Pub Date : 2016-06-02DOI: 10.5376/jmr.2016.06.0002
Papiya Ghosh, R. Mondal, K. M. Haldar, G. Chandra
Different vector mosquito species and the diseases spread by them are well studied. Several methodologies have been developed to control those vectors as means to get rid of those diseases with least hazardous effect on environment. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the potentiality of leaf extract of the plant Alangium salvifolium as larvicide, pupicide as well as smoke toxic agent against Culex vishnui group mosquitoes. Various concentrations of crude and Chloroform: Methanol (v/v 1:1) extracts of leaves of A. salvifolium were prepared and applied against each of four successive instars larvae and pupae. In another study the smoke toxicity effect was studied after preparation of the mosquito coils from air dried leaf of the plant. First instar larvae showed 100% mortality at 0.5 mL crude concentration in 24 h. followed by second instar larvae (86.67%) and lastly fourth instars larvae (56.67%). 13.33% death rate was observed for the pupae with same concentration of crude extract. The LC 50 and LC 90 values of the solvent extract were 48.89 and 71.78 ppm respectively. The plant based mosquito coil exhibited 32% mortality against adult mosquitoes within 3 hr. No negative impact was observed on non-target organisms.
{"title":"Larvicidal, Pupicidal and Smoke Toxic Activity of Alangium salvifolium Leaf Extracts against Culex vishnui Group Mosquitoes","authors":"Papiya Ghosh, R. Mondal, K. M. Haldar, G. Chandra","doi":"10.5376/jmr.2016.06.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/jmr.2016.06.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Different vector mosquito species and the diseases spread by them are well studied. Several methodologies have been developed to control those vectors as means to get rid of those diseases with least hazardous effect on environment. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the potentiality of leaf extract of the plant Alangium salvifolium as larvicide, pupicide as well as smoke toxic agent against Culex vishnui group mosquitoes. Various concentrations of crude and Chloroform: Methanol (v/v 1:1) extracts of leaves of A. salvifolium were prepared and applied against each of four successive instars larvae and pupae. In another study the smoke toxicity effect was studied after preparation of the mosquito coils from air dried leaf of the plant. First instar larvae showed 100% mortality at 0.5 mL crude concentration in 24 h. followed by second instar larvae (86.67%) and lastly fourth instars larvae (56.67%). 13.33% death rate was observed for the pupae with same concentration of crude extract. The LC 50 and LC 90 values of the solvent extract were 48.89 and 71.78 ppm respectively. The plant based mosquito coil exhibited 32% mortality against adult mosquitoes within 3 hr. No negative impact was observed on non-target organisms.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-04DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0008
Hati Ak, G. Chandra, H. Mukherjee, Ruby Mondal, Srabani Talukdar, N. Bhattacharyya
Kolkata, India is endemic for mosquito borne diseases like dengue, chikungunya and malaria. For monitoring, altogether 252 serum samples of fever cases were examined for dengue specific NS1 antigen and IgM and IgG antibodies and chikungunya specific IgM antibody. Their blood samples were also tested for malarial parasites. Out of 252 cases, 15 (5.95%), 16 (6.34%) and 18 (7.13%) were infected with dengue, chikungunya and malaria respectively. Amongst 15 dengue cases 10 (3.96%) were positive for both dengue IgM and IgG antibodies and 5 (1.98%) for NS1 antigen. Out of 18 malaria victims 14 (5.55%) and 4 (1.58%) were positive for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum respectively. During the present study, one case of concurrent infections of dengue and chikungunya and another case of concurrent infections of dengue, chikungunya and falciparum malaria were detected. Detail case report of the later has been described. This is the first ever report of concurrent infections of dengue, chikungunya and malaria.
