Pub Date : 2017-07-28DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0013
J. Yugi, J. J. Kiplimo, Christopher O. Misire
Pupae are an integral part of Anopheles gambiae life history and a tool that effectively targets them is likely to impact on malaria vector density. In this study we evaluated pupicidal activities of crude ethanol and water extracts of Phytolacca dodecandra (L’ Herit) on An. gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory condition. Individual early pupae of An. gambiae mosquitoes were exposed to concentrations of 40, 20, 10, 5, 2.5 mgs/100 ml of mature green fruits and leaves of the shoot and midsection of P. dodecandra in containers measuring 6 cm top × 5.7 cm bottom × 3.5 cm height. P. dodecandra was sourced from Eldoret (highland) and Nyando (lowland). Extraction of P. dodecandra bioactives was done using 80% ethanol and distilled water. Extracts of Neem leaves and untreated rain water were used as positive and negative controls respectively. WHO, 2005 mortality threshold of >80% was used to determine the effectiveness of the extracts as pupicide 24 hours post exposure. Mortality of exposed pupae was dose dependent. Concentrations of 20 mgs/100 mls and higher and 40 mgs/ 100mls of mature green fruits from Nyando and Eldoret met the mortality threshold respectively. Extracts of P. dodecandra from Nyando was more potent than that from Eldoret as was water compared to ethanol extracts. Positive (Neem) control killed < 80% of exposed pupae. It was concluded that crude extracts of P. dodecandra are potent as pupicide against An. gambiae mosquitoes and is a likely alternative to synthetic insecticides against An. gambiae in future.
{"title":"Pupicidal Activity of Ethanol and Water Extracts of Phytolacca dodecandra (L’ Herit) on Anopheles gambiae (Diptera Culicidae) Pupae","authors":"J. Yugi, J. J. Kiplimo, Christopher O. Misire","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Pupae are an integral part of Anopheles gambiae life history and a tool that effectively targets them is likely to impact on malaria vector density. In this study we evaluated pupicidal activities of crude ethanol and water extracts of Phytolacca dodecandra (L’ Herit) on An. gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory condition. Individual early pupae of An. gambiae mosquitoes were exposed to concentrations of 40, 20, 10, 5, 2.5 mgs/100 ml of mature green fruits and leaves of the shoot and midsection of P. dodecandra in containers measuring 6 cm top × 5.7 cm bottom × 3.5 cm height. P. dodecandra was sourced from Eldoret (highland) and Nyando (lowland). Extraction of P. dodecandra bioactives was done using 80% ethanol and distilled water. Extracts of Neem leaves and untreated rain water were used as positive and negative controls respectively. WHO, 2005 mortality threshold of >80% was used to determine the effectiveness of the extracts as pupicide 24 hours post exposure. Mortality of exposed pupae was dose dependent. Concentrations of 20 mgs/100 mls and higher and 40 mgs/ 100mls of mature green fruits from Nyando and Eldoret met the mortality threshold respectively. Extracts of P. dodecandra from Nyando was more potent than that from Eldoret as was water compared to ethanol extracts. Positive (Neem) control killed < 80% of exposed pupae. It was concluded that crude extracts of P. dodecandra are potent as pupicide against An. gambiae mosquitoes and is a likely alternative to synthetic insecticides against An. gambiae in future.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46915543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-28DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0012
G. Chandra, J. K. Pal, Aniket Singh
As resistance against synthetic insecticides has been increasing day by day, mosquito control becomes a great problem around the world. So it is crucial to manage the vector population to overcome the mosquito borne diseases. The present study was executed to assess the larvicidal activities of Cleistanthus patulus leaf extract against filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus. Method: Crude extracts of C. patulus mature leaf with different concentration gradients ranging from 0.1% - 0.5% were applied against all the larval instars of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Three solvent extractives namely petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and acetone were applied in different graded concentrations against all the larval instars. Through log-probit analysis LC50 and LC90 values were determined. Regression and ANOVA analyses were done for further statistical justification. Activities of bioactive fraction against the non-target organism were carried out in laboratory condition. In addition to these, a qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaf extract was also done. Result: The highest mortality was observed at 0.5 concentration of crude extract against all the larval instars after 72 hours of exposure. Among three used solvent extracts ethyl acetate exhibited the best larvicidal potentiality against target mosquito. 1st instar larvae showed 100% mortality at 250 ppm concentration after 48 hours of exposure. Preliminary qualitative phytochemicals analyses of leaf extract revealed the presence of tannin, steroid and flavonoid as secondary metabolites. Non-target organism was found non-responsive to both extracts. Conclusion: Above experiment indicates that the leaf of C. patulus has the prospective to be used as larvicidal agent against Cx. quinquefasciatus.
