreading coefficient value are in the range of stabilized gel formulation and suitable for impregnating mosquito net. Neem microemulsion based gel impregnated net gives 90% repellency against mosquitoes.
{"title":"Botanical Based Safe and Nontoxic Mosquito Impregnated Gel","authors":"Iqbal Nusrat, Kumar Natish, A. Amrish, K. Jitendra","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2019.09.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2019.09.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Mosquito problem is the major problem in our country to compete the mosquito generating problems there are many formulated products are available in the market but due to some harmful effect on human beings there is urgent requirement of safe and effective formulation. The aim of this study is to develop an effective, safe and slow release formulation against mosquito control. In the present study, First neem microemulsion was prepared then further this microemulsion was converted into microemulsion gel by using polymeric gel matrix Carbopol-934. Microemulsion has globular size in nano range and thermodynamically stabilized formulation so, these characteristic features of microemulsion will remain in the gel phase. Size and zeta potential of microemulsion gel are 400nm ± 6nm and -10.0 mV respectively. synersis, spreading coefficient value are in the range of stabilized gel formulation and suitable for impregnating mosquito net. Neem microemulsion based gel impregnated net gives 90% repellency against mosquitoes.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48454312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-12DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2019.09.0005
O. Obi, I. Nock, D. Adebote
Ecological investigations were conducted between June and October 2013 on the species composition of culicine mosquitoes breeding in discrete rock pool habitats and chemistry of their microhabitats on inselbergs within Kaduna State, Nigeria. Standard soup ladle dipper (0.105L capacity) was used to obtain representative samples of preimaginal stages of mosquito into plastic bowls. HANNA HI98129 pH/EC/TDS/TEMP meter was used to determine habitats' physicochemical parameters in situ. Habitats' turbidity, alkalinity, total suspended solids, total hardness, Chemical oxygen demand, phosphate and nitrate levels were determined following standard laboratory protocols. Fully developed (4th instar) larvae were preserved with 70% ethanol in labelled specimen bottles while larvae in their lower instars were nurtured on baker's yeast diet in the laboratory, prior to preservation. Mosquitoes were identified microscopically to species by means of pictorial morphological keys. Data were analysed by ANOVA, Pearson correlation and principal component analyses. A total of 269 (69.69%) of the 386 rock pools examined were positive with culicine mosquitoes, yielding 31691 larvae belonging to seven species. These included 30366 (95.97%) Aedes vittatus, 266 (0.84%) Culex albiventris, 105 (0.33%) Culex horridus, 241 (0.76%) Culex macfiei, 139 (0.44%) Culex pipiens pipiens, 523 (1.65%) Culex perfidiosus, 1 (0.003%) Culex simpsoni and 1 (0.003%) Culex tigripes. The mosquitoes bred as sole, double, triple and quadruple conspecific, heterospecific, congeneric and heterogeneric combinations. Specific ranges of breeding habitats' parameters were depths (0.4-65cm), surface areas (1.5-1970m 2 ), temperatures (22.8-36.5°C), pH(7.05-12.69), TDS (0-276ppm), EC (0-572µscm -1 ), TSS (10-150mgL -1 ), turbidity (1.97-178NTU), hardness (30.3-545.4 mgL -1 ), COD (80-480mgL -1 ), PO 4 3- (mgL -1 ), NO 3 - (8.5- 109.4 mgL -1 ) and alkalinity (2-111mgL -1 ). Water temperature and hardness were determinants of spatial distribution of mosquitoes in the rock pools. TDS, EC and akalinity significantly correlate with mosquito larval abundance in rock pools (P<0.001). The study observed widespread breeding of noxious mosquito vectors of diseases in rock pools throughout the State and recommends their targeted control in situ.
