Objectives: In this study, variability in college students’ attitudes toward interracial dating and marriage relationships as a function of student race and campus type (predominantly White vs. ethno-racially diverse) was examined. Methods: Undergraduate students ages 18-24 were recruited from a large public multicampus university in the Northeast. Using an online survey, students (N = 231) provided demographic information (e.g., gender, age, family income) and reported on their interracial relationship history and attitudes toward dating and marriage relationships. Results: Analyses of variance revealed significant differences in students’ attitudes toward interracial dating and marriage depending on students’ race and the type of campus they attended. White students enrolled at ethno-racially diverse urban campuses reported significantly lower approval of interracial dating and marriage relationships than their White peers at the predominantly White main campus and their peers of color at the predominantly White campus and the ethno-racially diverse regional campuses. Conclusions: The findings highlight the role that the particular geographical-cultural profile of campuses plays in college students’ attitudes toward interracial relationships when considered in tandem with students’ racial background.
{"title":"College students' attitudes toward interracial relationships: Variations by student race and campus type","authors":"Annamaria Csizmadia, Andrea Salazar Lopez","doi":"10.31296/AOP.V3I5.108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31296/AOP.V3I5.108","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: In this study, variability in college students’ attitudes toward interracial dating and marriage relationships as a function of student race and campus type (predominantly White vs. ethno-racially diverse) was examined. Methods: Undergraduate students ages 18-24 were recruited from a large public multicampus university in the Northeast. Using an online survey, students (N = 231) provided demographic information (e.g., gender, age, family income) and reported on their interracial relationship history and attitudes toward dating and marriage relationships. Results: Analyses of variance revealed significant differences in students’ attitudes toward interracial dating and marriage depending on students’ race and the type of campus they attended. White students enrolled at ethno-racially diverse urban campuses reported significantly lower approval of interracial dating and marriage relationships than their White peers at the predominantly White main campus and their peers of color at the predominantly White campus and the ethno-racially diverse regional campuses. Conclusions: The findings highlight the role that the particular geographical-cultural profile of campuses plays in college students’ attitudes toward interracial relationships when considered in tandem with students’ racial background.","PeriodicalId":92173,"journal":{"name":"Archives of psychology (Chicago, Ill.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79374241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hannah Biney, M. Hutt, Rachel V. Matthews, H. Lacey
Low self-esteem has been identified as a strong predictor of onset, maintenance and relapse in eating disorders. This suggests that treatment directly addressing low self-esteem might improve recovery. The Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) based group for low self-esteem is a six session manualised programme based on Melanie Fennel’s model for low self-esteem. It was developed at Newbridge House, a child and adolescent eating disorder inpatient unit in the UK. Although the use of CBT for low self-esteem is established in adult services, the Newbridge programme, adapting the same principles for children and adolescents, is to our knowledge, the first of its kind. This paper reports a service evaluation (N=63) which examines the efficacy of this group in improving low self-esteem for 12-17 year olds with a primary diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa (AN). Paired-samples t-tests compared the differences in pre- to post-group and post-group to follow-up. Results indicate significant improvements in self-esteem as shown by improvements on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, which are maintained at follow-up. This highlights that group manualised CBT for low self-esteem is effective for young people with AN and indicates the need for future controlled studies.