{"title":"Concurrent Infections of Three Mosquito Borne Diseases-Dengue, Chikungunya and Malaria","authors":"Hati Ak, G. Chandra, H. Mukherjee, Ruby Mondal, Srabani Talukdar, N. Bhattacharyya","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Kolkata, India is endemic for mosquito borne diseases like dengue, chikungunya and malaria. For monitoring, altogether 252 serum samples of fever cases were examined for dengue specific NS1 antigen and IgM and IgG antibodies and chikungunya specific IgM antibody. Their blood samples were also tested for malarial parasites. Out of 252 cases, 15 (5.95%), 16 (6.34%) and 18 (7.13%) were infected with dengue, chikungunya and malaria respectively. Amongst 15 dengue cases 10 (3.96%) were positive for both dengue IgM and IgG antibodies and 5 (1.98%) for NS1 antigen. Out of 18 malaria victims 14 (5.55%) and 4 (1.58%) were positive for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum respectively. During the present study, one case of concurrent infections of dengue and chikungunya and another case of concurrent infections of dengue, chikungunya and falciparum malaria were detected. Detail case report of the later has been described. This is the first ever report of concurrent infections of dengue, chikungunya and malaria.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-27DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0003
S. Mallick, G. Chandra
The present study assessed larvicidal efficacy of different concentrations of chloroform: methanol (v/v 1:1), acetone, and ethanol extracts of root and stem bark of Annona reticulata L. (Annonaceae) against early 3 rd instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 ( Cx. quinquefasciatus ) up to 72 hours. Among all the solvent extracts used, chloroform: methanol (v/v 1:1) root and stem bark extracts of the plant showed highest larvicidal activity. Further, the effect of chloroform: methanol (v/v 1:1) root and stem bark extracts of the plant was investigated on early 1 st – 4 th instars larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus . Early 1 st - 3 rd instars larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus showed 100% mortality with remarkably very low concentrations of chloroform: methanol (v/v 1:1) root and stem bark extracts. Non- target organisms were non responsive to chloroform: methanol (v/v 1:1) solvent root and stem bark extracts. So, chloroform: methanol (v/v 1:1) root as well as stem bark extracts of A. reticulata can effectively be used as potential sources to control Cx. quinquefasciatus population.
{"title":"Larvicidal Efficacy of Root and Stem Bark Extracts of the Plant, Annona reticulata against Filarial Vector, Culex quinquefasciatus","authors":"S. Mallick, G. Chandra","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The present study assessed larvicidal efficacy of different concentrations of chloroform: methanol (v/v 1:1), acetone, and ethanol extracts of root and stem bark of Annona reticulata L. (Annonaceae) against early 3 rd instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 ( Cx. quinquefasciatus ) up to 72 hours. Among all the solvent extracts used, chloroform: methanol (v/v 1:1) root and stem bark extracts of the plant showed highest larvicidal activity. Further, the effect of chloroform: methanol (v/v 1:1) root and stem bark extracts of the plant was investigated on early 1 st – 4 th instars larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus . Early 1 st - 3 rd instars larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus showed 100% mortality with remarkably very low concentrations of chloroform: methanol (v/v 1:1) root and stem bark extracts. Non- target organisms were non responsive to chloroform: methanol (v/v 1:1) solvent root and stem bark extracts. So, chloroform: methanol (v/v 1:1) root as well as stem bark extracts of A. reticulata can effectively be used as potential sources to control Cx. quinquefasciatus population.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-25DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0011
Kiran Bala Bhuyan, T. K. Barik
Mosquitoes that transmit pathogens to humans received much attention during last few decades. Aedes aegypti causes certain diseases like dengue, yellow fever andchikungunya. There are no effective vaccines and drugs available for those diseases. The control of Aedes aegypti is the only effective way for prophylyxis from this disease. Radiation has played an important role in insect pest management. To determine the radio sensitivity, an experiment was conducted to understand the effect of γ - radiation at higher doses on immature stages of Aedes aegypti. One day old pupae were irradiated with variable doses between 100Gy to 1000Gy to study the pupal viability, adult emergence and development of malformation if any. The dose response curve between the pupal viability and dose was determined and there was a marked difference in radiation sensitivity . It was observed that the pupal viability decreased with increase in radiation dose in dose dependent manner. Pupal viability of about 99.2%, 61.4%, 42.5%, 13.4%, 7.5%, 6.7% and 3.9% was found after exposure to gamma radiation at 100Gy, 250Gy, 400Gy, 550Gy, 700Gy, 850Gy and 1000Gy respectively. Similarly, adult emergence was also drastically affected by radiation exposure. The percent adult emergence from irradiated pupae were about 99.2%, 61.3%, 42.4%, 13.4%, 7.2%, 6.4%, and 3.0% at 100Gy, 250Gy, 400Gy, 550Gy, 700Gy, 850Gy and 1000Gy respectively. Morphological deformities on both pupae and adult of Aedes aegypti were noticed after irradiation indicates the somatic damage of pupae and adults. It was observed that head, thorax and part of the abdomen with fore wings were released but the rest of the body still attached to the puparia. Similarly, few malformed adults with curled legs, crumpled wings and with curved abdomen were obtained due to the effects of high dose of gamma radiation at 400Gy and above.
