Pub Date : 2023-02-16DOI: 10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18073
Nwanguma Eberechi, N. Johnkennedy, Azuike Chioma Gladys, Dunga Excel Kingsley, M. Akram
Bioenergetics is concerned with the energy and energy supply in biological systems. Aging decreases bioenergetic capacity and the body's capacity to respond to stress; in other words, vitality falls at both the cellular and organismal levels. Aging is a physiological changes that occur gradually over time and result in senescence in an organism, or a loss in biological processes and an organism's capacity to respond to metabolic stress. As a result, function gradually declines and individuals become more vulnerable to diseases associated with aging. Therefore, some theories of aging are x rayed.
{"title":"Perspective of Bioenergetics Theory of Aging","authors":"Nwanguma Eberechi, N. Johnkennedy, Azuike Chioma Gladys, Dunga Excel Kingsley, M. Akram","doi":"10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18073","url":null,"abstract":"Bioenergetics is concerned with the energy and energy supply in biological systems. Aging decreases bioenergetic capacity and the body's capacity to respond to stress; in other words, vitality falls at both the cellular and organismal levels. Aging is a physiological changes that occur gradually over time and result in senescence in an organism, or a loss in biological processes and an organism's capacity to respond to metabolic stress. As a result, function gradually declines and individuals become more vulnerable to diseases associated with aging. Therefore, some theories of aging are x rayed.","PeriodicalId":92230,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biology and nature","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48202643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-15DOI: 10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18072
N. Johnkennedy, Njoku-Obi Treasure, Dunga Kingsley Excel
Traveler's disease is any illness that develops as a direct result of traveling. There are several illnesses that are regarded as Traveler's diseases, with diarrhea, malaria, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and yellow fever being some of the most dreaded. And although some may only have minor or no symptoms, others, if unchecked, can be fatal. The sources of Traveler's disease differ due to the great variety of illnesses that are related to travel. Typical sources of illnesses brought on by travel include: being bitten by a mosquito, tick, or other creature that is infected, ingesting improperly prepared meals and beverages, such as unpasteurized dairy products, raw or undercooked meats, fruit or vegetable peels, well or tap water, or filthy salad, exposure to disease-infected people, improper use of drugs intended to prevent particular disorders, inadequate hygiene and not obtaining the necessary immunizations. Particularly individuals who have visited regions of the world where specific infectious diseases are common may get sick when they return home. Traveler's disease can cause a variety of symptoms, such as fever, rashes, diarrhea, vomiting, and muscle aches. Destinations that were previously solely accessible to soldiers, missionaries, and explorers became popular with regular western travelers. The rise in this kind of travel exposes people to health hazards that are largely unheard of in the west. Numerous illnesses are connected to travel.
{"title":"Perspective of Travellers' Diseases: A Review","authors":"N. Johnkennedy, Njoku-Obi Treasure, Dunga Kingsley Excel","doi":"10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18072","url":null,"abstract":"Traveler's disease is any illness that develops as a direct result of traveling. There are several illnesses that are regarded as Traveler's diseases, with diarrhea, malaria, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and yellow fever being some of the most dreaded. And although some may only have minor or no symptoms, others, if unchecked, can be fatal. The sources of Traveler's disease differ due to the great variety of illnesses that are related to travel. Typical sources of illnesses brought on by travel include: being bitten by a mosquito, tick, or other creature that is infected, ingesting improperly prepared meals and beverages, such as unpasteurized dairy products, raw or undercooked meats, fruit or vegetable peels, well or tap water, or filthy salad, exposure to disease-infected people, improper use of drugs intended to prevent particular disorders, inadequate hygiene and not obtaining the necessary immunizations. Particularly individuals who have visited regions of the world where specific infectious diseases are common may get sick when they return home. Traveler's disease can cause a variety of symptoms, such as fever, rashes, diarrhea, vomiting, and muscle aches. Destinations that were previously solely accessible to soldiers, missionaries, and explorers became popular with regular western travelers. The rise in this kind of travel exposes people to health hazards that are largely unheard of in the west. Numerous illnesses are connected to travel.","PeriodicalId":92230,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biology and nature","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45555632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-04DOI: 10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18065
Nisha Pyngrope, E. Akila, V. Narayanaswamy, N. Pruthvi, K. Srilatha