{"title":"Ecology of Preimaginal Culicine Mosquitoes in Rock Pools on Inselbergs Within Kaduna State, Nigeria","authors":"O. Obi, I. Nock, D. Adebote","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2019.09.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2019.09.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Ecological investigations were conducted between June and October 2013 on the species composition of culicine mosquitoes breeding in discrete rock pool habitats and chemistry of their microhabitats on inselbergs within Kaduna State, Nigeria. Standard soup ladle dipper (0.105L capacity) was used to obtain representative samples of preimaginal stages of mosquito into plastic bowls. HANNA HI98129 pH/EC/TDS/TEMP meter was used to determine habitats' physicochemical parameters in situ. Habitats' turbidity, alkalinity, total suspended solids, total hardness, Chemical oxygen demand, phosphate and nitrate levels were determined following standard laboratory protocols. Fully developed (4th instar) larvae were preserved with 70% ethanol in labelled specimen bottles while larvae in their lower instars were nurtured on baker's yeast diet in the laboratory, prior to preservation. Mosquitoes were identified microscopically to species by means of pictorial morphological keys. Data were analysed by ANOVA, Pearson correlation and principal component analyses. A total of 269 (69.69%) of the 386 rock pools examined were positive with culicine mosquitoes, yielding 31691 larvae belonging to seven species. These included 30366 (95.97%) Aedes vittatus, 266 (0.84%) Culex albiventris, 105 (0.33%) Culex horridus, 241 (0.76%) Culex macfiei, 139 (0.44%) Culex pipiens pipiens, 523 (1.65%) Culex perfidiosus, 1 (0.003%) Culex simpsoni and 1 (0.003%) Culex tigripes. The mosquitoes bred as sole, double, triple and quadruple conspecific, heterospecific, congeneric and heterogeneric combinations. Specific ranges of breeding habitats' parameters were depths (0.4-65cm), surface areas (1.5-1970m 2 ), temperatures (22.8-36.5°C), pH(7.05-12.69), TDS (0-276ppm), EC (0-572µscm -1 ), TSS (10-150mgL -1 ), turbidity (1.97-178NTU), hardness (30.3-545.4 mgL -1 ), COD (80-480mgL -1 ), PO 4 3- (mgL -1 ), NO 3 - (8.5- 109.4 mgL -1 ) and alkalinity (2-111mgL -1 ). Water temperature and hardness were determinants of spatial distribution of mosquitoes in the rock pools. TDS, EC and akalinity significantly correlate with mosquito larval abundance in rock pools (P<0.001). The study observed widespread breeding of noxious mosquito vectors of diseases in rock pools throughout the State and recommends their targeted control in situ.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45538555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5376/jmr.2019.09.0004
B. Ogallo, P. Ouma, F. Wanjala, D. Swale, J. Mutunga
Malaria control strategies are challenged by emergence of insecticide resistance and behavioral changes of the vector. New vector management tools are required to avert control failure. The aim of this study was to optimize a mosquito resting box that act as contamination station for auto-dissemination of novel chemicals by female Anopheles gambiae to their oviposition sites. In this study, cotton fabrics (red, black, blue, white), circular & rectangular boxes of different sizes were tested for resting preference. Optimal box size and shape, aligned with most attractive colour, was dusted with red fluorescent dye (larvicide proxy). Two artificial oviposition sites were set up in a screen house, one of which was treated with Cedrol, the other had tap water only. Two to three days old bloodfed mosquitoes were used for resting preference whereas gravid females were used for auto-dissemination experiments. A high resting preference was observed in red and black fabrics (28.08 ± 3.211), (28.00 ±3.922) respectively, compared to white (4.67±0.890). Choice of colour was found to influence mosquito landing (P=0.000<0.05). With the choice of most preferred colour, the rectangular black box (45m×30m×45m) attracted high proportion (60%) of mosquitoes. The box effectively transferred dye to the resting mosquitoes and to the oviposition site, with 67% visited oviposition site, having dye on their body. These results reveal that the black rectangular box attracted adult blood-fed and gravid mosquitoes high enough showing great potential as future malaria vector control and/or sampling tool, and is recommended for further field-based evaluation.
