Pub Date : 2021-10-31DOI: 10.24203/ajafs.v10i5.6767
N. Ilelaboye, Ede Dorathy Amuche, Iwunze Nnaemeka
This study investigated the morphological characteristics, and chemical composition of Archachatina marginata (African Giant Land Snail) reared on Quail droppings meal (QDM.) substituted for protein sources in snail feed. Five trial snail feeds (Diet I-V) were fed to fifty snails (average weight 157.3 g) for 12 weeks. The morphological characteristics of the snail and its flesh and haemolymph chemical composition were determined using standard methods. There was an appreciable increase in the growth parameters (weight, shell width and shell length) across the treatment groups. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) ranges from 2.74 to 3.75, and snails served Diet I gave the highest FCR. The result of the proximate analysis revealed that snail flesh possessed a higher amount of protein, fat, ash, fibre and energy except carbohydrate than hemolymph. Increasing QDM in the diets increased the proximate contents of the snail's flesh and hemolymph, except fat and fibre. The minerals found in all the treatments are not toxic, and snails fed diet V possessed the highest mineral contents (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and phosphorus). The result showed that diet V resulted in the best morphological parameters and feed utilisation of A. marginata snail. Substituting protein sources with QDM in snail feed improved the nutritional quality of snails, reducing the cost of the compounded ration.
{"title":"Morphological Characteristics and Chemical Composition of Flesh and Haemolymph of Snails Fed Compounded Diet using Quail Droppings Meal as Protein Source","authors":"N. Ilelaboye, Ede Dorathy Amuche, Iwunze Nnaemeka","doi":"10.24203/ajafs.v10i5.6767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24203/ajafs.v10i5.6767","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the morphological characteristics, and chemical composition of Archachatina marginata (African Giant Land Snail) reared on Quail droppings meal (QDM.) substituted for protein sources in snail feed. Five trial snail feeds (Diet I-V) were fed to fifty snails (average weight 157.3 g) for 12 weeks. The morphological characteristics of the snail and its flesh and haemolymph chemical composition were determined using standard methods. There was an appreciable increase in the growth parameters (weight, shell width and shell length) across the treatment groups. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) ranges from 2.74 to 3.75, and snails served Diet I gave the highest FCR. The result of the proximate analysis revealed that snail flesh possessed a higher amount of protein, fat, ash, fibre and energy except carbohydrate than hemolymph. Increasing QDM in the diets increased the proximate contents of the snail's flesh and hemolymph, except fat and fibre. The minerals found in all the treatments are not toxic, and snails fed diet V possessed the highest mineral contents (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and phosphorus). The result showed that diet V resulted in the best morphological parameters and feed utilisation of A. marginata snail. Substituting protein sources with QDM in snail feed improved the nutritional quality of snails, reducing the cost of the compounded ration.","PeriodicalId":92332,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agriculture and food science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48771768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-31DOI: 10.24203/ajafs.v10i5.6796
C. Nguyen Van, N. V. Vân, Tào Ngọc Tuấn, D. Dieu, P. H. Thành, Phung Thi Hay, N. Cuong
In recent years, some viral diseases have been increasing in the tobacco-growing regions of Vietnam and cause serious damage to the tobacco yield and quality. If it has not an effective control, viral diseases will injure seriously in the tobacco field in next time. To control the effect of viral diseases, study use of some antiviral virucides is necessary on tobacco plants. In 2021, Vietnam Tobacco Institute experimented with the effective control of Ditacin 8SL, Sat 4SL, and Exin 4.5SC for TMV, CMV, PVY, and TNRV on the tobacco field in Bac Giang province. Results of the study show the antiviral agents are effective in the control of the virus disease on tobacco. When only spray Ditacin 8SL, effective prevention for viral diseases ranges from 22.4 - 30.3%; Sat 4SL: 5.5 - 30.2%, and Exin 4.5SC: 8.2 - 24.1%. Spraying a mixture of antiviral agents and insecticides gives higher efficiency than spraying a kind. For example, spray Ditacin 8SL + Confodor 100SL, effective control reaches from 34.3 to 100%; Sat 4SL + Confidor 100SL: 32.6 - 92.3, and 38.5 - 100% with Exin 4.5SC + Confidor 100SL. The spray treatments have a higher yield and quality than the control without spraying.