{"title":"Larvicidal Efficacy of Cleistanthus patulus Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) Leaf Extract against Filarial Vector Culex quinquefasciatus (Say 1823)","authors":"G. Chandra, J. K. Pal, Aniket Singh","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0012","url":null,"abstract":"As resistance against synthetic insecticides has been increasing day by day, mosquito control becomes a great problem around the world. So it is crucial to manage the vector population to overcome the mosquito borne diseases. The present study was executed to assess the larvicidal activities of Cleistanthus patulus leaf extract against filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus. Method: Crude extracts of C. patulus mature leaf with different concentration gradients ranging from 0.1% - 0.5% were applied against all the larval instars of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Three solvent extractives namely petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and acetone were applied in different graded concentrations against all the larval instars. Through log-probit analysis LC50 and LC90 values were determined. Regression and ANOVA analyses were done for further statistical justification. Activities of bioactive fraction against the non-target organism were carried out in laboratory condition. In addition to these, a qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaf extract was also done. Result: The highest mortality was observed at 0.5 concentration of crude extract against all the larval instars after 72 hours of exposure. Among three used solvent extracts ethyl acetate exhibited the best larvicidal potentiality against target mosquito. 1st instar larvae showed 100% mortality at 250 ppm concentration after 48 hours of exposure. Preliminary qualitative phytochemicals analyses of leaf extract revealed the presence of tannin, steroid and flavonoid as secondary metabolites. Non-target organism was found non-responsive to both extracts. Conclusion: Above experiment indicates that the leaf of C. patulus has the prospective to be used as larvicidal agent against Cx. quinquefasciatus.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45789268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-28DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0014
P. Desiyamani, M. S. Ali, V. Anuradha, N. Yogananth, J. Chitra
To determine the larvicidal activity of fractionated methanolic extract of stilt root of Rhizophora mucronata and leaf of Sessuvium portulacastrum against dengue larvae. Fractionated methanolic extracts of stilt root of Rhizophora mucronata and leaf of Sessuvium portulacastrum were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a graded series of concentration. Batches of 25 early 4 th instars larvae of dengue were transferred to 250 mL enamel bowl containing 199 mL of distilled water and 1 mL of plant extracts (0.01-0.1 mg). Each experiment was conducted in three replicates. A control group consisted of 1 mL of DMSO and 99 mL of distilled water only. After 24 h, the percentage of mortality was identified with the formula: % of extraction= wt of the extract/wt of the plant material X 100. The fractionated leaf extracts showed maximum larvicidal activity fractionated extract 3 showed minimum level of LC 50 value (0.051±0.2 (0.41-0.602). Simultaneously, the fractionated stilt root extract of Rhizophora mucronata showed maximum larvicidal activity and (RF-2) showed minimum level of LC 50 value (0.51±0.29 (0.45-0.65). It can be concluded from the present study that, the fractionated methanolic extracts of stilt root of Rhizophora mucronata and leaf of Sessuvium portulacastrum against dengue larvae possess active compounds for development of larvicidal activity.