{"title":"Optimizing a Gravid Mosquito Resting Box to Enhance Auto-dissemination of Larvicides under Semi-field Conditions in Western Kenya","authors":"B. Ogallo, P. Ouma, F. Wanjala, D. Swale, J. Mutunga","doi":"10.5376/jmr.2019.09.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/jmr.2019.09.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria control strategies are challenged by emergence of insecticide resistance and behavioral changes of the vector. New vector management tools are required to avert control failure. The aim of this study was to optimize a mosquito resting box that act as contamination station for auto-dissemination of novel chemicals by female Anopheles gambiae to their oviposition sites. In this study, cotton fabrics (red, black, blue, white), circular & rectangular boxes of different sizes were tested for resting preference. Optimal box size and shape, aligned with most attractive colour, was dusted with red fluorescent dye (larvicide proxy). Two artificial oviposition sites were set up in a screen house, one of which was treated with Cedrol, the other had tap water only. Two to three days old bloodfed mosquitoes were used for resting preference whereas gravid females were used for auto-dissemination experiments. A high resting preference was observed in red and black fabrics (28.08 ± 3.211), (28.00 ±3.922) respectively, compared to white (4.67±0.890). Choice of colour was found to influence mosquito landing (P=0.000<0.05). With the choice of most preferred colour, the rectangular black box (45m×30m×45m) attracted high proportion (60%) of mosquitoes. The box effectively transferred dye to the resting mosquitoes and to the oviposition site, with 67% visited oviposition site, having dye on their body. These results reveal that the black rectangular box attracted adult blood-fed and gravid mosquitoes high enough showing great potential as future malaria vector control and/or sampling tool, and is recommended for further field-based evaluation.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70859807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5376/jmr.2019.09.0006
Sunanda Burman, Shubhaisi Das, B. Singh, S. Chakraborty, N. Sultana, Rimpa Ghosh, A. Mandal, Bipul Ghosh, G. Chandra
Present study aimed at evaluation of mosquito larvicidal and antibacterial activities of mixture of crude and solvent extracts of Curcuma amada rhizome and Tamarindus indica leaf against Culex vishnui larvae and eight pathogenic bacteria. Larvicidal bioassay was performed by graded concentrations of crude, methanol and aqueous extracts. Log-probit analysis for estimation of LC50 and LC90 values was performed. ANOVA analysis was also conducted. Effects of the extracts on non-target organisms were also examined. Antibacterial activity was examined through standard methods. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis of the most potent extract were also done. Highest mortality (100%) was recorded at 100 ppm concentration of methanol extract after 72 hours in 1, 2 and 3 instars larvae. LC50 and LC90 values were 72.32 and 131.14 ppm respectively after 24 h for the 3 instar larvae. No effects on non-target organisms found. Crude and methanol extracts showed antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria while aqueous extracts showed none. Highest inhibition zone (19.00±0.00 mm) was observed against Pseudomonas fluorescens MTCC 103 by methanolic extract. Preliminary phytochemical screening of most potent extract detected tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids. Presence of various functional groups was revealed by FT-IR analysis. Results confirm the potential mosquito larvicidal and antibacterial activities of mixture C. amada rhizome and T. indica leaf extracts. This approach of using mixture of extracts for getting better result against harmful biological agents is a promising finding which may further approve application of coactivity of bioactive compounds of plant origin.