{"title":"Use of Antiviral Virucides in the Prevention of Some Viral Diseases Causing on Tobacco Plants in Vietnam","authors":"C. Nguyen Van, N. V. Vân, Tào Ngọc Tuấn, D. Dieu, P. H. Thành, Phung Thi Hay, N. Cuong","doi":"10.24203/ajafs.v10i5.6796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24203/ajafs.v10i5.6796","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, some viral diseases have been increasing in the tobacco-growing regions of Vietnam and cause serious damage to the tobacco yield and quality. If it has not an effective control, viral diseases will injure seriously in the tobacco field in next time. To control the effect of viral diseases, study use of some antiviral virucides is necessary on tobacco plants. In 2021, Vietnam Tobacco Institute experimented with the effective control of Ditacin 8SL, Sat 4SL, and Exin 4.5SC for TMV, CMV, PVY, and TNRV on the tobacco field in Bac Giang province. Results of the study show the antiviral agents are effective in the control of the virus disease on tobacco. When only spray Ditacin 8SL, effective prevention for viral diseases ranges from 22.4 - 30.3%; Sat 4SL: 5.5 - 30.2%, and Exin 4.5SC: 8.2 - 24.1%. Spraying a mixture of antiviral agents and insecticides gives higher efficiency than spraying a kind. For example, spray Ditacin 8SL + Confodor 100SL, effective control reaches from 34.3 to 100%; Sat 4SL + Confidor 100SL: 32.6 - 92.3, and 38.5 - 100% with Exin 4.5SC + Confidor 100SL. The spray treatments have a higher yield and quality than the control without spraying.","PeriodicalId":92332,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agriculture and food science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44904183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-31DOI: 10.24203/ajafs.v10i5.6749
U. D. Anugwom, Damilola R. Awotunde, Eunice I. Bamishaiye, A. Abubakar, Toluwaloju O. Adamson
The new order in world trade demands strict adherence to the rules of food quality and safety as an essential factor in the selection of raw materials for production since the quality of end products is dependent on that of the raw materials for its production. Therefore, in order to determine the quality of some agricultural grains bought from four markets (Yankaba, Dawanau, Tarauni and A. Rimi) in Kano State, Nigeria. These grains were examined for test weights, pest infestation, level of impurities, and germination potential to determine their export and processing standards. The results showed some difference among the different grains in term of weight, which can be attributed to their difference in physical properties. The result showed that there was some level of impurities present in grains sold in these markets, but no live adult insect was present in all the grain sample. The result also showed that cowpea from respective markets did not meet the standard economic threshold of insect egg free. Cowpea samples had the highest level of insect damage, an average of 2.9 % insect damage was observed. From the result, the average seeds germination in maize and sorghum samples was high (95 % and 88 % respectively) and acceptable according to recommended standards. Determining these terms is important to end users during purchasing, storage, consumption, exportation, and processing, as such will help to increase their knowledge about condition of agricultural produce in our various agricultural market for satisfactory purchasing. There are some food safety standards met by grains sold in these markets, and most commodities sampled too had standards that are either acceptable or unacceptable for consumption, export and processing purpose.