测定马齿苋吊脚根和马齿苋叶甲醇提取液对登革热幼虫的杀幼虫活性。用二甲基亚砜（DMSO）溶解短茎根和马齿苋叶的甲醇提取物，制备分级系列浓度。将25批登革热4龄早期幼虫转移到250毫升搪瓷碗中，碗中装有199毫升蒸馏水和1毫升植物提取物（0.01-0.1毫克）。每个实验分三个重复进行。对照组仅由1 mL DMSO和99 mL蒸馏水组成。24小时后，死亡率用以下公式确定：提取物的百分比=提取物的重量/植物材料的重量X100。分级叶提取物显示出最大的杀幼虫活性分级提取物3显示出最小的LC50值水平（0.051±0.2（0.41-0.602），马齿苋吊脚根和马齿苋叶对登革热幼虫的甲醇分级提取物具有开发杀幼虫活性的活性化合物。
{"title":"Mosquito Larvicidal Activity of Fractionated Methanolic Extractof Rhizophora mucronata Stilt Root and Sesuvium portulacastrum against Dengue Larvae","authors":"P. Desiyamani, M. S. Ali, V. Anuradha, N. Yogananth, J. Chitra","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0014","url":null,"abstract":"To determine the larvicidal activity of fractionated methanolic extract of stilt root of Rhizophora mucronata and leaf of Sessuvium portulacastrum against dengue larvae. Fractionated methanolic extracts of stilt root of Rhizophora mucronata and leaf of Sessuvium portulacastrum were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a graded series of concentration. Batches of 25 early 4 th instars larvae of dengue were transferred to 250 mL enamel bowl containing 199 mL of distilled water and 1 mL of plant extracts (0.01-0.1 mg). Each experiment was conducted in three replicates. A control group consisted of 1 mL of DMSO and 99 mL of distilled water only. After 24 h, the percentage of mortality was identified with the formula: % of extraction= wt of the extract/wt of the plant material X 100. The fractionated leaf extracts showed maximum larvicidal activity fractionated extract 3 showed minimum level of LC 50 value (0.051±0.2 (0.41-0.602). Simultaneously, the fractionated stilt root extract of Rhizophora mucronata showed maximum larvicidal activity and (RF-2) showed minimum level of LC 50 value (0.51±0.29 (0.45-0.65). It can be concluded from the present study that, the fractionated methanolic extracts of stilt root of Rhizophora mucronata and leaf of Sessuvium portulacastrum against dengue larvae possess active compounds for development of larvicidal activity.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42439817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-28DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0011
Kouassivi Accrobessy, Marina Lidwine Olé, M. Dorkenoo, R. Ossè, B. Akinro, Aboubacar Sidick, M. Akogbéto, I. Glitho
Malaria vector control relies on mosquito susceptibility to insecticides. Nowadays, the phenomenon of mosquitoes’ resistance to insecticides is growing wider and wider, including all chemical families of insecticides. In order to update data on the insecticides susceptibility, the species’ distribution and genes involved in insecticide resistance in Anopheles in the capital of Togo, we tested local strains of An. gambiae s.l. from three study sites in Lome, with five insecticides namely DDT, Permethrin, Deltamethrin, Bendiocarb, and Fenitrothion. The tests had been performed with the WHO kits from 2013 to 2015. The results of the tests showed mortality rates of 16.0% with 4% DDT, 28.0% with 0.75% Permethrin, 33.0% with 0.05% Deltamethin, 44.0% with 0.1% Bendiocarb and 98.8% with 1% Fenitrothion. The major malaria vectors were shown, across all sites, to be resistant to all of the classes of insecticides used in the experiments except Fenitrothion. PCR analyses for the species’ identification showed, proportions of 81% of An. gambiae s.s. and 19% of An. coluzzii in the city. For the Kdr gene, PCR analyses showed proportions of 57.94% RR, 33.33% RS and 8.73% of SS, revealing a high prevalence of kdr resistance in the Anopheles population in Lome. However, analyses showed mosquitos without Ace1R gene. The multiple resistance to various insecticides is a major concern for the control of malaria and other vector-borne diseases in Lome, as well as in Togo.