{"title":"Impact of High Dose of Gamma Radiation on Field Collected Aedes aegypti","authors":"Kiran Bala Bhuyan, T. K. Barik","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Mosquitoes that transmit pathogens to humans received much attention during last few decades. Aedes aegypti causes certain diseases like dengue, yellow fever andchikungunya. There are no effective vaccines and drugs available for those diseases. The control of Aedes aegypti is the only effective way for prophylyxis from this disease. Radiation has played an important role in insect pest management. To determine the radio sensitivity, an experiment was conducted to understand the effect of γ - radiation at higher doses on immature stages of Aedes aegypti. One day old pupae were irradiated with variable doses between 100Gy to 1000Gy to study the pupal viability, adult emergence and development of malformation if any. The dose response curve between the pupal viability and dose was determined and there was a marked difference in radiation sensitivity . It was observed that the pupal viability decreased with increase in radiation dose in dose dependent manner. Pupal viability of about 99.2%, 61.4%, 42.5%, 13.4%, 7.5%, 6.7% and 3.9% was found after exposure to gamma radiation at 100Gy, 250Gy, 400Gy, 550Gy, 700Gy, 850Gy and 1000Gy respectively. Similarly, adult emergence was also drastically affected by radiation exposure. The percent adult emergence from irradiated pupae were about 99.2%, 61.3%, 42.4%, 13.4%, 7.2%, 6.4%, and 3.0% at 100Gy, 250Gy, 400Gy, 550Gy, 700Gy, 850Gy and 1000Gy respectively. Morphological deformities on both pupae and adult of Aedes aegypti were noticed after irradiation indicates the somatic damage of pupae and adults. It was observed that head, thorax and part of the abdomen with fore wings were released but the rest of the body still attached to the puparia. Similarly, few malformed adults with curled legs, crumpled wings and with curved abdomen were obtained due to the effects of high dose of gamma radiation at 400Gy and above.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-19DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0001
J. Yugi, J. B. Okeyo-Owour, D. O. Omondi
Knockdown and not adulticidal effect of extracts of Phytolacca dodecandra (Endod) has been demonstrated against Anopheles gambiae adults. In this study we demonstrate adulticidal effect of ethanol extracts of mature green fruits and leaves of Endod on Anopheles gambiae adults in the laboratory. Material & Methods: Different concentrations (80, 40, 20, 10, 10, 5 and 2.5 mg) of Ethanol extracts of leaf and mature green fruits of Endod, Neem and deltamethrin were used to impregnate standard Whatman No. 1 filter papers and wall surfaces. Wall surfaces were modeled from plywood measuring 26 x 26 cm 2 . The surfaces were then smeared with a mixture of mud and cow dung, cement or used as it were (plain). Three to five day old laboratory and field sourced female An. gambiae were then exposed for five minutes, withdrawn put in clean paper cups and left to be observed for mortality after 24 hours. Results: Mortalities of exposed female An. gambiae were higher for extracts of Endod sourced from the highlands than that from the lowlands for laboratory reared (60%) and (40%) and field sourced (30%) and (28%) respectively. Mortalities were higher on modeled surfaces (61%) than on Whatman No. 1 papers (30%). Toxicity level of extracts of Endod were below the WHO threshold of >80% mortality irrespective of part or source. Deltamethrin met the threshold on all surfaces while Neem on cement surfaces only. Conclusion: Ethanol extracts of mature green fruits and leaves of Endod are a potential adulticide against An. gambiae adults.