本研究旨在评价姜黄根与柽柳叶的粗提物与溶剂提物的混合物对vishnui库蚊幼虫和8种致病菌的杀蚊抑菌活性。采用不同浓度的粗提物、甲醇和水提物进行杀幼虫生物测定。对LC50和LC90值进行Log-probit分析。并进行方差分析。此外，还研究了提取物对非靶生物的影响。采用标准方法测定其抑菌活性。对最有效的提取物进行了初步的植物化学分析和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析。1、2、3龄幼虫在浓度为100 ppm的甲醇提取物处理72 h后死亡率最高(100%)。3龄幼虫24 h LC50和LC90值分别为72.32和131.14 ppm。对非目标生物无影响。粗提物和甲醇提物对所有细菌均有抑菌活性，而水提物无抑菌活性。甲醇提取物对荧光假单胞菌MTCC 103的最大抑制区为19.00±0.00 mm。初步植物化学筛选最有效的提取物检测到单宁、黄酮类、生物碱和萜类。FT-IR分析显示了各种官能团的存在。结果表明，野田菊和野田菊叶提取物的混合提取物具有潜在的杀蚊和抑菌活性。这种利用混合萃取物对抗有害生物制剂的方法是一种很有前景的发现，它可能进一步批准植物源性生物活性化合物协同作用的应用。
{"title":"Assessment of Mosquitocidal and Antibacterial Activities of Mixture of Different Extracts of Curcuma amada Rhizome and Tamarindus indica Leaves","authors":"Sunanda Burman, Shubhaisi Das, B. Singh, S. Chakraborty, N. Sultana, Rimpa Ghosh, A. Mandal, Bipul Ghosh, G. Chandra","doi":"10.5376/jmr.2019.09.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/jmr.2019.09.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Present study aimed at evaluation of mosquito larvicidal and antibacterial activities of mixture of crude and solvent extracts of Curcuma amada rhizome and Tamarindus indica leaf against Culex vishnui larvae and eight pathogenic bacteria. Larvicidal bioassay was performed by graded concentrations of crude, methanol and aqueous extracts. Log-probit analysis for estimation of LC50 and LC90 values was performed. ANOVA analysis was also conducted. Effects of the extracts on non-target organisms were also examined. Antibacterial activity was examined through standard methods. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis of the most potent extract were also done. Highest mortality (100%) was recorded at 100 ppm concentration of methanol extract after 72 hours in 1, 2 and 3 instars larvae. LC50 and LC90 values were 72.32 and 131.14 ppm respectively after 24 h for the 3 instar larvae. No effects on non-target organisms found. Crude and methanol extracts showed antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria while aqueous extracts showed none. Highest inhibition zone (19.00±0.00 mm) was observed against Pseudomonas fluorescens MTCC 103 by methanolic extract. Preliminary phytochemical screening of most potent extract detected tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids. Presence of various functional groups was revealed by FT-IR analysis. Results confirm the potential mosquito larvicidal and antibacterial activities of mixture C. amada rhizome and T. indica leaf extracts. This approach of using mixture of extracts for getting better result against harmful biological agents is a promising finding which may further approve application of coactivity of bioactive compounds of plant origin.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70859873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5376/jmr.2019.09.0002
J. Yugi
In this study an informal “after only with control” experimental design was used to evaluate the impact of ethanol and water extracts of leaf and mature green fruits of Phytolacca dodecandraon the life history of An. gambiae. Eighty milligrams of crude extracts of mature green fruits of P. dodecandra was dissolved in 100 millilitres of rain water and the solution serially diluted to concentrations of 80, 40, 20, 10, 5, and 2.5 mg/100 mL. The diluents were then added into five groups of six sets of larval rearing trays each measuring 21 cm × 15 cm × 8 cm. This was repeated for leaves of P. dodecandra, Azadirachta indica leaves, and Deltamethrin. Each tray received 100 freshly laid An. gambiae eggs. Climatic conditions within insectaries were 29°C~30°C, 70%~80% relative humidity, and 12:12, L: D photoperiod. The experiments were replicated four times. The extracts impacted the life history of exposed mosquitoes irrespective of parts of P. dodecandra used or dose. Parts of plant used impacted mortality significantly (p < 0.001) compared to dose (p > 0.05). Water extract was more potent than ethanol extracts (p < 0.05). Though toxicity reduced with time, longevity of the extracts was dose dependent and significantly influenced mortality (p < 0.001). Lethal doses (LC50) were relatively lower (doses of ≤ 4.6) with small lower and upper 95% CI. It is concluded that extracts of P. dodecandra impacts the life cycle of An. gambiae mosquitoes critically interfering with their development.