{"title":"An evaluation of a manualised group self-esteem programme for Anorexia Nervosa patients regaining weight","authors":"Hannah Biney, M. Hutt, Rachel V. Matthews, H. Lacey","doi":"10.31296/AOP.V3I3.94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31296/AOP.V3I3.94","url":null,"abstract":"Low self-esteem has been identified as a strong predictor of onset, maintenance and relapse in eating disorders. This suggests that treatment directly addressing low self-esteem might improve recovery. The Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) based group for low self-esteem is a six session manualised programme based on Melanie Fennel’s model for low self-esteem. It was developed at Newbridge House, a child and adolescent eating disorder inpatient unit in the UK. Although the use of CBT for low self-esteem is established in adult services, the Newbridge programme, adapting the same principles for children and adolescents, is to our knowledge, the first of its kind. This paper reports a service evaluation (N=63) which examines the efficacy of this group in improving low self-esteem for 12-17 year olds with a primary diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa (AN). Paired-samples t-tests compared the differences in pre- to post-group and post-group to follow-up. Results indicate significant improvements in self-esteem as shown by improvements on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, which are maintained at follow-up. This highlights that group manualised CBT for low self-esteem is effective for young people with AN and indicates the need for future controlled studies.","PeriodicalId":92173,"journal":{"name":"Archives of psychology (Chicago, Ill.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91257477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Some of the advantages and the pitfalls of planning and conducting military family research are discussed. Family theory remains critical to research on military families but needs to be combined with detailed knowledge of the issues faced by military families. The military’s concerns about family privacy can lead to tensions with the researcher’s need to define population and sample characteristics, as well as to obtain high response rates through systematic follow-up of potential survey respondents. Researchers may find an easier path to publication for research that sounds like “good news”, while research that seems like “bad news” may be suppressed, disguised, or managed in a variety of ways. Because of the complexities of military life and military family life it may be very useful to bring military personnel or veterans into your research group when developing and testing theories about military family life.
{"title":"MILITARY FAMILY RESEARCH: METHODOLOGICAL LESSONS LEARNED, OFTEN THE HARD WAY. UPDATED, WITH A EULOGY TO DR. BRUCE BELL","authors":"W. Schumm","doi":"10.31296/AOP.V3I3.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31296/AOP.V3I3.88","url":null,"abstract":"Some of the advantages and the pitfalls of planning and conducting military family research are discussed. Family theory remains critical to research on military families but needs to be combined with detailed knowledge of the issues faced by military families. The military’s concerns about family privacy can lead to tensions with the researcher’s need to define population and sample characteristics, as well as to obtain high response rates through systematic follow-up of potential survey respondents. Researchers may find an easier path to publication for research that sounds like “good news”, while research that seems like “bad news” may be suppressed, disguised, or managed in a variety of ways. Because of the complexities of military life and military family life it may be very useful to bring military personnel or veterans into your research group when developing and testing theories about military family life. ","PeriodicalId":92173,"journal":{"name":"Archives of psychology (Chicago, Ill.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76864966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aging is associated with changes in brain structure and function with some brain regions showing more age-related deterioration than others. There is evidence that regional changes in brain structure and function may affect the functioning of other, less- age-sensitive brain regions and lead to more global changes in brain efficiency and cognitive functioning. Fortunately, emerging evidence from health neuroscience suggests that age-related brain changes and associated cognitive declines may not be inevitable. In fact, they may even be reversible. Exercise is a particularly promising health behavior known to induce changes in regional brain structure and function in older adults. However, much less is known about how exercise affects the organization of brain networks in late life. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known to date regarding the relationships between functional connectivity, exercise, fitness, and physical activity in aging. A critical summary of this literature may reveal novel mechanisms by which physical activity influences brain health, which in turn may be leveraged to improve other aspects of functioning, including physical, cognitive, and mental health in late life.