{"title":"Status and Genes Involved in Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles gambiae Sibling Species in Lomé, (Togo), West Africa","authors":"Kouassivi Accrobessy, Marina Lidwine Olé, M. Dorkenoo, R. Ossè, B. Akinro, Aboubacar Sidick, M. Akogbéto, I. Glitho","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria vector control relies on mosquito susceptibility to insecticides. Nowadays, the phenomenon of mosquitoes’ resistance to insecticides is growing wider and wider, including all chemical families of insecticides. In order to update data on the insecticides susceptibility, the species’ distribution and genes involved in insecticide resistance in Anopheles in the capital of Togo, we tested local strains of An. gambiae s.l. from three study sites in Lome, with five insecticides namely DDT, Permethrin, Deltamethrin, Bendiocarb, and Fenitrothion. The tests had been performed with the WHO kits from 2013 to 2015. The results of the tests showed mortality rates of 16.0% with 4% DDT, 28.0% with 0.75% Permethrin, 33.0% with 0.05% Deltamethin, 44.0% with 0.1% Bendiocarb and 98.8% with 1% Fenitrothion. The major malaria vectors were shown, across all sites, to be resistant to all of the classes of insecticides used in the experiments except Fenitrothion. PCR analyses for the species’ identification showed, proportions of 81% of An. gambiae s.s. and 19% of An. coluzzii in the city. For the Kdr gene, PCR analyses showed proportions of 57.94% RR, 33.33% RS and 8.73% of SS, revealing a high prevalence of kdr resistance in the Anopheles population in Lome. However, analyses showed mosquitos without Ace1R gene. The multiple resistance to various insecticides is a major concern for the control of malaria and other vector-borne diseases in Lome, as well as in Togo.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47351355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-05DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0010
J. Daaboub, A. Tabbabi, Ali Lamari, M. Feriani, C. Boubaker, H. B. Cheikh
Five populations of Culex pipiens collected in central Tunisia were evaluated for their susceptibility to temephos. The resistance level was high for samples # 5 (>50-fold), and low, not exceeding 4-fold in the other resistant samples. LC 50 showed the susceptibility of sample # 2. The CYP450 enzyme was found related to temephos resistance in three samples. In fact, the addition of Pb to temephos bioassays completely suppressed the resistance in samples # 1 (RR 50 =0.84, p>0.05, RSR=3.0) and 5 (RR 50 =1.5, p>0.05, RSR=37.1). The temephos resistance level of sample # 3 decreased slightly (RR=1.9, p 75%) were recorded in the most susceptible samples. There is an urgent need to replace the insecticide temephos for continued control of Culex pipiens in Tunisia.
{"title":"Levels of Insecticide Resistance to Temephos, and Associated Mechanisms in Culex pipiens Mosquitoes from Central Tunisia","authors":"J. Daaboub, A. Tabbabi, Ali Lamari, M. Feriani, C. Boubaker, H. B. Cheikh","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Five populations of Culex pipiens collected in central Tunisia were evaluated for their susceptibility to temephos. The resistance level was high for samples # 5 (>50-fold), and low, not exceeding 4-fold in the other resistant samples. LC 50 showed the susceptibility of sample # 2. The CYP450 enzyme was found related to temephos resistance in three samples. In fact, the addition of Pb to temephos bioassays completely suppressed the resistance in samples # 1 (RR 50 =0.84, p>0.05, RSR=3.0) and 5 (RR 50 =1.5, p>0.05, RSR=37.1). The temephos resistance level of sample # 3 decreased slightly (RR=1.9, p 75%) were recorded in the most susceptible samples. There is an urgent need to replace the insecticide temephos for continued control of Culex pipiens in Tunisia.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49160408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-16DOI: 10.5376/jmr.2017.07.0008
Ezihe Ek, C. Egbuche, E. Nwankwo, A. Onyido, InyaAgha Mishael Uzochukwu, U. Joseph, Chukwuzoba Obinna Anthony, O. Ikechukwu
The efficacy of hexane leaf extracts of Hyptissuaveolens and Senna hirsuta as a larvicide and repellent against the 4 th instar larvae and adult of Culexquinquefasciatus was investigated. Extraction was done using Soxhlet apparatus. Twenty fourth instar larvae of Culexquinquefasciatus were exposed to various concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% and control) and observed over 3 hours for mortality. Repellency against the adult mosquito was investigated on five human volunteers who did not use any lotion, soap or perfume on the arm. The experiment was carried out during the day in a dark shade. Percentage repellence was recorded every 10minutes for a period of 1 hour. Lethal concentration 50% (LC 50 ) which is the concentration required to kill half the members of the tested population after 3 hours of exposure was used to assess the larval mortality. Result indicated the combined extract with LC 50 6% gave a higher mortality than the individual extract of Hyptis suaveolens (LC 50 6.4%) and Senna hirsuta (LC 50 7.5%). Similarly, repellence was highest in the combined extract with 75% repellency than in the extracts of Hyptis suaveolens (70%) and Senna hirsuta (50%). The result observed in the study was analyzed using Analysis of Variance. There was a significant difference from the use of individual extracts (P< 0.05). From the result of the study, it was deduced that the efficacy of the treatments increased with an increasing exposure time and concentration. The findings of the study revealed the efficacy of hexane leaf extracts of Hyptis suaveolens and Senna hirsuta as good larvicide and repellent against Culex quinquefasciatus especially in the synergistic state.
