Prior studies have suggested that specific characteristics of sexually abusive experiences, including the presence of force and penetration, have been proposed to account for much of the harm caused by childhood sexual abuse. Though many studies have documented gender differences in the prevalence and sequelae of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), few have examined gender differences related to the types of abusive incidents that victims have encountered, and all have been limited to clinical samples. Illuminating gender differences in the nature of sexually abusive experiences may help to account for gender disparities related to the sequelae of CSA. Extending this line of research to nonclinical samples will help to estimate the overall prevalence of CSA and assess the generalizability of previous study findings. This study examined gender differences in the types of sexually abusive incidents self-reported by 155 victims of CSA who were students enrolled in an undergraduate psychology course at a large southeastern university. Although Chi square analyses failed to reveal any significant gender differences related to the involvement of force in CSA incidents, results did indicate that males were significantly more likely to report being victimized by incidents involving penetration (41.0% vs. 24.1%). Additional statistically significant gender differences included findings that a greater proportion of males (61.5%) than females (37.1%) reported touching the genitals of someone at least five years older before the age of 16, and that males were more likely to report having engaged in anal intercourse before the age of 16 with someone at least five years older (12.8% vs. 2.6%).
{"title":"Gender Differences Related to the Types of Sexually Abusive Incidents Encountered by Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse","authors":"M. Young","doi":"10.31296/AOP.V2I6.78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31296/AOP.V2I6.78","url":null,"abstract":"Prior studies have suggested that specific characteristics of sexually abusive experiences, including the presence of force and penetration, have been proposed to account for much of the harm caused by childhood sexual abuse. Though many studies have documented gender differences in the prevalence and sequelae of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), few have examined gender differences related to the types of abusive incidents that victims have encountered, and all have been limited to clinical samples. Illuminating gender differences in the nature of sexually abusive experiences may help to account for gender disparities related to the sequelae of CSA. Extending this line of research to nonclinical samples will help to estimate the overall prevalence of CSA and assess the generalizability of previous study findings. This study examined gender differences in the types of sexually abusive incidents self-reported by 155 victims of CSA who were students enrolled in an undergraduate psychology course at a large southeastern university. Although Chi square analyses failed to reveal any significant gender differences related to the involvement of force in CSA incidents, results did indicate that males were significantly more likely to report being victimized by incidents involving penetration (41.0% vs. 24.1%). Additional statistically significant gender differences included findings that a greater proportion of males (61.5%) than females (37.1%) reported touching the genitals of someone at least five years older before the age of 16, and that males were more likely to report having engaged in anal intercourse before the age of 16 with someone at least five years older (12.8% vs. 2.6%).","PeriodicalId":92173,"journal":{"name":"Archives of psychology (Chicago, Ill.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86009736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acts of violence by individuals and terrorist groups have increased and continue to shock us. A better understanding is required to break the cycle of crime and punishment. A psychoanalytic perspective offers a window into the human psyche behind these atrocious acts. More recent treatment models reflect a more empathic understanding beyond the more aloof traditional Freudian perspective. An International Conference in Belfast, Ireland met to discuss the origins and treatment of aggression and violence from a psychoanalytic perspective. The challenge was to overcome simplistic notions of good and evil with a better understanding. An important emphasis was to encourage the ability to think, to develop thought in place of action. Treatment of violent individuals is difficult and lengthy. The social and political aspects of terrorism were discussed in the context of group psychology in which a regression to an earlier stage of development occurs. The individuals identify with the leader with dehumanization of the other. The group demands justice and retaliation to deal with feelings of shame and humiliation.
{"title":"UNDERSTANDING VIOLENCE: THE THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP","authors":"Mary Sanmartino","doi":"10.31296/AOP.V2I6.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31296/AOP.V2I6.72","url":null,"abstract":"Acts of violence by individuals and terrorist groups have increased and continue to shock us. A better understanding is required to break the cycle of crime and punishment. A psychoanalytic perspective offers a window into the human psyche behind these atrocious acts. More recent treatment models reflect a more empathic understanding beyond the more aloof traditional Freudian perspective. \u0000An International Conference in Belfast, Ireland met to discuss the origins and treatment of aggression and violence from a psychoanalytic perspective. The challenge was to overcome simplistic notions of good and evil with a better understanding. An important emphasis was to encourage the ability to think, to develop thought in place of action. Treatment of violent individuals is difficult and lengthy. \u0000The social and political aspects of terrorism were discussed in the context of group psychology in which a regression to an earlier stage of development occurs. The individuals identify with the leader with dehumanization of the other. The group demands justice and retaliation to deal with feelings of shame and humiliation.","PeriodicalId":92173,"journal":{"name":"Archives of psychology (Chicago, Ill.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86889152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drawing upon seminal and recent foundations of joint-decision making and social influence, we develop a model of dyadic relationships and test it in a family consumption context. Three kinds of social influence – social identity, group norms, and mutual expectations—were used to explain shared intentions to eat together in a restaurant with one’s family. Shared intentions in turn, were found to significantly predict behavior a month later. One hundred and fifty husbands and their wives provided data. A multi-trait, multimethod matrix design was employed to establish construct validity of measures, and structural equation models were applied to test hypotheses, while explicitly controlling for random and systematic error. Prevention regulatory focus was found to moderate the effect of mutual expectations on shared intentions.