The current research examined at the histological investigation, physiological evaluation, and phytochemical screening of Codiauem variegatum stem bark extracts. Codiauem variegatum extracts were prepared in ethanol, aqueous, chloroform, and pet ether. Carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, glycosides such as saponins and flavonoids, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, and steroids are found in phytochemical screening. The physiological analysis reveals 7.5% W/W ash value, 0.49%W/W acid insoluble ash, and 5.5 W/W water insoluble ash, 7.4% W/W loss of drying, extractive value of 0.7 % W/W pet ether extract, 0.8% W/W chloroform extract, 3.8% W/W ethanol extract, 2.8% W/W and water. The antimicrobial properties of Codiauem variegatum stem bark against two gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms were investigated in this study. Codiauem variegatum stem bark extracts were produced in ethanol, aqueous, chloroform, and pet ether. The antimicrobial activity of several extracts was evaluated and observed against bacteria, specifically Escherichia coli. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Lactobacillus were tested using the well plate method for the size of the zone of inhibition and the minimal inhibition method, and the maximum and minimum concentrations were evaluated.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Stem Bark of Codiauem variegatum Using Two Gram-positive and Two Gram-negative Bacteria","authors":"Nisha Pyngrope, E. Akila, V. Narayanaswamy, N. Pruthvi, K. Srilatha","doi":"10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18065","url":null,"abstract":"The current research examined at the histological investigation, physiological evaluation, and phytochemical screening of Codiauem variegatum stem bark extracts. Codiauem variegatum extracts were prepared in ethanol, aqueous, chloroform, and pet ether. Carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, glycosides such as saponins and flavonoids, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, and steroids are found in phytochemical screening. The physiological analysis reveals 7.5% W/W ash value, 0.49%W/W acid insoluble ash, and 5.5 W/W water insoluble ash, 7.4% W/W loss of drying, extractive value of 0.7 % W/W pet ether extract, 0.8% W/W chloroform extract, 3.8% W/W ethanol extract, 2.8% W/W and water. The antimicrobial properties of Codiauem variegatum stem bark against two gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms were investigated in this study. Codiauem variegatum stem bark extracts were produced in ethanol, aqueous, chloroform, and pet ether. The antimicrobial activity of several extracts was evaluated and observed against bacteria, specifically Escherichia coli. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Lactobacillus were tested using the well plate method for the size of the zone of inhibition and the minimal inhibition method, and the maximum and minimum concentrations were evaluated.","PeriodicalId":92230,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biology and nature","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48118971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-04DOI: 10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18068
C. Marchiori
The larvae of the Acroceridae family are heteromorphic parasitoids (endoparasitoids) of several spiders miless and mites are the common designation analyzed animals belonging to the Acari subclasse da class and their images show great morphological variation. They are most commonly llected when a spider from the field is brought into captivity. The aim of this paper is to gather more information about the biology of the Family Acroceridae. The bibliographic search used the following databases: Biological Abstract (https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/biological-abstracts), Academia.edu (https://www.academia.edu/), Researchgate (https://www.researchgate.net/) and Frontiers (http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/). The articles were published in 2002. to 2022 in indexed scientific research, book scientific chapters, theses banks, university dissertations, national and international scientific articles, scientific journals, documents and even in general journals when considered of interest.
{"title":"Family Acroceridae (Insecta: Diptera) as Parasitoids of Spiders (Arthropoda: Arachnida)","authors":"C. Marchiori","doi":"10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18068","url":null,"abstract":"The larvae of the Acroceridae family are heteromorphic parasitoids (endoparasitoids) of several spiders miless and mites are the common designation analyzed animals belonging to the Acari subclasse da class and their images show great morphological variation. They are most commonly llected when a spider from the field is brought into captivity. The aim of this paper is to gather more information about the biology of the Family Acroceridae. The bibliographic search used the following databases: Biological Abstract (https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/biological-abstracts), Academia.edu (https://www.academia.edu/), Researchgate (https://www.researchgate.net/) and Frontiers (http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/). The articles were published in 2002. to 2022 in indexed scientific research, book scientific chapters, theses banks, university dissertations, national and international scientific articles, scientific journals, documents and even in general journals when considered of interest.","PeriodicalId":92230,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biology and nature","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42141077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-04DOI: 10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18054
Y. Jassim, H. Chabuk, Zahraa A. N. Al-Yassiry
Soil is the upper layer of the Earth's crust that has been altered by weathering, physical/chemical, and biological processes. It is made up of mineral particles, organic matter, water, air, and living organisms that are organised in genetic soil horizons. Different soils represent the effects of the various underlying factors in their formation, and as their physicochemical characteristics shift along different axes (surface and subsurface horizons), variability exists from site to site and within a given site in the range of micro niches. Such strange characteristics convert/transform soils into a composite of very diverse ecosystems, making its study difficult because very diverse communities can coexist in a very small scale of the same sample. Soil organisms involve macro/megafauna, mesofauna, and microfauna/flora, and despite accounting for less than 1% of the total mass of a soil, they play critical functional roles in maintaining the soil ecosystem. This study describes various approaches to structural and functional characterising key soil microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, plant growth promoting bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizas, and nematodes.