{"title":"Preliminary Analysis of Grains Bought from Four Markets in Kano State","authors":"U. D. Anugwom, Damilola R. Awotunde, Eunice I. Bamishaiye, A. Abubakar, Toluwaloju O. Adamson","doi":"10.24203/ajafs.v10i5.6749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24203/ajafs.v10i5.6749","url":null,"abstract":"The new order in world trade demands strict adherence to the rules of food quality and safety as an essential factor in the selection of raw materials for production since the quality of end products is dependent on that of the raw materials for its production. Therefore, in order to determine the quality of some agricultural grains bought from four markets (Yankaba, Dawanau, Tarauni and A. Rimi) in Kano State, Nigeria. These grains were examined for test weights, pest infestation, level of impurities, and germination potential to determine their export and processing standards. The results showed some difference among the different grains in term of weight, which can be attributed to their difference in physical properties. The result showed that there was some level of impurities present in grains sold in these markets, but no live adult insect was present in all the grain sample. The result also showed that cowpea from respective markets did not meet the standard economic threshold of insect egg free. Cowpea samples had the highest level of insect damage, an average of 2.9 % insect damage was observed. From the result, the average seeds germination in maize and sorghum samples was high (95 % and 88 % respectively) and acceptable according to recommended standards. Determining these terms is important to end users during purchasing, storage, consumption, exportation, and processing, as such will help to increase their knowledge about condition of agricultural produce in our various agricultural market for satisfactory purchasing. There are some food safety standards met by grains sold in these markets, and most commodities sampled too had standards that are either acceptable or unacceptable for consumption, export and processing purpose.","PeriodicalId":92332,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agriculture and food science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46134359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-10DOI: 10.24203/ajafs.v9i4.6670
Patrick Ogoe Bentil
Citrus fruits have been one of the major food produced in the Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese and Mfantseman Districts. There has been a major concern about the production, harvesting, packaging, processing, and marketing of citrus fruits as well as the improvement of the citrus industry in the country. With high demand and popular dietary preferences, citrus fruit is widely consumed and has become an inseparable part of our diets. This called for the study of the effects of post-harvest treatments on the quality characteristics of the citrus fruits (oranges) in the Abura-Asebu Kwamankese and Mfantseman Districts in the Central Region of Ghana. From the findings, whether the fruits go through the covered treatment process or sun treatment process they all have effects on the citrus fruit qualities. However, it was observed that leaving the fruits in the sun has more adverse effects on the fruit quality characters such as fruit juice content, fruit weight, vitamin C, Total Titratable Acidity, and Total Soluble Solid (Brix). It is, therefore, recommended that farmers should be encouraged to cover their fruits after harvest.
{"title":"The Effects of Post-Harvest Treatments on the Quality Characteristics of Citrus Fruits (Oranges)","authors":"Patrick Ogoe Bentil","doi":"10.24203/ajafs.v9i4.6670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24203/ajafs.v9i4.6670","url":null,"abstract":"Citrus fruits have been one of the major food produced in the Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese and Mfantseman Districts. There has been a major concern about the production, harvesting, packaging, processing, and marketing of citrus fruits as well as the improvement of the citrus industry in the country. With high demand and popular dietary preferences, citrus fruit is widely consumed and has become an inseparable part of our diets. This called for the study of the effects of post-harvest treatments on the quality characteristics of the citrus fruits (oranges) in the Abura-Asebu Kwamankese and Mfantseman Districts in the Central Region of Ghana. From the findings, whether the fruits go through the covered treatment process or sun treatment process they all have effects on the citrus fruit qualities. However, it was observed that leaving the fruits in the sun has more adverse effects on the fruit quality characters such as fruit juice content, fruit weight, vitamin C, Total Titratable Acidity, and Total Soluble Solid (Brix). It is, therefore, recommended that farmers should be encouraged to cover their fruits after harvest.","PeriodicalId":92332,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agriculture and food science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45777070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-10DOI: 10.24203/ajafs.v9i4.6711
M. Gbogbo, A. E. Agbo, Giraud Djè Kouame, P. A. Yapo, K. Brou
Solanum torvum (Solanaceae) is a food plant commonly used in some regions of Côte d’Ivoire to treat anaemia. This study was therefore conducted to highlight some biochemical constituents and the anti-anaemic potential of cooked berries of this plant in Wistar rats. To this end, the berries were cooked for 30 minutes and then the constituents were evaluated using standard biochemical methods. For the study of the anti-anaemic potential, four (4) groups of eight (8) rats, aged 12 weeks and weighing on average 105 g were used. The rats were made anaemic by phenylhydrazine and then received 1ml/100g/d of distilled water (negative control), the aqueous extract of the berries at concentrations of 3.2 and 6.4 mg/ml. The positive control batch of rats received Vitafer (reference drug for the treatment of anaemia). The anaemia was assessed by means of a haemogram performed on blood samples taken on days 0, 3, 7 and 15. The analysis showed that the berries had a moisture content of 12.085%. The dry matter content was 87.915% with an ash content of 16.310%. Vitamin C was estimated at 14.810 mg/100g. The mineral values were 4.175 mg/100g for iron, 1.915 mg/100g for zinc, 1.245 mg/100g for magnesium and 134.780 mg/100g for potassium. For the evaluation of the anti-anemic properties, the results showed that the administration of the aqueous extract of S. torvum berries at the concentrations of 3.2 and 6.4 mg/ml would promote recovery rates of red blood cell count, haemoglobin and haematocrit similar to those of the reference anti-anaemic product "Vitafer".