本文研究了十二胎草提取物对冈比亚按蚊成虫的抑虫和非杀虫作用。在这项研究中，我们证明了乙醇提取物的成熟绿色果实和叶子的恩多对冈比亚按蚊成虫的实验室杀灭效果。材料与方法:用不同浓度(80、40、20、10、10、5、2.5 mg)的印楝、印度楝和溴氰菊酯叶和成熟青果乙醇提取物浸渍标准Whatman 1号滤纸和墙壁表面。墙面由26 x 26平方厘米的胶合板制成。然后在表面涂上泥土和牛粪的混合物，水泥或原样使用。3至5天大的实验室和现场母安。然后冈比亚暴露5分钟，取出放入干净的纸杯中，24小时后观察死亡情况。结果:暴露的雌性安虫死亡率。在实验室饲养(60%)和野外饲养(30%)和野外饲养(28%)中，来自高地的恩多提取物对冈比亚虫的影响高于来自低地的提取物。模型表面的死亡率(61%)高于Whatman第一篇论文的死亡率(30%)。其提取物的毒性水平低于世界卫生组织的阈值，无论其部位或来源，死亡率均低于80%。溴氰菊酯在所有表面均达到阈值，而印楝仅在水泥表面达到阈值。结论:青果和青叶乙醇提取物是一种潜在的杀虫剂。冈比亚按蚊的成年人。
{"title":"Adulticidal Effect of Crude Ethanol Extract of Phytolacca dodecandra on Anopheles gambiae","authors":"J. Yugi, J. B. Okeyo-Owour, D. O. Omondi","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Knockdown and not adulticidal effect of extracts of Phytolacca dodecandra (Endod) has been demonstrated against Anopheles gambiae adults. In this study we demonstrate adulticidal effect of ethanol extracts of mature green fruits and leaves of Endod on Anopheles gambiae adults in the laboratory. Material & Methods: Different concentrations (80, 40, 20, 10, 10, 5 and 2.5 mg) of Ethanol extracts of leaf and mature green fruits of Endod, Neem and deltamethrin were used to impregnate standard Whatman No. 1 filter papers and wall surfaces. Wall surfaces were modeled from plywood measuring 26 x 26 cm 2 . The surfaces were then smeared with a mixture of mud and cow dung, cement or used as it were (plain). Three to five day old laboratory and field sourced female An. gambiae were then exposed for five minutes, withdrawn put in clean paper cups and left to be observed for mortality after 24 hours. Results: Mortalities of exposed female An. gambiae were higher for extracts of Endod sourced from the highlands than that from the lowlands for laboratory reared (60%) and (40%) and field sourced (30%) and (28%) respectively. Mortalities were higher on modeled surfaces (61%) than on Whatman No. 1 papers (30%). Toxicity level of extracts of Endod were below the WHO threshold of >80% mortality irrespective of part or source. Deltamethrin met the threshold on all surfaces while Neem on cement surfaces only. Conclusion: Ethanol extracts of mature green fruits and leaves of Endod are a potential adulticide against An. gambiae adults.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-11DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0007
G. Chandra, R. Mondal, Aniket Singh, A. Ghosh
Background & Objectives: Vector control is facing a threat due to the emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides. Insecticides of botanical origin may serve as suitable alternative in near future. In the present study, crude plant extracts of 32 commonly available plants were evaluated at different concentrations against third instars larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus to establish their mosquito larvicidal activity. Methods : Three different Concentrations (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0%) of crude extracts were prepared from selected plants and observed larval mortality after 24h, 48h & 72h of post exposure against third instars larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus . LC 50 and LC 90 were determined by using log-probit analyses. Effects on non target organisms were also tested. Result : Among the tested concentrations, highest mortality was recorded at 1% concentration of crude extract within 72 hours of exposure in all plant extracts. In laboratory based larvicidal bioassay, lowest LC 50 and LC 90 values were recorded in fruit extracts of Solanum nigrum and Solanum sisymbrifolium respectively. Mosquito larvicidal property of Clerodendrum viscosum , Cleome viscosa, Alangium salvifolium, Murraya k oenigii, Polyalthia longifolia and Derris indica were also satisfactory. Tested non-target organisms were entirely safe against the tested concentrations during study. Interpretation & Conclusion : Among tested 32 plants, the crude extracts ofeight plantshave the potent larvicidal activity against filarial vector Cx. quinquefasciatus without harmful effect on non target organisms.