{"title":"Exercise, Fitness and the Aging Brain: A Review of Functional Connectivity in Aging","authors":"C. Stillman, Shannon D. Donofry, K. Erickson","doi":"10.31296/AOP.V3I4.98","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31296/AOP.V3I4.98","url":null,"abstract":"Aging is associated with changes in brain structure and function with some brain regions showing more age-related deterioration than others. There is evidence that regional changes in brain structure and function may affect the functioning of other, less- age-sensitive brain regions and lead to more global changes in brain efficiency and cognitive functioning. Fortunately, emerging evidence from health neuroscience suggests that age-related brain changes and associated cognitive declines may not be inevitable. In fact, they may even be reversible. Exercise is a particularly promising health behavior known to induce changes in regional brain structure and function in older adults. However, much less is known about how exercise affects the organization of brain networks in late life. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known to date regarding the relationships between functional connectivity, exercise, fitness, and physical activity in aging. A critical summary of this literature may reveal novel mechanisms by which physical activity influences brain health, which in turn may be leveraged to improve other aspects of functioning, including physical, cognitive, and mental health in late life.","PeriodicalId":92173,"journal":{"name":"Archives of psychology (Chicago, Ill.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78489407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a self-report inventory, the “Emotion Scale”, conducted on the basis of Dabrowski’s theory (1964) to understand the emotional development of the gifted. Two subscales, “Emotional Functions” and “Emotional Cognition” were included with 26 items. The coefficients of internal consistency (Cronbach α =.769), stability(.657~.769) and the expert validity(.714~1.000) were well reported. The formal study included 123 mathematically gifted students and 132 regular students from senior high schools in Northern Taiwan. The participants were administered with three instruments: “The Emotion Scale”, “The Me Scale” (OEs Scale), and “The Basic Personality Inventory”. The research findings indicated that the gifted students had better emotional adjustment than the regular students on three scales. There was positive correlation (t=.33, p<.01) between the score of emotion development and the intellectual OE but negative correlation (-.14, p<.05) between the score of emotion development and Emotional OE. The significant negative correlation (-.49, p<.01) between the score of emotion development and the score of Basic Personality Inventory was also found. Through the Stepwise Regression analysis, the researchers found the intensive emotional Over-excitability(EOE) significantly predicted personal maladjustment. Teachers and parents of the gifted are suggested using “The Emotion Scale” and “The Me Scale” to understand the emotional needs of their students/children and provide at-risk students/children with differential guidance and counseling.
{"title":"The Correlations among Emotional Development, Over-excitabilities and Personal Maladjustment","authors":"Yu-pei Chang, C. Kuo","doi":"10.31296/AOP.V3I5.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31296/AOP.V3I5.112","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a self-report inventory, the “Emotion Scale”, conducted on the basis of Dabrowski’s theory (1964) to understand the emotional development of the gifted. Two subscales, “Emotional Functions” and “Emotional Cognition” were included with 26 items. The coefficients of internal consistency (Cronbach α =.769), stability(.657~.769) and the expert validity(.714~1.000) were well reported. The formal study included 123 mathematically gifted students and 132 regular students from senior high schools in Northern Taiwan. The participants were administered with three instruments: “The Emotion Scale”, “The Me Scale” (OEs Scale), and “The Basic Personality Inventory”. The research findings indicated that the gifted students had better emotional adjustment than the regular students on three scales. There was positive correlation (t=.33, p<.01) between the score of emotion development and the intellectual OE but negative correlation (-.14, p<.05) between the score of emotion development and Emotional OE. The significant negative correlation (-.49, p<.01) between the score of emotion development and the score of Basic Personality Inventory was also found. Through the Stepwise Regression analysis, the researchers found the intensive emotional Over-excitability(EOE) significantly predicted personal maladjustment. Teachers and parents of the gifted are suggested using “The Emotion Scale” and “The Me Scale” to understand the emotional needs of their students/children and provide at-risk students/children with differential guidance and counseling.","PeriodicalId":92173,"journal":{"name":"Archives of psychology (Chicago, Ill.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83894549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Brick, Andrew Caporaso, Douglas Williams, D. Cantor
Decisions on public policy can be affected if important segments of the population are systematically excluded from the data used to drive the decisions. In the US, Spanishspeakers make up an important subgroup that surveys conducted in English-only underrepresent. This subgroup differs in a variety of characteristics and they are less likely to respond to surveys in English-only. These factors lead to nonresponse biases that are problematic for survey estimates. For surveys conducted by mail, one solution is to include both English and Spanish materials in the survey package. For addresses in the US where Spanish-speakers are likely to be living, this approach is effective, but it still may omit some non-English-speakers. Traditionally, including both English and Spanish materials for addresses not identified as likely to have Spanish-speakers was considered problematic due to concerns of a backlash effect. The backlash effect is that predominantly English-speakers might respond at a lower rate because of the inclusion of Spanish materials. Prior research found no evidence of a backlash, but used a twophase approach with a short screener questionnaire to identify the eligible population for an education survey. In this paper, we report on experiments in two surveys that extend the previous research to criminal victimization and health communication single-phase surveys. These experiments test the effect of the inclusion of Spanish language materials for addresses not identified as likely to have Spanish-speakers. Our findings confirm most results of the previous research; however we find no substantial increase in Spanish-only participation when the materials are offered in both languages for addresses that are not likely to have Spanish-speakers. We offer some thoughts on these results and directions for future research, especially with respect to collecting data by the Internet.