{"title":"Soil Microorganisms: Characteristics, Importance and their Functional Role","authors":"Y. Jassim, H. Chabuk, Zahraa A. N. Al-Yassiry","doi":"10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18054","url":null,"abstract":"Soil is the upper layer of the Earth's crust that has been altered by weathering, physical/chemical, and biological processes. It is made up of mineral particles, organic matter, water, air, and living organisms that are organised in genetic soil horizons. Different soils represent the effects of the various underlying factors in their formation, and as their physicochemical characteristics shift along different axes (surface and subsurface horizons), variability exists from site to site and within a given site in the range of micro niches. Such strange characteristics convert/transform soils into a composite of very diverse ecosystems, making its study difficult because very diverse communities can coexist in a very small scale of the same sample. Soil organisms involve macro/megafauna, mesofauna, and microfauna/flora, and despite accounting for less than 1% of the total mass of a soil, they play critical functional roles in maintaining the soil ecosystem. This study describes various approaches to structural and functional characterising key soil microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, plant growth promoting bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizas, and nematodes.","PeriodicalId":92230,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biology and nature","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45704883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-03DOI: 10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18050
H. Emenike, O. Emenalom, N. O. Aladi, I. Ogbuewu, N. Okehie
Cassava peels are produced widely in Nigeria as agro waste. The cassava peel meal, contain very little amount of protein that possibly can be enhanced by blending with higher protein milling by-products and agro wastes before ensiling. Little or no data are available on the use of ensiled cassava peel based composite meal (ECP-BCM) produced by blending and ensiling wet cassava peel meal, palm kernel meal and fresh battery cage layers droppings in poultry nutrition. The effect of blending a 7:2:1 wet cassava peels meal, palm kernel meal and fresh battery cage layers droppings and ensiling for 0, 7 and 14 days on broiler performance carcass yield and litter quality was examined. In the experiment, 50%; of ECP-BCM of 0, 7 and 14 days were substituted for maize in nutritionally-balanced diets fed 0 - 56 day of age. The ECP-BCM diets caused slight reductions in growth at 28 day of age; but by 56 day broilers fed 50% ECP-BCM diets had similar weights to birds fed the control diets. Feed intake increased significantly (p<0.05) with the 50% cassava peel based composite meals. Feed conversion ratios were significantly (p<0.05) poor with cassava peel based composite meals irrespective of the ensiling period. Carcass yield decreased significantly (p<0.05) only in 14 day ECP-BCM group. Litter moisture decreased with the composite meals (ECP-BCM) but values were not significantly (p<0.05) less than control. Blending and ensiling a ratio of 7:2:1 wet cassava peels meal, palm kernel meal and fresh battery cage layers’ droppings enhanced its nutritive value and allowed for successful use of 50% in broiler diets.