{"title":"Studies on Larvicidal Activity of Some Plant Extracts against Filarial Vector Culex quinquefasciatus","authors":"G. Chandra, R. Mondal, Aniket Singh, A. Ghosh","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Background & Objectives: Vector control is facing a threat due to the emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides. Insecticides of botanical origin may serve as suitable alternative in near future. In the present study, crude plant extracts of 32 commonly available plants were evaluated at different concentrations against third instars larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus to establish their mosquito larvicidal activity. Methods : Three different Concentrations (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0%) of crude extracts were prepared from selected plants and observed larval mortality after 24h, 48h & 72h of post exposure against third instars larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus . LC 50 and LC 90 were determined by using log-probit analyses. Effects on non target organisms were also tested. Result : Among the tested concentrations, highest mortality was recorded at 1% concentration of crude extract within 72 hours of exposure in all plant extracts. In laboratory based larvicidal bioassay, lowest LC 50 and LC 90 values were recorded in fruit extracts of Solanum nigrum and Solanum sisymbrifolium respectively. Mosquito larvicidal property of Clerodendrum viscosum , Cleome viscosa, Alangium salvifolium, Murraya k oenigii, Polyalthia longifolia and Derris indica were also satisfactory. Tested non-target organisms were entirely safe against the tested concentrations during study. Interpretation & Conclusion : Among tested 32 plants, the crude extracts ofeight plantshave the potent larvicidal activity against filarial vector Cx. quinquefasciatus without harmful effect on non target organisms.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-28DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0006
A. Hamza, S. Abukashawa, E. E. Rayah
Anopheles arabiensis Patton (1905) is the most important malaria vector in Sudan. A morphometric analysis was carried out to characterize the morphology of adult females An. arabiensis and to test the existence of morphological variations among local populationsof females An. arabiensis found in eastern Sudan.Adult females An. arabiensis were collected from four sites in Kassala State, eastern Sudan (Kassala, New Halfa, Aroma and Wager). In addition, An. arabiensis specimens, obtained from Sennar laboratory colony were also used in the study. Collection of females An. arabiensis mosquitoes was done by hand capture during the rainy season 2008. Thirty seven morphological characters were examined on samples representing each of the collection sites. One Way ANOVA testshowed significant differences in most of the measured characters on females An. arabiensis . Principal component analysis showed that the populations studied differed mainly in the body size of mosquito. A discriminant function analysis was used, based on the new variables generated by principal component analysis, to select an aggregate of morphological characters which collectively could differentiate local populations of females An. arabiensis and to assess the reliability associated with multivariate statistics. Using the body size measurements, the analysis revealed that geographical clustering of field collected females An. arabiensis populations were not clear and the body size characters had little discrimination values. The cluster analysis summarized the phylogenetic relationships among the different populations of An. arabiensis according to their mean body sizes . Laboratory colony samples had a smaller body size compared to the field collected ones. The morphometric analysis confirmed the existence of some geographical variations in the mosquito body size among local populations of An. arabiensis in eastern Sudan.
阿拉伯按蚊(1905)是苏丹最重要的疟疾病媒。采用形态计量学方法对成年雌性安河鼠的形态特征进行了分析。本研究目的是为了检验当地种群中是否存在形态变异。在苏丹东部发现的arabiensis。成年雌性安。在苏丹东部卡萨拉州(Kassala)、新哈法(New Halfa)、Aroma和Wager 4个地点采集了arabiensis。此外，安。从Sennar实验室菌落中获得的arabiensis标本也被用于研究。雌虫的收集2008年雨季采用手捕法捕获阿拉伯蚊。对代表每个采集点的样品进行了37个形态学特征的检查。单因素方差分析(One - Way ANOVA)结果显示，各性状间差异均有统计学意义。arabiensis。主成分分析表明，不同种群的差异主要表现在蚊体大小上。在主成分分析产生的新变量基础上，采用判别函数分析方法，选择了一组能区分安母树本地居群的形态特征。并评估与多变量统计相关的可靠性。利用体型测量结果，分析了野外采集的雌性安家虎的地理聚类特征。阿拉伯种居群不清晰，体型性状判别价值不大。聚类分析总结了不同居群间的系统发育关系。根据它们的平均体型。与野外收集的菌落相比，实验室的菌落样本体型较小。形态计量学分析证实了安县各地方种群蚊体大小存在一定的地理差异。苏丹东部的阿拉伯种。
{"title":"Morphometrics Studies on Females Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) from Kassala State, Eastern Sudan","authors":"A. Hamza, S. Abukashawa, E. E. Rayah","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Anopheles arabiensis Patton (1905) is the most important malaria vector in Sudan. A morphometric analysis was carried out to characterize the morphology of adult females An. arabiensis and to test the existence of morphological variations among local populationsof females An. arabiensis found in eastern Sudan.Adult females An. arabiensis were collected from four sites in Kassala State, eastern Sudan (Kassala, New Halfa, Aroma and Wager). In addition, An. arabiensis specimens, obtained from Sennar laboratory colony were also used in the study. Collection of females An. arabiensis mosquitoes was done by hand capture during the rainy season 2008. Thirty seven morphological characters were examined on samples representing each of the collection sites. One Way ANOVA testshowed significant differences in most of the measured characters on females An. arabiensis . Principal component analysis showed that the populations studied differed mainly in the body size of mosquito. A discriminant function analysis was used, based on the new variables generated by principal component analysis, to select an aggregate of morphological characters which collectively could differentiate local populations of females An. arabiensis and to assess the reliability associated with multivariate statistics. Using the body size measurements, the analysis revealed that geographical clustering of field collected females An. arabiensis populations were not clear and the body size characters had little discrimination values. The cluster analysis summarized the phylogenetic relationships among the different populations of An. arabiensis according to their mean body sizes . Laboratory colony samples had a smaller body size compared to the field collected ones. The morphometric analysis confirmed the existence of some geographical variations in the mosquito body size among local populations of An. arabiensis in eastern Sudan.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-27DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0010