{"title":"Biochemical Composition and Anti-anemic Potential of Solanum torvum (Solanaceae) Berries in Albino Wistar Rats","authors":"M. Gbogbo, A. E. Agbo, Giraud Djè Kouame, P. A. Yapo, K. Brou","doi":"10.24203/ajafs.v9i4.6711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24203/ajafs.v9i4.6711","url":null,"abstract":"Solanum torvum (Solanaceae) is a food plant commonly used in some regions of Côte d’Ivoire to treat anaemia. This study was therefore conducted to highlight some biochemical constituents and the anti-anaemic potential of cooked berries of this plant in Wistar rats. To this end, the berries were cooked for 30 minutes and then the constituents were evaluated using standard biochemical methods. For the study of the anti-anaemic potential, four (4) groups of eight (8) rats, aged 12 weeks and weighing on average 105 g were used. The rats were made anaemic by phenylhydrazine and then received 1ml/100g/d of distilled water (negative control), the aqueous extract of the berries at concentrations of 3.2 and 6.4 mg/ml. The positive control batch of rats received Vitafer (reference drug for the treatment of anaemia). The anaemia was assessed by means of a haemogram performed on blood samples taken on days 0, 3, 7 and 15. The analysis showed that the berries had a moisture content of 12.085%. The dry matter content was 87.915% with an ash content of 16.310%. Vitamin C was estimated at 14.810 mg/100g. The mineral values were 4.175 mg/100g for iron, 1.915 mg/100g for zinc, 1.245 mg/100g for magnesium and 134.780 mg/100g for potassium. For the evaluation of the anti-anemic properties, the results showed that the administration of the aqueous extract of S. torvum berries at the concentrations of 3.2 and 6.4 mg/ml would promote recovery rates of red blood cell count, haemoglobin and haematocrit similar to those of the reference anti-anaemic product \"Vitafer\".","PeriodicalId":92332,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agriculture and food science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42668843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-10DOI: 10.24203/ajafs.v9i4.6706
H. Swatland
Light may pass along and across the long axes of muscle fibers in any food myosystem. Thus, incident light may be scattered in several ways before some of it reappears at the surface as diffuse reflectance. Pathways may be short if scattering is strong, or long if scattering is weak. Short pathways minimize selective absorbance by chromophores such as myoglobin, while long pathways maximize selective absorbance. Many food myosystems exhibit a post-mortem decrease in pH caused by anaerobic glycolysis with a series of microstructural changes – glycogen granules between myofibrils are lost, myofibrils shrink laterally as myofilaments move closer together, water moves from within myofibrils to the space between them, muscle fiber membranes leak and lose their electrical capacitance, and myoglobin is flushed into the fluid filled spaces between muscle fibers. These changes increase scattering of light passing across the long axes of muscle fibers. Scattering of light along muscle fibers is caused by sarcomere discs (A-bands). Interference from one or a small number of sarcomere discs may cause iridescence, but in most cases interference from numerous discs causes achromatic diffuse reflectance. Commission International de l’Éclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates were calculated for various subsurface optical pathways. Pathways across versus along muscle fibers had a strong effect on CIE y (r = 0.84, P < 0.01) and an even stronger effect on CIE Y% (r = 0.95, P < 0.005).
