Israel journal of psychiatry最新文献

Introduction: This study investigated the long-term effects of different traumatic environments on adolescents. Environments were characterized by different threats that varied in predictability, duration, and the extent to which the threat can be defended against. The research examined: 1) Jerusalem during the Second Intifada (2001-2004), 2) Israel's northern cities during the Second Lebanon War (2006), and 3) cities that suffered neither the suicide bombings (that occurred in Jerusalem) nor the rocket bombardments (that occurred in the north).

Method: Data was collected from surveys administered to 115 subjects aged 19-28 who were adolescents in the aforementioned cities at the relevant times but were not directly affected by terror. Participants were administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) and the Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R).

Results: No significant differences were found between subjects who lived in different traumatic environments as adolescents in levels of depression, posttraumatic symptoms (PTS) or posttraumatic growth (PTG). In fact, a pattern in the data indicates that adolescents in Jerusalem were less negatively impacted by their environment than were the other groups, even though Jerusalem experienced an unpredictable threat that could not be defended against, a chronic chaotic environment.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that the effects of a chronic chaotic environment did not produce significantly more symptoms than other environments when examined several years later. Reactions to terror, including parental attitude towards adolescents' daily routine, are also discussed.

Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by self-induced malnutrition, affecting body image, mood, cognition and survival. Tyrosine, an essential amino acid is the precursor of catecholamines. The use of tyrosine to treat AN is based on experiments on diet restricted mice, in which it increased food consumption, improved cognitive function and elevated brain catecholamines. We evaluated the effect of oral tyrosine administration on the cognition and emotional state of patients with AN. We hypothesized that tyrosine may improve cognitive function without changing body weight, thus "kick-start" nutritional rehabilitation.

Methods: 19 female hospitalized patients with chronic AN were supplemented with L-tyrosine (100 mg/kg/day)/ placebo capsules for a three-week period in a double blind, randomized, cross-over study. Participants were evaluated cognitively and psychologically.

Results: Tyrosine shortened reaction time and test duration in memory tasks and improved depressive mood. No side effects were noted with the use of tyrosine.

Conclusions: Tyrosine may improve cognitive function and psychological traits associated with AN.

Introduction: This study examined three theoretical models of the relationship between depressive symptoms and somatic complaints among Bedouin Arab and Jewish college/university students in Israel. The functional model suggests that somatic complaints may precede depressive symptoms; the affect-dysregulation model suggests that depressive symptoms may precede somatic complaints; and the sociocultural model suggests that depressive symptoms are strongly linked to somatic complaints mainly in Western cultural contexts.

Method: One hundred and ninety individuals participated in the study, including 89 Bedouin Arab students and 101 Jewish students. Two assessment waves, one year apart, were employed. Participants completed measures regarding depression, somatic complaints and demographics.

Results: Bedouin Arabs reported higher levels of both depression (Time 1 and Time 2) and somatization (only Time 1) as compared to Jewish students. A multiple-group, cross-lagged SEM analysis provided support for the functional model among the Bedouin Arab and Jewish student: Somatic complaints prospectively predicted depression in both groups. However, support for the affect-dysregulation model was found only among the Bedouin Arab students, among whom depression prospectively predicted somatic complaints.

Conclusions: This study highlights cultural/ethnic similarities concerning the functional model and the cross-sectional associations between depression and somatization. However, these findings also underscore ethnic differences concerning the affect-dysregulation model.

Background: The Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), originally written in English, is used to screen for and help diagnose eating disorders (EDs). The purpose of this study was to test a Hebrew version for structural validity, for convergent validity, and screening properties in a non-clinical community sample in Israel.

Method: The EDE-Q was translated into Hebrew, with permission, and administered online with other well-used self-report instruments to 292 community volunteers (18% male).

Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses largely confirmed the original factor structure, although weight and shape concerns converged into a single factor. Results indicate good convergent validity and screening properties.

Conclusions: The favorable psychometric properties of the EDE-Q found in this study add the Hebrew version to a growing list of EDE-Q translations valid in diverse cultures. This important instrument is now available to Israeli clinicians and researchers and should be used and further explored with larger and more diverse populations.

Introduction: Due to social and emotional changes alongside the cognitive and logical changes in adolescence, alterations occur in the adolescent's communication with family and friends in this period, and social support assumes greater importance.

Methods: From each of the two middle and high schools in the Ilkadim district of Samsun, a total 688 students were employed by a two-stage sampling method in this cross-sectional study. The data were collected from sociodemographic information, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and Future Expectations Scale for Adolescents (FESA) questionnaires distributed under the supervision of guidance counselors in these schools between December 2014 and February 2015. The Mann- Whitney U test and Spearman's Rank Correlation were used for statistical analysis. The significance level was accepted as p<0.05 for all tests.