{"title":"The Larvicidal and Repellent Effect of Bush Mint Plant ( Hyptis suaveolens ) and Hairy Sicklepod ( Senna hirsuta ) Extracts against the Larvae and Adult of Culex quinquefasciatus","authors":"Ezihe Ek, C. Egbuche, E. Nwankwo, A. Onyido, InyaAgha Mishael Uzochukwu, U. Joseph, Chukwuzoba Obinna Anthony, O. Ikechukwu","doi":"10.5376/jmr.2017.07.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/jmr.2017.07.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The efficacy of hexane leaf extracts of Hyptissuaveolens and Senna hirsuta as a larvicide and repellent against the 4 th instar larvae and adult of Culexquinquefasciatus was investigated. Extraction was done using Soxhlet apparatus. Twenty fourth instar larvae of Culexquinquefasciatus were exposed to various concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% and control) and observed over 3 hours for mortality. Repellency against the adult mosquito was investigated on five human volunteers who did not use any lotion, soap or perfume on the arm. The experiment was carried out during the day in a dark shade. Percentage repellence was recorded every 10minutes for a period of 1 hour. Lethal concentration 50% (LC 50 ) which is the concentration required to kill half the members of the tested population after 3 hours of exposure was used to assess the larval mortality. Result indicated the combined extract with LC 50 6% gave a higher mortality than the individual extract of Hyptis suaveolens (LC 50 6.4%) and Senna hirsuta (LC 50 7.5%). Similarly, repellence was highest in the combined extract with 75% repellency than in the extracts of Hyptis suaveolens (70%) and Senna hirsuta (50%). The result observed in the study was analyzed using Analysis of Variance. There was a significant difference from the use of individual extracts (P< 0.05). From the result of the study, it was deduced that the efficacy of the treatments increased with an increasing exposure time and concentration. The findings of the study revealed the efficacy of hexane leaf extracts of Hyptis suaveolens and Senna hirsuta as good larvicide and repellent against Culex quinquefasciatus especially in the synergistic state.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42025903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-31DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0007
S. E. Bassey, Sylvester Chibueze Izah
Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality especially in the Sub-Sahara Africa, where significant deaths occur annually. Malaria is majorly caused by a protozoan of the genus Plasmodium which is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito, an iniquitous dipteran fly. Malaria is endemic in Nigeria as such over 95% are at risk. The prevalence of malaria is depended on certain factors including medical conditions, environment/season and human status viz: pregnancy, blood group, Rhesus factor, age, gender and educational status. As such the predisposing factor of high prevalence of malaria within a location/locality needed to be ascertained in order to effectively manage the infection.
{"title":"Some Determinant Factors of Malaria Prevalence in Nigeria","authors":"S. E. Bassey, Sylvester Chibueze Izah","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality especially in the Sub-Sahara Africa, where significant deaths occur annually. Malaria is majorly caused by a protozoan of the genus Plasmodium which is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito, an iniquitous dipteran fly. Malaria is endemic in Nigeria as such over 95% are at risk. The prevalence of malaria is depended on certain factors including medical conditions, environment/season and human status viz: pregnancy, blood group, Rhesus factor, age, gender and educational status. As such the predisposing factor of high prevalence of malaria within a location/locality needed to be ascertained in order to effectively manage the infection.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46445086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-20DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0006
E. Ebuka, Egbuche Micheal Chukwudi, J. Uka, F. M. Chikezie, Joseph Uche Anumba, E. Nwankwo, Chukwuzoba Anthony Obinna, C. Umenzekwe, Ejehu Zika Uchenna, Inya-Agha I. Stella
A survey of refuse dumps in Enugu municipal for the presence of mosquito larvae and eggs from March to August, 2015 were studied. Twenty refuse sites from the five zones according to ESWAMA classifications were sampled to elucidate the mosquito ecology and their breeding habitats. Ovitrapping and larval sampling were used to collect the eggs and larvae from the different study sites. Water samples collected from the breeding sites during the larval collection were analysed for physico-chemical parameters and their correlation with larval abundance. Result indicated a total of 1,140 mosquito eggs were collected from Ovitrapping and 820 of the eggs were positive. Of the collections, 168 eggs were collected from New Haven, 199 eggs from G.R.A, 186 eggs from Abakpa, 163 eggs from Emene and 104 eggs from Independence layout. Culex quinquefasciatus accounted for 33.3% of the total eggs collected. The eggs of Cx.quinquefasciatus , Ae.albopictus and Ae.aegypti were the most abundant (p 0.05) between the physico-chemical parameters and mosquito larval abundance, temperature and Lead (Pb) showed strong positive (r=0.5, 0.6440) correlation respectively while Copper (Cu) showed a strong negative (r= -860) correlation. To avert disease outbreaks caused by vectors breeding in dump sites or around the sites in Enugu municipal, more dumpsters with coverlid should be provided to prohibit waste been disposed indiscriminately.