{"title":"Social Influence and Intentional Social Action in Dyadic Relationship Decisions under a Key Informant Methodology","authors":"R. Bagozzi, S. Gaur, S. Tiwari","doi":"10.31296/AOP.V2I6.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31296/AOP.V2I6.60","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing upon seminal and recent foundations of joint-decision making and social influence, we develop a model of dyadic relationships and test it in a family consumption context. Three kinds of social influence – social identity, group norms, and mutual expectations—were used to explain shared intentions to eat together in a restaurant with one’s family. Shared intentions in turn, were found to significantly predict behavior a month later. One hundred and fifty husbands and their wives provided data. A multi-trait, multimethod matrix design was employed to establish construct validity of measures, and structural equation models were applied to test hypotheses, while explicitly controlling for random and systematic error. Prevention regulatory focus was found to moderate the effect of mutual expectations on shared intentions.","PeriodicalId":92173,"journal":{"name":"Archives of psychology (Chicago, Ill.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78594336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Approximately 5 to 10 % of women in their reproductive years are affected by infertility. Infertility in women has been associated with depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, disturbed eating behavior, autism, psychotic disorders and autism. Part of the association between depression, anxiety and infertility can be explained by the emotional stress resulting from infertility. As mental disorders like depressive disorder or eating disorders are also prospectively associated with infertility, a bidirectional relationship is assumed. The paper discusses the theories about the mechanistic link between mental disorders and infertility. A special relationship may between mental disorders and the main causes of ovulatory infertility, hypothalamic amenorrhea and polycystic ovary disease. Pilot studies support the assumption that psychotherapy may constitute an important component in the treatment of infertility.
{"title":"Mental Disorders and Female Infertility","authors":"U. Schweiger, J. U. Schweiger, J. Schweiger","doi":"10.31296/AOP.V2I6.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31296/AOP.V2I6.73","url":null,"abstract":"Approximately 5 to 10 % of women in their reproductive years are affected by infertility. Infertility in women has been associated with depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, disturbed eating behavior, autism, psychotic disorders and autism. Part of the association between depression, anxiety and infertility can be explained by the emotional stress resulting from infertility. As mental disorders like depressive disorder or eating disorders are also prospectively associated with infertility, a bidirectional relationship is assumed. The paper discusses the theories about the mechanistic link between mental disorders and infertility. A special relationship may between mental disorders and the main causes of ovulatory infertility, hypothalamic amenorrhea and polycystic ovary disease. Pilot studies support the assumption that psychotherapy may constitute an important component in the treatment of infertility.","PeriodicalId":92173,"journal":{"name":"Archives of psychology (Chicago, Ill.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85287168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samantha L Redman, Cheryl M Corcoran, David Kimhy, Dolores Malaspina
Early trauma (ET), though broadly and inconsistently defined, has been repeatedly linked to numerous psychological disturbances, including various developmental stages of psychotic disorders. The prodromal phase of psychosis highlights a unique and relevant population that provides insight into the critical periods of psychosis development. As such, a relatively recent research focus on individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis reveals robust associations of early life trauma exposures with prodromal symptoms and function in these cohorts. While prevalence rates of ET in CHR cohorts remain consistently high, methodological measures of traumatic experiences vary across studies, presenting potential problems for reliability and validity of results. This review aims to 1) highlight the existing evidence identifying associations of ET, of multiple forms, with both symptom severity and transition rates to psychosis in CHR individuals, 2) present data on the variability among trauma assessments and its implications for conclusions about its relationship with clinical variables, 3) describe cognitive deficits common in CHR cohorts, including perceptual and neurocognitive impairments, and their neural correlates, that may modify the relationship of ET to symptoms, and 4) propose future directions for standardization of trauma assessment in CHR cohorts to better understand its clinical and cognitive correlates.
{"title":"Effects of early trauma on psychosis development in clinical high-risk individuals and stability of trauma assessment across studies: a review.","authors":"Samantha L Redman, Cheryl M Corcoran, David Kimhy, Dolores Malaspina","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early trauma (ET), though broadly and inconsistently defined, has been repeatedly linked to numerous psychological disturbances, including various developmental stages of psychotic disorders. The prodromal phase of psychosis highlights a unique and relevant population that provides insight into the critical periods of psychosis development. As such, a relatively recent research focus on individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis reveals robust associations of early life trauma exposures with prodromal symptoms and function in these cohorts. While prevalence rates of ET in CHR cohorts remain consistently high, methodological measures of traumatic experiences vary across studies, presenting potential problems for reliability and validity of results. This review aims to 1) highlight the existing evidence identifying associations of ET, of multiple forms, with both symptom severity and transition rates to psychosis in CHR individuals, 2) present data on the variability among trauma assessments and its implications for conclusions about its relationship with clinical variables, 3) describe cognitive deficits common in CHR cohorts, including perceptual and neurocognitive impairments, and their neural correlates, that may modify the relationship of ET to symptoms, and 4) propose future directions for standardization of trauma assessment in CHR cohorts to better understand its clinical and cognitive correlates.</p>","PeriodicalId":92173,"journal":{"name":"Archives of psychology (Chicago, Ill.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5791764/pdf/nihms930380.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35794672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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