Results: In the study group, MSPSS Family subscale had a stronger correlational relationship with all the BSI subscales including global indices and also with total score of FESA and subscales with the exception of the Marriage and Family subscale than the other two MSPSS subscales. There were moderate negative correlation between scores of MSPSS and BSI, and a low-moderate positive correlation was observed between total MSPSS and FESA scores of adolescents. The results demonstrated that adolescents who exercise regularly and avoid smoking and alcohol have higher perceptions of social support.

Conclusion: Perceived social support from family may be more effective than perceived social support from friends or a significant other in the development of psychological well-being and positive future expectations of Turkish adolescents.

Background: The aim of the current study was to investigate whether the percentage of the discharge weight relative to recommended target weight (PFTW) during inpatient treatment predicts re-hospitalization in adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method: 51 hospitalized adolescents with AN were weighed and completed self-reports on admission and discharge. We examined reports regarding rehospitalization within the first year after discharge.

Results: 19 patients (37.25%) required re-hospitalization. The proportion of the actual discharge weight relative to target weight (PFTW), previous re-hospitalizations and parental marital status were found to be significant predictors of re-hospitalization.

Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of discharge weight relative to target weight (PFTW) for long-term outcome. Failure to obtain discharge target weight is a significant predictor of re-hospitalization in adolescent AN.

Introduction: Bacterial meningitis is a severe disease with high morbidity. Many medical conditions are known to be associated with meningitis including Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The goal of the present study was to examine the frequency of ADHD in children who had had bacterial meningitis. An additional goal was to assess the odds ratio for ADHD in children who had had meningitis and children who had not had it.

Methods: The sample comprised 60 children who had had meningitis in the first year of their lives and 60 control children who had not had the disease. ADHD was assessed through the structural clinical interviews with parents according to the criteria set in DSM-IV.

Results: The total frequency of ADHD in children who had had meningitis was 62%, as compared to 5% in children who had not had the disease. The odds ratio for developing ADHD was 30.5 (95% CI = 8.5 to 109) in favor of children in the meningitis group.

Conclusion: Meningitis is a significant risk factor for developing ADHD later in childhood. Children who had meningitis need to be monitored for timely detecting and treating ADHD symptoms.

December 2015 and March 2016 issues of the American Journal of Psychiatry contain a debate focusing on the legacy of Emil Kraepelin, widely considered one of the founders if not the iconic founder of modern scientific psychiatry. The authors, Eric J. Engstrom and Kenneth S. Kendler, challenge the so-called neo-Kraepelinian view of Kraepelin and argue that the true, historical Kraepelin was far more inclined towards scientific psychology, less reductionist and brain-centric, and more skeptical nosologically than his later followers apparently believe. Commenting upon this paper, Rael D. Strous, Annette A. Opler, and Lewis A. Opler do not question these claims per se, but rather recall and emphasize historical facts that the paper regrettably omitted: Kraepelin's avid promotion of degeneration theory, eugenics, racism, and anti-Semitism as well as his mentoring of several of the most prominent Nazi-collaborating psychiatrists. Strous, Opler and Opler go on to suggest that it is now time for psychiatry to unburden itself of any iconic indebtedness to Kraepelin. The authors of the current paper agree, and propose to replace Kraepelin with the psychiatrist Karl Jaspers, MD (1883-1969) as the proper iconic founder of present-day and future psychiatry. Acknowledging our debt to Jaspers can usher in a fully humanistic and scientific psychiatric practice that can flourish as a medical discipline that is respectful of and of service to patients, beneficial for research, multiperspectival and methodologically pluralistic.

Background: The study deals with particular kinds of eating habits that are unusual, not focused on weight, different from eating disorders, and not pathological. They are characterized by features such as the kind, amount, manner and style of eating that deviate from the common ones in their family or culture. They would be included today under the DSM- 5 categories of Avoidant restricting food intake disorder (AR-FID), and unspecified feeding or eating disorders (USFED). The question was whether they are mild forms of eating disorders or an independent set of behaviors. The objective was to examine to which extent these atypical eating behaviors may be subsumed under the diagnostic category of eating disorders by testing their scores on the Cognitive Orientation Questionnaire of Eating Disorders (CO-ED), which is a measure of the general tendency for eating disorders.

Methods: The sample included 250 high school students (120 boys, 130 girls), 16-18 years old. They were administered the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), the Eccentric Eating Habits (EEH) questionnaire and the Cognitive Orientation of Eating Disorders (CO-ED).

Results: EAT-26 and EEH were uncorrelated. High scorers on the EAT-26 scored higher than high and low scorers on EEH in several variables of the CO-ED. High and low scorers on EEH differed in most variables of the CO-ED.

Conclusions: EEH is manifestation of the general tendency for eating disorders but differs from eating disorders and may be considered as an independent manifestation of eating disorders.