在任何食物肌肉系统中，光都可以沿着或穿过肌肉纤维的长轴。因此，入射光可能以几种方式散射，然后其中一些以漫反射的形式重新出现在表面。如果散射强，路径可能很短，如果散射弱，路径可能很长。短途径使发色团(如肌红蛋白)的选择性吸收最小化，而长途径使选择性吸收最大化。许多食物肌系统表现出死后由厌氧糖酵解引起的pH值下降，并伴有一系列微观结构变化——肌原纤维之间的糖原颗粒丢失，肌原纤维随着肌丝靠近而横向收缩，水从肌原纤维内部流动到它们之间的空间，肌肉纤维膜泄漏并失去其电容，肌红蛋白被冲进肌肉纤维之间充满液体的空间。这些变化增加了穿过肌肉纤维长轴的光的散射。光沿肌纤维的散射是由肌节盘(a带)引起的。来自一个或少数肌节椎间盘的干扰可引起虹彩，但在大多数情况下，来自多个椎间盘的干扰会引起消色差漫反射。委员会国际de l ' Éclairage (CIE)色度坐标计算了各种地下光学途径。穿过和沿着肌纤维的路径对CIE y有很强的影响(r = 0.84, P < 0.01)，对CIE y %的影响更强(r = 0.95, P < 0.005)。
{"title":"An Explanation of Subsurface Optical Pathways through Food Myosystems and their Effect on Colorimetry","authors":"H. Swatland","doi":"10.24203/ajafs.v9i4.6706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24203/ajafs.v9i4.6706","url":null,"abstract":"Light may pass along and across the long axes of muscle fibers in any food myosystem. Thus, incident light may be scattered in several ways before some of it reappears at the surface as diffuse reflectance. Pathways may be short if scattering is strong, or long if scattering is weak. Short pathways minimize selective absorbance by chromophores such as myoglobin, while long pathways maximize selective absorbance. Many food myosystems exhibit a post-mortem decrease in pH caused by anaerobic glycolysis with a series of microstructural changes – glycogen granules between myofibrils are lost, myofibrils shrink laterally as myofilaments move closer together, water moves from within myofibrils to the space between them, muscle fiber membranes leak and lose their electrical capacitance, and myoglobin is flushed into the fluid filled spaces between muscle fibers. These changes increase scattering of light passing across the long axes of muscle fibers. Scattering of light along muscle fibers is caused by sarcomere discs (A-bands). Interference from one or a small number of sarcomere discs may cause iridescence, but in most cases interference from numerous discs causes achromatic diffuse reflectance. Commission International de l’Éclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates were calculated for various subsurface optical pathways. Pathways across versus along muscle fibers had a strong effect on CIE y (r = 0.84, P < 0.01) and an even stronger effect on CIE Y% (r = 0.95, P < 0.005).","PeriodicalId":92332,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agriculture and food science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45531401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-07DOI: 10.24203/AJAFS.V9I2.6615
Khurshid Ahmad, M. Afridi, N. Khan, A. Sarwar
-Post-harvest losses relate to the degradation in the quantity and quality of the crop’s products from harvesting to consumer usage. In many developing countries, like Pakistan, the post-harvest loss is a problem of food security and is of concern to everyone. Inappropriate handling of agricultural products after harvest may cause quality and quantity losses. It also accounts for the increasing prices of agricultural products in Pakistan. The total production of vegetables and fruits in Pakistan is nearly 13.764 million tons, and it is estimated that 35% to 40% of vegetables and fruits were wasted after harvesting. Severe losses and deterioration of vegetables and fruits occurred mainly during harvesting, along with distribution, transportation, and storage. The important reasons for post-harvest losses include mechanical damage, poor handling, microorganisms (bacteria, fungi), unawareness and lack of modern technologies, time management, insects, and mites. Reduction of post-harvest losses is the main goal of the agricultural sector. Training and educational initiatives could be one of the best strategies for minimizing post-harvest losses. The main objective of this review is, to explain the major production, quality deteriorations of vegetables and fruits, and the causes of post-harvest losses in Pakistan. It can be applied as a positive indication because all bodies involved will strive to implement efficient and effective approaches and policies to address the existing problems. Keywords--Fruits Vegetables, Post harvesting, Food losses, Quality deterioration _________________________________________________________________________________________________