{"title":"The Stressor Effect of Ethanol and Water Extracts of the Magical Herb Phytolacca dodecandra (Herit) on Life History of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes","authors":"J. Yugi","doi":"10.5376/jmr.2019.09.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/jmr.2019.09.0002","url":null,"abstract":"In this study an informal “after only with control” experimental design was used to evaluate the impact of ethanol and water extracts of leaf and mature green fruits of Phytolacca dodecandraon the life history of An. gambiae. Eighty milligrams of crude extracts of mature green fruits of P. dodecandra was dissolved in 100 millilitres of rain water and the solution serially diluted to concentrations of 80, 40, 20, 10, 5, and 2.5 mg/100 mL. The diluents were then added into five groups of six sets of larval rearing trays each measuring 21 cm × 15 cm × 8 cm. This was repeated for leaves of P. dodecandra, Azadirachta indica leaves, and Deltamethrin. Each tray received 100 freshly laid An. gambiae eggs. Climatic conditions within insectaries were 29°C~30°C, 70%~80% relative humidity, and 12:12, L: D photoperiod. The experiments were replicated four times. The extracts impacted the life history of exposed mosquitoes irrespective of parts of P. dodecandra used or dose. Parts of plant used impacted mortality significantly (p < 0.001) compared to dose (p > 0.05). Water extract was more potent than ethanol extracts (p < 0.05). Though toxicity reduced with time, longevity of the extracts was dose dependent and significantly influenced mortality (p < 0.001). Lethal doses (LC50) were relatively lower (doses of ≤ 4.6) with small lower and upper 95% CI. It is concluded that extracts of P. dodecandra impacts the life cycle of An. gambiae mosquitoes critically interfering with their development.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70859295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-22DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2018.08.0004
O. Awosolu, E. Obimakinde, A. Adeleke, T. A. Olusi
Mosquitoes control through the use of synthetic chemical compounds have been discovered to have toxic residual effect as it gets accumulated into the food chain, thus, there is a need for environmental friendly compounds such as botanicals. This study was carried out to determine the repellent effect of ethanolic extract of Scent leaf ( Ocimum gratissimum ) and Neem leaf ( Azadirachta indica ) on adult Culex mosquitoes. Mosquito larvae were acquired from stagnant pool of water around and within the Federal University of Technology, Akure. Leaves extract of O. gratissimum and A. indica was extracted using absolute ethanol as solvent. Different concentrations of the oil extract were prepared (5 ml, 10 ml, 15 ml, and 20 ml) and adult culex mosquitoes were exposed to these concentrations for a period of 2 hours. The results showed complete protections time of 80 minutes at 20% concentration for O. gratissimum and 12 hours at 20% concentration for A. indica . It was observed that A. indica have higher protection time than O. gratissimum . The results from the bioassay of the extracts on the mosquitoes revealed that both leaf extracts have repellent effect on the Culex mosquitoes. The four different concentrations of the extract showed significant difference in their repellent effect (p<0.05). It is apparent that both O. gratissimum and A. indica oil extract have repellent activity against Culex mosquitoes.
{"title":"Repellent Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Scent Leaf ( Ocimum gratissimum ) and Neem Leaf ( Azadirachta indica ) on Adult Culex Mosquitoes","authors":"O. Awosolu, E. Obimakinde, A. Adeleke, T. A. Olusi","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2018.08.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2018.08.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Mosquitoes control through the use of synthetic chemical compounds have been discovered to have toxic residual effect as it gets accumulated into the food chain, thus, there is a need for environmental friendly compounds such as botanicals. This study was carried out to determine the repellent effect of ethanolic extract of Scent leaf ( Ocimum gratissimum ) and Neem leaf ( Azadirachta indica ) on adult Culex mosquitoes. Mosquito larvae were acquired from stagnant pool of water around and within the Federal University of Technology, Akure. Leaves extract of O. gratissimum and A. indica was extracted using absolute ethanol as solvent. Different concentrations of the oil extract were prepared (5 ml, 10 ml, 15 ml, and 20 ml) and adult culex mosquitoes were exposed to these concentrations for a period of 2 hours. The results showed complete protections time of 80 minutes at 20% concentration for O. gratissimum and 12 hours at 20% concentration for A. indica . It was observed that A. indica have higher protection time than O. gratissimum . The results from the bioassay of the extracts on the mosquitoes revealed that both leaf extracts have repellent effect on the Culex mosquitoes. The four different concentrations of the extract showed significant difference in their repellent effect (p<0.05). It is apparent that both O. gratissimum and A. indica oil extract have repellent activity against Culex mosquitoes.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43032410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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