{"title":"Reaching Spanish-Speakers in Self-Administered Surveys","authors":"J. Brick, Andrew Caporaso, Douglas Williams, D. Cantor","doi":"10.31296/AOP.V3I4.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31296/AOP.V3I4.101","url":null,"abstract":"Decisions on public policy can be affected if important segments of the population are systematically excluded from the data used to drive the decisions. In the US, Spanishspeakers make up an important subgroup that surveys conducted in English-only underrepresent. This subgroup differs in a variety of characteristics and they are less likely to respond to surveys in English-only. These factors lead to nonresponse biases that are problematic for survey estimates. For surveys conducted by mail, one solution is to include both English and Spanish materials in the survey package. For addresses in the US where Spanish-speakers are likely to be living, this approach is effective, but it still may omit some non-English-speakers. Traditionally, including both English and Spanish materials for addresses not identified as likely to have Spanish-speakers was considered problematic due to concerns of a backlash effect. The backlash effect is that predominantly English-speakers might respond at a lower rate because of the inclusion of Spanish materials. Prior research found no evidence of a backlash, but used a twophase approach with a short screener questionnaire to identify the eligible population for an education survey. In this paper, we report on experiments in two surveys that extend the previous research to criminal victimization and health communication single-phase surveys. These experiments test the effect of the inclusion of Spanish language materials for addresses not identified as likely to have Spanish-speakers. Our findings confirm most results of the previous research; however we find no substantial increase in Spanish-only participation when the materials are offered in both languages for addresses that are not likely to have Spanish-speakers. We offer some thoughts on these results and directions for future research, especially with respect to collecting data by the Internet.","PeriodicalId":92173,"journal":{"name":"Archives of psychology (Chicago, Ill.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91080407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Descriptive studies on the experiences of service users in psychiatric emergency wards are increasing. However, the experience of users throughout the whole psychiatric emergency procedure, the ‘patient journey’ from the moment of mental health crisis leading to admission in a psychiatric inpatient unit, has rarely been studied. This article aims to make a further contribution to this body of knowledge by not only describing the service-users’ journey but also shows whether and how that perspective is received by other stakeholders like healthcare professionals, family-members, police, representatives of the municipality and ambulance staff and representatives of the municipality, to jointly make action-plans for improvement. A responsive evaluation including interviews, focus groups and dialogue session with a transformative aim was conducted in a mixed team of researchers with and without experiential knowledge. Service users and other stakeholders agree on the main issues: the importance of contact; signaling; expropriation and earning freedom. However, proposed actions differed between users and professionals. Service users proposed relational actions to offer good care. Professionals recommended actions in response to issues of fragmentation and discontinuity. We conclude that responsive evaluation can help to create a more informed and kaleidoscopic view of the complexity of psychiatric emergency care. Therefore, we recommend that various actions need to be considered to meet the needs of service users better covering all phases of Tronto’s care ethical model: caring about, taking care, caring giving and care receiving.