B. Das, K. Deobhankar, K. N. Pohekar, R. Marathe, S. Husain, P. Jambulingam
Background & objectives Use of microbial control agents provides alternative method for adequate insect management. We evaluated laboratory bioassay of Chilodonella uncinata , a natural protozoan parasite of mosquito larvae. Methods Two formulations and four strains: North India (Monsoon and Pre-monsoon) strain, South India strain, updated strain of Chilodonella uncinata were tested against Anopheles stephensi , Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti larvae at four institutes. Results & Interpretation Delayed development was noted in mosquito larvae exposed to Ch. uncinata formulation that produced better effect in all larval species. Efficacy of this biolarvicide is not dose dependant as least dose produced maximum mortality with minimum post exposure. An. stephensi larvae were most sensitive followed by Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti which required longer post exposure. Of the four strains, updated strain was most effective and stable; south India strain had rapid killing effect; Pre-monsoon strain was more effective than Monsoon strain as the later required 20x higher dose (cs/ml) to induce satisfactory mortality in An. stephensi larvae with higher values for LT 50 (4.71) and LT 90 (6.84) as against LT 50 (2.5) and LT 90 (3.57) of former strain. Tea bag formulation is easy to store, transport and treat, was found to have a shelf life of >18 months resulting in satisfactory efficacy against An. stephensi with LT 50 (5.16) and LT 90 (7.69) noted at 0.25 g even after 6 months of storage. These laboratory test data suggest that a lower dose of this protozoan formulation can be used as a potential biolarvide to control mosquito larvae as an alternative to chemical insecticides under integrated vector management.
{"title":"Laboratory Bioassay of Chilodonella uncinata , an Entomopathogenic Protozoan, against Mosquito Larvae","authors":"B. Das, K. Deobhankar, K. N. Pohekar, R. Marathe, S. Husain, P. Jambulingam","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Background & objectives Use of microbial control agents provides alternative method for adequate insect management. We evaluated laboratory bioassay of Chilodonella uncinata , a natural protozoan parasite of mosquito larvae. Methods Two formulations and four strains: North India (Monsoon and Pre-monsoon) strain, South India strain, updated strain of Chilodonella uncinata were tested against Anopheles stephensi , Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti larvae at four institutes. Results & Interpretation Delayed development was noted in mosquito larvae exposed to Ch. uncinata formulation that produced better effect in all larval species. Efficacy of this biolarvicide is not dose dependant as least dose produced maximum mortality with minimum post exposure. An. stephensi larvae were most sensitive followed by Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti which required longer post exposure. Of the four strains, updated strain was most effective and stable; south India strain had rapid killing effect; Pre-monsoon strain was more effective than Monsoon strain as the later required 20x higher dose (cs/ml) to induce satisfactory mortality in An. stephensi larvae with higher values for LT 50 (4.71) and LT 90 (6.84) as against LT 50 (2.5) and LT 90 (3.57) of former strain. Tea bag formulation is easy to store, transport and treat, was found to have a shelf life of >18 months resulting in satisfactory efficacy against An. stephensi with LT 50 (5.16) and LT 90 (7.69) noted at 0.25 g even after 6 months of storage. These laboratory test data suggest that a lower dose of this protozoan formulation can be used as a potential biolarvide to control mosquito larvae as an alternative to chemical insecticides under integrated vector management.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-19DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0004
A. Nadeem, F. Manzoor
Lahore is one of the dengue endemic cities of Pakistan. Very few studies have been published on entomological and epidemiological aspects of dengue in Lahore: Pakistan. Area specific knowledge on breeding of mosquitoes, types of containers and seasonal rhythms of vector population is essential for preparing an effective prevention plan against dengue. During present study from January 2013-December 2013, Aedes larvae situation in 18 Union Councils of Data Ganj Buksh Town, Lahore, confirmed dengue patients UC wise breakup, type of containers from which larvae were found during surveillance in 2013 were discussed in detail. Results of study indicate that out of 18 UC’s six were most vulnerable for dengue larvae, 1,023 larvae from 613 sites were detected, 628 larvae were from indoor spots and 395 were from outdoor spots. 203 patients were reported in the town till December 2013. It was concluded that due to poor quality of spray and extensive fogging in the months of October and November incidence of larvae, adults and no of dengue patients increased in 2013.