{"title":"Quality Deterioration of Postharvest Fruits and Vegetables in Developing Country Pakistan: A Mini Overview","authors":"Khurshid Ahmad, M. Afridi, N. Khan, A. Sarwar","doi":"10.24203/AJAFS.V9I2.6615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24203/AJAFS.V9I2.6615","url":null,"abstract":"-Post-harvest losses relate to the degradation in the quantity and quality of the crop’s products from harvesting to consumer usage. In many developing countries, like Pakistan, the post-harvest loss is a problem of food security and is of concern to everyone. Inappropriate handling of agricultural products after harvest may cause quality and quantity losses. It also accounts for the increasing prices of agricultural products in Pakistan. The total production of vegetables and fruits in Pakistan is nearly 13.764 million tons, and it is estimated that 35% to 40% of vegetables and fruits were wasted after harvesting. Severe losses and deterioration of vegetables and fruits occurred mainly during harvesting, along with distribution, transportation, and storage. The important reasons for post-harvest losses include mechanical damage, poor handling, microorganisms (bacteria, fungi), unawareness and lack of modern technologies, time management, insects, and mites. Reduction of post-harvest losses is the main goal of the agricultural sector. Training and educational initiatives could be one of the best strategies for minimizing post-harvest losses. The main objective of this review is, to explain the major production, quality deteriorations of vegetables and fruits, and the causes of post-harvest losses in Pakistan. It can be applied as a positive indication because all bodies involved will strive to implement efficient and effective approaches and policies to address the existing problems. Keywords--Fruits Vegetables, Post harvesting, Food losses, Quality deterioration _________________________________________________________________________________________________","PeriodicalId":92332,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agriculture and food science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46988832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.24203/AJAFS.V9I2.6571
M. Emam, A. Hawash, M. H. Mohammed, N. Metwally, S. Ahmed, Z. Maharik
--Sweet Marjoram is considered as one of the important herbal plants, grown in many countries for medical and nutritional purposes and is an abundant source of valuable biologically active substances and mineral components. An experiment has been carried out on sweet marjoram at the experimental site of Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculutre and land reclamation, Egypt under a net duble span house, during seasons of 2019and 2020. The experiment was carried out to study the effect of different nutrient solution sources and verimicompost rates on production of Sweet Marjoram grown in sand culture. In this experiment, Three sources of nutrient solution were under investigation (chemical nutrient solution “CN. S.” as a control treatment, vermi-liquid “V. L.” and mixture of chemical nutrient solution andvermi-liquid (50%:50%) “CN.S.+V.L.”), also, five rates of vermicompost have been added to sand culture(zero% of vermicompost "V.C. 0%"as a control treatment, 10% Vermicompost "V.C. 10%", 20% Vermicompost "V.C. 20%", 30% Vermicompost "V.C. 30%"and 40% Vermicompost "V.C. 40%").Regarding the effect of nutrient solution source; results illustrated that chemical nutrient solution recorded the highest values for vegetative growth, yield and chemical measurments. also data clearfied that the mixture of chemical nutrient solution and vermi-liquid (50%:50%) “CN.S.+V.L.” recorded a promising results very close to the chemical nutrient solution and more healther; because the amount of chemicals used in this nutrient solution have been reduced into the half amount only comparison with chemical nutrient solution. For that, the mixture of chemical nutrient solution and vermi-liquid (50%:50%) could be considered as the most suitable nutrient solution for sweet marjoram. Concerning the effect of different vermicompost rates, results showed that adding vermicompost rate by 30% to sand culture recorded the highest values for plant height, number of branches /plant, Fresh and dry weights of the aerial parts /plant, yields of the fresh and dry herb/ m, yield of aromatic oil/ m (V.C. 40% recorded higher values for yield of the aromatic oil/m than V.C. 30% but the difference between both of them was not significant), and N,P,K% in leaves. Keywords--Sweet Marjoram, sand culture, chemical nutrient solution, vermicompost, vermi-liquid _________________________________________________________________________________________________