{"title":"The Need for Making Contact in Times of Crisis","authors":"B. Groot, M. Vink, G. Schout, T. Abma","doi":"10.31296/aop.v3i3.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31296/aop.v3i3.99","url":null,"abstract":"Descriptive studies on the experiences of service users in psychiatric emergency wards are increasing. However, the experience of users throughout the whole psychiatric emergency procedure, the ‘patient journey’ from the moment of mental health crisis leading to admission in a psychiatric inpatient unit, has rarely been studied. This article aims to make a further contribution to this body of knowledge by not only describing the service-users’ journey but also shows whether and how that perspective is received by other stakeholders like healthcare professionals, family-members, police, representatives of the municipality and ambulance staff and representatives of the municipality, to jointly make action-plans for improvement. A responsive evaluation including interviews, focus groups and dialogue session with a transformative aim was conducted in a mixed team of researchers with and without experiential knowledge. Service users and other stakeholders agree on the main issues: the importance of contact; signaling; expropriation and earning freedom. However, proposed actions differed between users and professionals. Service users proposed relational actions to offer good care. Professionals recommended actions in response to issues of fragmentation and discontinuity. We conclude that responsive evaluation can help to create a more informed and kaleidoscopic view of the complexity of psychiatric emergency care. Therefore, we recommend that various actions need to be considered to meet the needs of service users better covering all phases of Tronto’s care ethical model: caring about, taking care, caring giving and care receiving.","PeriodicalId":92173,"journal":{"name":"Archives of psychology (Chicago, Ill.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77278108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The prevalence and seriousness of co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders are significant public health issues facing our communities. Individuals with co-occurring disorders have worse outcomes in important areas, including physical health, employment, incarceration, and housing, and are often more difficult to engage in effective treatment. Equally important, however, are the multiple examples of impressive recovery journeys for individuals with even the most severe co-occurring illnesses, often in collaboration with treatment providers who support that recovery. Implementation and sustainability of evidence-based practices, which are associated with improved outcomes in areas of hospitalization, incarceration, employment, and treatment engagement, is an individual recovery and policy imperative. Yet, the implementation of these complex practices involving multiple practitioners from different disciplines can be challenging for systems of care. Training, systemic changes, and fidelity monitoring can be components to enhance implementation. In one state, the implementation, support, and fidelity measurement of two multi-disciplinary practices for the treatment of co-disorders, Integrated Dual Disorder Treatment (IDDT) and Assertive Community Treatment (ACT), is studied. Iterative steps to implementation over a ten-year period are examined. Lessons learned for research, policy, and training of teams to assist people in achieving recovery are reviewed.
{"title":"Ten years of implementation: Assertive Community Treatment and Integrated Dual Disorder Treatment in a statewide system","authors":"Jennifer M. Harrison, H. Taylor","doi":"10.31296/AOP.V3I2.92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31296/AOP.V3I2.92","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence and seriousness of co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders are significant public health issues facing our communities. Individuals with co-occurring disorders have worse outcomes in important areas, including physical health, employment, incarceration, and housing, and are often more difficult to engage in effective treatment. Equally important, however, are the multiple examples of impressive recovery journeys for individuals with even the most severe co-occurring illnesses, often in collaboration with treatment providers who support that recovery. Implementation and sustainability of evidence-based practices, which are associated with improved outcomes in areas of hospitalization, incarceration, employment, and treatment engagement, is an individual recovery and policy imperative. Yet, the implementation of these complex practices involving multiple practitioners from different disciplines can be challenging for systems of care. Training, systemic changes, and fidelity monitoring can be components to enhance implementation. In one state, the implementation, support, and fidelity measurement of two multi-disciplinary practices for the treatment of co-disorders, Integrated Dual Disorder Treatment (IDDT) and Assertive Community Treatment (ACT), is studied. Iterative steps to implementation over a ten-year period are examined. Lessons learned for research, policy, and training of teams to assist people in achieving recovery are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":92173,"journal":{"name":"Archives of psychology (Chicago, Ill.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87776280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Concerns about how maternal employment affects the development of children continue to attract research attention. Most of the literature focuses on how maternal employment affects children’s behavioral development. However, some studies have examined the longer term impact of maternal employment on adolescent and young adult affective functioning, including risk of depression. The current study explored the relationship between maternal employment during four developmental stages and subsequent risk of depressive symptoms in young adulthood. The BDI-II, DIRI Personal Distress Scale, and measures assessing maternal employment history were administered to 452 undergraduates. Four 2 x 3 MANOVA (sex x maternal employment status [full-time, part-time, nonemployment] during the participants’ infancy, preschool years, elementary school years, and adolescence) were conducted to investigate the effect of maternal employment during each of the four stages of development on subsequent development of depressive symptoms and personal distress. A significant interaction effect showed that sons whose mothers were employed part-time during their infancy reported higher rates of subsequent depression on the BDI-II than those whose mothers were nonemployed or employed full-time. For both men and women, a history of part-time maternal employment during the child’s infancy was associated with reports of greater personal distress in young adulthood. Maternal employment during the other three developmental stages was not associated with significant differences in subsequent depression or personal distress.