{"title":"Entomological and Epidemiological Interpretations for Dengue Situation in Data Ganj Buksh Town, Lahore, Pakistan","authors":"A. Nadeem, F. Manzoor","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Lahore is one of the dengue endemic cities of Pakistan. Very few studies have been published on entomological and epidemiological aspects of dengue in Lahore: Pakistan. Area specific knowledge on breeding of mosquitoes, types of containers and seasonal rhythms of vector population is essential for preparing an effective prevention plan against dengue. During present study from January 2013-December 2013, Aedes larvae situation in 18 Union Councils of Data Ganj Buksh Town, Lahore, confirmed dengue patients UC wise breakup, type of containers from which larvae were found during surveillance in 2013 were discussed in detail. Results of study indicate that out of 18 UC’s six were most vulnerable for dengue larvae, 1,023 larvae from 613 sites were detected, 628 larvae were from indoor spots and 395 were from outdoor spots. 203 patients were reported in the town till December 2013. It was concluded that due to poor quality of spray and extensive fogging in the months of October and November incidence of larvae, adults and no of dengue patients increased in 2013.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-19DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0005
S. Azmi, S. Chatterjee
In the present study, the midgut bacteria of Culex quinquefasciatus was isolated, characterized and controlled by plant extracts. Morphology of the bacterial colony was studied. The vegetative body of the bacterial isolate was scanned in scanning electron microscope. Biochemical tests and fermentation tests of different carbohydrate sources were performed. The physiological tests such as temperature, NaCl and pH tolerance ability of the midgut isolate of Cx. quinquefasciatus was determined. The antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial isolate against some standard antibiotics was observed. Agar cup assay was performed to determine the sensitivity of the isolate against some plant extracts such as Neem ( Azadirachta indica ), citronella ( Cymbopogon nardus ) and Basak ( Justicia adhatoda ). From the morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics, the midgut bacterium CMG1 was characterized as Bacillus sp. the isolate CMG1 showed sensitivity to Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) and citronella ( Cymbopogon nardus ) plant extracts. The application of neem and citronella (25 μl/well) produced 32 and 45 mm inhibition zone of the midgut bacterial isolate CMG1.
{"title":"Characterization of the Midgut Bacterial Isolate of Culex quinquefasciatus and Its Control by Plant Extracts","authors":"S. Azmi, S. Chatterjee","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2016.06.0005","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, the midgut bacteria of Culex quinquefasciatus was isolated, characterized and controlled by plant extracts. Morphology of the bacterial colony was studied. The vegetative body of the bacterial isolate was scanned in scanning electron microscope. Biochemical tests and fermentation tests of different carbohydrate sources were performed. The physiological tests such as temperature, NaCl and pH tolerance ability of the midgut isolate of Cx. quinquefasciatus was determined. The antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial isolate against some standard antibiotics was observed. Agar cup assay was performed to determine the sensitivity of the isolate against some plant extracts such as Neem ( Azadirachta indica ), citronella ( Cymbopogon nardus ) and Basak ( Justicia adhatoda ). From the morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics, the midgut bacterium CMG1 was characterized as Bacillus sp. the isolate CMG1 showed sensitivity to Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) and citronella ( Cymbopogon nardus ) plant extracts. The application of neem and citronella (25 μl/well) produced 32 and 45 mm inhibition zone of the midgut bacterial isolate CMG1.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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