{"title":"Mosquito Species Associated with Refuse Dumps within Enugu Municipal, Enugu State, Nigeria","authors":"E. Ebuka, Egbuche Micheal Chukwudi, J. Uka, F. M. Chikezie, Joseph Uche Anumba, E. Nwankwo, Chukwuzoba Anthony Obinna, C. Umenzekwe, Ejehu Zika Uchenna, Inya-Agha I. Stella","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0006","url":null,"abstract":"A survey of refuse dumps in Enugu municipal for the presence of mosquito larvae and eggs from March to August, 2015 were studied. Twenty refuse sites from the five zones according to ESWAMA classifications were sampled to elucidate the mosquito ecology and their breeding habitats. Ovitrapping and larval sampling were used to collect the eggs and larvae from the different study sites. Water samples collected from the breeding sites during the larval collection were analysed for physico-chemical parameters and their correlation with larval abundance. Result indicated a total of 1,140 mosquito eggs were collected from Ovitrapping and 820 of the eggs were positive. Of the collections, 168 eggs were collected from New Haven, 199 eggs from G.R.A, 186 eggs from Abakpa, 163 eggs from Emene and 104 eggs from Independence layout. Culex quinquefasciatus accounted for 33.3% of the total eggs collected. The eggs of Cx.quinquefasciatus , Ae.albopictus and Ae.aegypti were the most abundant (p 0.05) between the physico-chemical parameters and mosquito larval abundance, temperature and Lead (Pb) showed strong positive (r=0.5, 0.6440) correlation respectively while Copper (Cu) showed a strong negative (r= -860) correlation. To avert disease outbreaks caused by vectors breeding in dump sites or around the sites in Enugu municipal, more dumpsters with coverlid should be provided to prohibit waste been disposed indiscriminately.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70859443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-14DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0005
E. Nwankwo, P. Okorie, C. T. Acha, O. Okonkwo, Nwangwu Uc, Ezihe Ek
Long-lasting insecticide nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the main methods used for malaria vector control. However, the success of these methods has been hampered by the development and spread of insecticide resistance in major malaria vectors. The emergence of insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes in Nigeria has enormous implications for vector control interventions in the country. This study aimed to investigate the insecticide susceptibility levels of wild Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes from Southeast, Nigeria to the four main classes of insecticides used for vector control. Larval mosquitoes were collected from different breeding sites and reared in the insectary. Mosquitoes were identified morphologically and two to five day old adult female mosquitoes were used to conduct WHO susceptibility assays against pyrethroid (0.75% permethrin and 0.05% deltamethrin), organochlorine (4% DDT), organophosphate (0.25% pirimiphos-methyl) and carbamate (0.1% propoxur and 0.1% bendiocarb) insecticides. All mosquitoes collected were identified as members of the Anopheles gambiae s.l. The mosquitoes were completely susceptible to bendiocarb (100% mortality). Resistance to permethrin, pirimiphos-methyland DDT was recorded with percentage mortalities of 26.5%, 17.5% and 1.3% respectively. The KDT 50 recorded were 36.7 minutes (0.1% Bendiocarb), 39.8 minutes (0.1% propoxur), 50.9 minutes (0.05% deltamethrin), 91.4 minutes (0.75% permethrin), 116.3 minutes (0.25% Pirimiphos-Methyl) and 119.1 minutes (4% DDT). The results show that there is very high frequency of insecticide resistance in the study area and calls for a need for insecticide resistance management strategies to be implemented in the area.