{"title":"Enhancing Productivity of Sweet Marjoram in Substrate Culture","authors":"M. Emam, A. Hawash, M. H. Mohammed, N. Metwally, S. Ahmed, Z. Maharik","doi":"10.24203/AJAFS.V9I2.6571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24203/AJAFS.V9I2.6571","url":null,"abstract":"--Sweet Marjoram is considered as one of the important herbal plants, grown in many countries for medical and nutritional purposes and is an abundant source of valuable biologically active substances and mineral components. An experiment has been carried out on sweet marjoram at the experimental site of Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculutre and land reclamation, Egypt under a net duble span house, during seasons of 2019and 2020. The experiment was carried out to study the effect of different nutrient solution sources and verimicompost rates on production of Sweet Marjoram grown in sand culture. In this experiment, Three sources of nutrient solution were under investigation (chemical nutrient solution “CN. S.” as a control treatment, vermi-liquid “V. L.” and mixture of chemical nutrient solution andvermi-liquid (50%:50%) “CN.S.+V.L.”), also, five rates of vermicompost have been added to sand culture(zero% of vermicompost \"V.C. 0%\"as a control treatment, 10% Vermicompost \"V.C. 10%\", 20% Vermicompost \"V.C. 20%\", 30% Vermicompost \"V.C. 30%\"and 40% Vermicompost \"V.C. 40%\").Regarding the effect of nutrient solution source; results illustrated that chemical nutrient solution recorded the highest values for vegetative growth, yield and chemical measurments. also data clearfied that the mixture of chemical nutrient solution and vermi-liquid (50%:50%) “CN.S.+V.L.” recorded a promising results very close to the chemical nutrient solution and more healther; because the amount of chemicals used in this nutrient solution have been reduced into the half amount only comparison with chemical nutrient solution. For that, the mixture of chemical nutrient solution and vermi-liquid (50%:50%) could be considered as the most suitable nutrient solution for sweet marjoram. Concerning the effect of different vermicompost rates, results showed that adding vermicompost rate by 30% to sand culture recorded the highest values for plant height, number of branches /plant, Fresh and dry weights of the aerial parts /plant, yields of the fresh and dry herb/ m, yield of aromatic oil/ m (V.C. 40% recorded higher values for yield of the aromatic oil/m than V.C. 30% but the difference between both of them was not significant), and N,P,K% in leaves. Keywords--Sweet Marjoram, sand culture, chemical nutrient solution, vermicompost, vermi-liquid _________________________________________________________________________________________________","PeriodicalId":92332,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agriculture and food science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47233055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.24203/AJAFS.V9I2.6556
E. Afoakwa, G. Sampson, D. Nyirenda, C. N. Mwansa, L. Brimer, L. Chiwona-Karltun
--This study investigated effects of processing technique and varietal variations on the physicofunctional, starch pasting and viscoelastic properties of cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) flours using a 3x6 factorial experimental approach. Samples were evaluated for their non-volatile acidity, pH, swelling power, solubility water absorption capacity (27C and 70C), colour and starch pasting characteristics of the cassava flours using standard methods. Grating and soaking of the cassava tubers significantly (p<0.05) reduced the pH of all the varieties with concomitant increases in non-volatile acidity. Grating and soaking significantly (p<0.05) reduced the swelling power, solubility and water absorption capacity of the flours. Soaked Chila B flour recorded the highest pasting temperature of 66.9°C whiles soaked Mweulu flour recorded the highest peak viscosity (684 BU), viscosity at 95C (683 BU) and viscosity at 95C-hold (359 BU), suggesting that the flours from the different cassava varieties could be targeted for different food and industrial products. Keywords--Cassava, starch, functional properties, viscoelastic properties, pasting characteristics _________________________________________________________________________________________________