{"title":"Early Maternal Employment and Children’s Later Depression: A Reverse Goldilocks Phenomenon","authors":"C. Chambliss","doi":"10.31296/AOP.V3I2.97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31296/AOP.V3I2.97","url":null,"abstract":"Concerns about how maternal employment affects the development of children continue to attract research attention. Most of the literature focuses on how maternal employment affects children’s behavioral development. However, some studies have examined the longer term impact of maternal employment on adolescent and young adult affective functioning, including risk of depression. The current study explored the relationship between maternal employment during four developmental stages and subsequent risk of depressive symptoms in young adulthood. The BDI-II, DIRI Personal Distress Scale, and measures assessing maternal employment history were administered to 452 undergraduates. Four 2 x 3 MANOVA (sex x maternal employment status [full-time, part-time, nonemployment] during the participants’ infancy, preschool years, elementary school years, and adolescence) were conducted to investigate the effect of maternal employment during each of the four stages of development on subsequent development of depressive symptoms and personal distress. A significant interaction effect showed that sons whose mothers were employed part-time during their infancy reported higher rates of subsequent depression on the BDI-II than those whose mothers were nonemployed or employed full-time. For both men and women, a history of part-time maternal employment during the child’s infancy was associated with reports of greater personal distress in young adulthood. Maternal employment during the other three developmental stages was not associated with significant differences in subsequent depression or personal distress.","PeriodicalId":92173,"journal":{"name":"Archives of psychology (Chicago, Ill.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88262829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We use a modified dictator experiment to examine subjects’ willingness to pay for a ‘fair’ outcome and how this is influenced by social efficiency. We find that subjects exhibit a downward-sloping demand for the fair outcome that increases when the fair outcome is socially efficient and decreases with the experimental stakes. Because a subject’s relative emphasis on payoff maximization, fairness and social efficiency may likely be related to personality type, we add controls for personality preferences as measured by the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). This also allows for a more precise examination of gender effects. We find that personality preferences are important determinants of decision making. Controlling for personality preferences, we find that women are more likely to choose the fair outcome then men. This effect is particularly strong when the unequal payoff outcome favors the (passive) responder.
{"title":"The Demand for ‘Fair’ Outcomes: An Experimental Study of Payoff Maximization, Social Efficiency, Fairness, Gender, and Personality Type","authors":"John Cadigan, Pamela M. Schmitt, Kurtis J. Swope","doi":"10.31296/AOP.V3I1.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31296/AOP.V3I1.89","url":null,"abstract":" \u0000We use a modified dictator experiment to examine subjects’ willingness to pay for a ‘fair’ outcome and how this is influenced by social efficiency. We find that subjects exhibit a downward-sloping demand for the fair outcome that increases when the fair outcome is socially efficient and decreases with the experimental stakes. Because a subject’s relative emphasis on payoff maximization, fairness and social efficiency may likely be related to personality type, we add controls for personality preferences as measured by the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). This also allows for a more precise examination of gender effects. We find that personality preferences are important determinants of decision making. Controlling for personality preferences, we find that women are more likely to choose the fair outcome then men. This effect is particularly strong when the unequal payoff outcome favors the (passive) responder. ","PeriodicalId":92173,"journal":{"name":"Archives of psychology (Chicago, Ill.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90946185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：