{"title":"Performance, Carcass Yield and Litter Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Differently Ensiled Cassava Peels-Based Composite Meal Diets","authors":"H. Emenike, O. Emenalom, N. O. Aladi, I. Ogbuewu, N. Okehie","doi":"10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18050","url":null,"abstract":"Cassava peels are produced widely in Nigeria as agro waste. The cassava peel meal, contain very little amount of protein that possibly can be enhanced by blending with higher protein milling by-products and agro wastes before ensiling. Little or no data are available on the use of ensiled cassava peel based composite meal (ECP-BCM) produced by blending and ensiling wet cassava peel meal, palm kernel meal and fresh battery cage layers droppings in poultry nutrition. The effect of blending a 7:2:1 wet cassava peels meal, palm kernel meal and fresh battery cage layers droppings and ensiling for 0, 7 and 14 days on broiler performance carcass yield and litter quality was examined. In the experiment, 50%; of ECP-BCM of 0, 7 and 14 days were substituted for maize in nutritionally-balanced diets fed 0 - 56 day of age. The ECP-BCM diets caused slight reductions in growth at 28 day of age; but by 56 day broilers fed 50% ECP-BCM diets had similar weights to birds fed the control diets. Feed intake increased significantly (p<0.05) with the 50% cassava peel based composite meals. Feed conversion ratios were significantly (p<0.05) poor with cassava peel based composite meals irrespective of the ensiling period. Carcass yield decreased significantly (p<0.05) only in 14 day ECP-BCM group. Litter moisture decreased with the composite meals (ECP-BCM) but values were not significantly (p<0.05) less than control. Blending and ensiling a ratio of 7:2:1 wet cassava peels meal, palm kernel meal and fresh battery cage layers’ droppings enhanced its nutritive value and allowed for successful use of 50% in broiler diets.","PeriodicalId":92230,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biology and nature","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45600698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-30DOI: 10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18049
M. Thangaraj
Here, the RuBisCO protein of the green seaweed, Ulva fasciata was selected to characterize the physicochemical properties and find out the three-dimensional structure that is not available in any structural database. Physicochemical characterization was performed by Expasy’s Protparam server. The computed theoretical isoelectric point (pI) is 5.82 which indicates the acidic property and the aliphatic index of 78.48 shows heat stability. The GRAVY value is -0.263 reflects the protein is hydrophilic and water-soluble. SOPMA was used to predict the secondary structure and 40.50% of residues were form the alpha helix, 20.04% formed extended structure, 11.18% forms beta turn and 28.27% forms random coil structure. The modeling of the 3D structure was performed by the Swiss model and the model was validated by PROCHECK and QMEAN.
{"title":"In silico Analysis and Homology Modelling of Ribulose-1, 5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/ Oxygenase in Green Seaweed, Ulva fasciata","authors":"M. Thangaraj","doi":"10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56557/joban/2023/v15i18049","url":null,"abstract":"Here, the RuBisCO protein of the green seaweed, Ulva fasciata was selected to characterize the physicochemical properties and find out the three-dimensional structure that is not available in any structural database. Physicochemical characterization was performed by Expasy’s Protparam server. The computed theoretical isoelectric point (pI) is 5.82 which indicates the acidic property and the aliphatic index of 78.48 shows heat stability. The GRAVY value is -0.263 reflects the protein is hydrophilic and water-soluble. SOPMA was used to predict the secondary structure and 40.50% of residues were form the alpha helix, 20.04% formed extended structure, 11.18% forms beta turn and 28.27% forms random coil structure. The modeling of the 3D structure was performed by the Swiss model and the model was validated by PROCHECK and QMEAN.","PeriodicalId":92230,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biology and nature","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45733248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.56557/joban/2022/v14i28029
C. Marchiori
The Heloridae Family individuals of this family are solitary, endoparasitoids of Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) larvae, and use the cocoon created by the host to complete their cycle. This short communication aims to report the biological and taxonomic characteristics of the Family Heloridae (Insecta: Hymenoptera). For Short Commination, the bibliographic search used the following databases: Biological Abstract (https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/biological-abstracts), Academia.edu (https://www.academia.edu/), ResearchGate (https://www.researchgate.net/) and Frontiers (http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/) during November 2022 to December 2022. The articles were published from 1972 to 2022 in indexed scientific research, book scientific chapters, theses banks, university dissertations, national and international scientific articles, scientific journals, documents and even in general journals when considered of interest. The main terms used were: Hymenoptera Parasitic, parasitoid, hosts and microhymenopterans.