{"title":"Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l Mosquitoes in Awka, Anambra State, Southeast Nigeria","authors":"E. Nwankwo, P. Okorie, C. T. Acha, O. Okonkwo, Nwangwu Uc, Ezihe Ek","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Long-lasting insecticide nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the main methods used for malaria vector control. However, the success of these methods has been hampered by the development and spread of insecticide resistance in major malaria vectors. The emergence of insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes in Nigeria has enormous implications for vector control interventions in the country. This study aimed to investigate the insecticide susceptibility levels of wild Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes from Southeast, Nigeria to the four main classes of insecticides used for vector control. Larval mosquitoes were collected from different breeding sites and reared in the insectary. Mosquitoes were identified morphologically and two to five day old adult female mosquitoes were used to conduct WHO susceptibility assays against pyrethroid (0.75% permethrin and 0.05% deltamethrin), organochlorine (4% DDT), organophosphate (0.25% pirimiphos-methyl) and carbamate (0.1% propoxur and 0.1% bendiocarb) insecticides. All mosquitoes collected were identified as members of the Anopheles gambiae s.l. The mosquitoes were completely susceptible to bendiocarb (100% mortality). Resistance to permethrin, pirimiphos-methyland DDT was recorded with percentage mortalities of 26.5%, 17.5% and 1.3% respectively. The KDT 50 recorded were 36.7 minutes (0.1% Bendiocarb), 39.8 minutes (0.1% propoxur), 50.9 minutes (0.05% deltamethrin), 91.4 minutes (0.75% permethrin), 116.3 minutes (0.25% Pirimiphos-Methyl) and 119.1 minutes (4% DDT). The results show that there is very high frequency of insecticide resistance in the study area and calls for a need for insecticide resistance management strategies to be implemented in the area.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41508041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-17DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0004
X. Su, Xiao Yang
To observe the virulence of mosquito-killing fungus, Pythium guiyangense Su (Pg) after being rejuvenated through its host, Culex quinquefaciatus larvae. Bioassay was conducted by adding Pg mycelia with its host C. quinquefaciatus larvae into disinfected plastic containers, recording numbers of dead and infected larvae, and calculating mortality rates and infection rates. Pg was re-isolated from infected larvae using KPYG2, SFE and water agar plates, and used to infect C. quinquefaciatus larvae again. The mortality rates and infection rates, specially infection rates in groups and in individual containers were calculated and compared. After several cycles of continuous rejuvenation, C. quinquefaciatus larvae infection rates by Pg increased markedly, including the highest group infection rates and the highest and lowest infection rates in individual containers, which were generally up to 40% or above, specially, infection rates of 100% were achieved in individual container. Rejuvenation through host is an effective way to increase virulence of Pg to mosquitoes.
{"title":"An Observation on Virulence of Mosquito-killing Fungus, Pythium guiyangense after Rejuvenated through Its Host, Culex quinquefaciatus Larvae","authors":"X. Su, Xiao Yang","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0004","url":null,"abstract":"To observe the virulence of mosquito-killing fungus, Pythium guiyangense Su (Pg) after being rejuvenated through its host, Culex quinquefaciatus larvae. Bioassay was conducted by adding Pg mycelia with its host C. quinquefaciatus larvae into disinfected plastic containers, recording numbers of dead and infected larvae, and calculating mortality rates and infection rates. Pg was re-isolated from infected larvae using KPYG2, SFE and water agar plates, and used to infect C. quinquefaciatus larvae again. The mortality rates and infection rates, specially infection rates in groups and in individual containers were calculated and compared. After several cycles of continuous rejuvenation, C. quinquefaciatus larvae infection rates by Pg increased markedly, including the highest group infection rates and the highest and lowest infection rates in individual containers, which were generally up to 40% or above, specially, infection rates of 100% were achieved in individual container. Rejuvenation through host is an effective way to increase virulence of Pg to mosquitoes.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47885481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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