{"title":"SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HELORIDAE FAMILY (INSECTA: HYMENOPTERA)","authors":"C. Marchiori","doi":"10.56557/joban/2022/v14i28029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56557/joban/2022/v14i28029","url":null,"abstract":"The Heloridae Family individuals of this family are solitary, endoparasitoids of Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) larvae, and use the cocoon created by the host to complete their cycle. This short communication aims to report the biological and taxonomic characteristics of the Family Heloridae (Insecta: Hymenoptera). For Short Commination, the bibliographic search used the following databases: Biological Abstract (https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/biological-abstracts), Academia.edu (https://www.academia.edu/), ResearchGate (https://www.researchgate.net/) and Frontiers (http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/) during November 2022 to December 2022. The articles were published from 1972 to 2022 in indexed scientific research, book scientific chapters, theses banks, university dissertations, national and international scientific articles, scientific journals, documents and even in general journals when considered of interest. The main terms used were: Hymenoptera Parasitic, parasitoid, hosts and microhymenopterans.","PeriodicalId":92230,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biology and nature","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42225674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.56557/joban/2022/v14i28033
N. Johnkennedy, Dunga Excel Kingsley, Muhammad Akram, Nwanguma Eberechi, Azuike Chioma Gladys
A vaccine is a substance that boosts the immune system's defenses against disease. Most vaccines are given by needle injection, although some can also be taken by mouth or sprayed into the nose. The majority of vaccines have been in use for many years, and every year millions of individuals receive them safely. Every vaccine, like other pharmaceuticals, must undergo thorough and stringent testing to guarantee its safety before being included in a nation's vaccination program. The best antigen to employ to elicit an immune response must first be determined for each vaccination that is currently being developed. There are no human tests conducted during this preclinical stage. To gauge the safety and disease-prevention potential of an investigational vaccination, animals are used for the initial testing.
{"title":"TRENDS IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW ARTICLE","authors":"N. Johnkennedy, Dunga Excel Kingsley, Muhammad Akram, Nwanguma Eberechi, Azuike Chioma Gladys","doi":"10.56557/joban/2022/v14i28033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56557/joban/2022/v14i28033","url":null,"abstract":"A vaccine is a substance that boosts the immune system's defenses against disease. Most vaccines are given by needle injection, although some can also be taken by mouth or sprayed into the nose. The majority of vaccines have been in use for many years, and every year millions of individuals receive them safely. Every vaccine, like other pharmaceuticals, must undergo thorough and stringent testing to guarantee its safety before being included in a nation's vaccination program. The best antigen to employ to elicit an immune response must first be determined for each vaccination that is currently being developed. There are no human tests conducted during this preclinical stage. To gauge the safety and disease-prevention potential of an investigational vaccination, animals are used for the initial testing.","PeriodicalId":92230,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biology and nature","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41320859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.56557/joban/2022/v14i28043
Tamirat Teshome, Girma Kabtamu
Land productivity is described as biological productive capacity of a land used as source of food, fiber and fuel to sustain human needs. Land degradation is one of global challenges of our time resulting to food insecurity and migration of people due to lack of inappropriate land use plan and management practices. Sustainable forest land scape restoration interventions can improve land productivity in meeting for Sustainable Development Goal-15. Study was conducted to analyze dynamics of land productivity in terms of net primary production on six land use and cover class from 2001-2015 using secondary information from Global Earth Trend Observation under Praise-3 portal of UNCCD. Ethiopia has total land mass of 1,119,715.5 km2. The dynamics of land productivity net primary production on six different land use and land cover class were analyzed from baseline year 2000 to target year 2015. The analyses of land productivity change from 2000-2015 showed that a land mass 204,462.9 km2 accounting 18.26% was improved, while, 328,213 km2 accounting 29.31% was degraded and land mass of 555,726.8 km2 accounting 49.63% was remained stable. Result indicated that specifically tree-covered area exhibited the highest productive land by 85,126.99km2, while the least land improvement was exhibited on artificial land by 95.40 km2. Similarly, grass land exhibited the highest stable land by 97,547.88 km2, while the least was exhibited on water bodies by 184.90km2. On the other hand, grass land exhibited the highest stressed land by 97,547.88 km2, while the least was exhibited by water body 184.90km2. Grass land exhibited the highest declined land by 37,936.88 km2, while the least was exhibited on artificial land by 98.88km2. Even though; Ethiopia has made progressive land restoration intervention through sustainable forest/land management, the proportion of improved land is 18.26% which is much lower than the area proportionally degraded by 29.31%. There was fast trend of urbanization in rural area with drastic population growth where large area is being under pressure due to degradation which implies more efforts is needed in reversing land degradation and increase the productivity for increasing the biological and economic return from land. Therefore; additional sustainable forest management strategies and programs are needed to be put in place to bring more land under improved in productivity in line with meeting the national land degradation neutrality targets of Ethiopia by 2030; that ultimately reverse land degradation and combat desertification.
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