{"title":"Physico-Functional and Starch Pasting Properties of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Cruntz) Flours as Influenced by Processing Technique and Varietal Variations","authors":"E. Afoakwa, G. Sampson, D. Nyirenda, C. N. Mwansa, L. Brimer, L. Chiwona-Karltun","doi":"10.24203/AJAFS.V9I2.6556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24203/AJAFS.V9I2.6556","url":null,"abstract":"--This study investigated effects of processing technique and varietal variations on the physicofunctional, starch pasting and viscoelastic properties of cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) flours using a 3x6 factorial experimental approach. Samples were evaluated for their non-volatile acidity, pH, swelling power, solubility water absorption capacity (27C and 70C), colour and starch pasting characteristics of the cassava flours using standard methods. Grating and soaking of the cassava tubers significantly (p<0.05) reduced the pH of all the varieties with concomitant increases in non-volatile acidity. Grating and soaking significantly (p<0.05) reduced the swelling power, solubility and water absorption capacity of the flours. Soaked Chila B flour recorded the highest pasting temperature of 66.9°C whiles soaked Mweulu flour recorded the highest peak viscosity (684 BU), viscosity at 95C (683 BU) and viscosity at 95C-hold (359 BU), suggesting that the flours from the different cassava varieties could be targeted for different food and industrial products. Keywords--Cassava, starch, functional properties, viscoelastic properties, pasting characteristics _________________________________________________________________________________________________","PeriodicalId":92332,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agriculture and food science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42402081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.24203/AJAFS.V9I2.6548
Mbiti Job M’ithibutu, E. O. Gogo, Fikirini Lugogo Mangale, Gregory Baker
--The commercialization of fresh vegetables is crucial in enhancing revenues from commercial vegetable farming and ensuring reliable supply of high-quality produce for consumers. However, this is only guaranteed under ethical application of agrochemicals beyond which can lead in a more pronounced public health as well as environmental hazards. The present paper sought to examine the influence of commercialization on food safety. Vegetable samples weighing between 1 to 2 kg were purchased from randomly selected producers in two major producing counties (Kiambu and Kirinyaga) in Kenya. All samples were freeze-dried and stored in an ice chess box, to minimize contamination. Then the samples were labeled, and transported to the laboratory for processing and testing. All approved samples were subjected to the QuEChERS preparation method for pesticides and quantified using gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Lab results tested positive for 13 problematic pesticides including known carcinogens and highly hazardous agrochemicals such as Malathion, chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos. The most common agrochemical was carbofuran (67%) in terms of insecticide. For the case of fungicides, the most common was mancozeb (60%) and metalaxyl (58%). Food safety issues are caused mainly by not observing preharvest intervals, excessive application of chemicals and use of illegal agrochemicals. Chemical residues in food mainly results in carcinogenic diseases (43 to 49%), stomach related problems (15 to 19%), eye related problems (10 to 15%), and skin related problems (11 to 14%) and breathing difficulties (10 to 12%). This study demonstrates that there is a problem of agrochemical use and food safety concerns and kale and tomato value chain. Keywords--Commercialization, Agrochemicals, Chemical residues, Producers, Consumers _________________________________________________________________________________________________
{"title":"Effect of Vegetable Commercialization on Food Safety","authors":"Mbiti Job M’ithibutu, E. O. Gogo, Fikirini Lugogo Mangale, Gregory Baker","doi":"10.24203/AJAFS.V9I2.6548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24203/AJAFS.V9I2.6548","url":null,"abstract":"--The commercialization of fresh vegetables is crucial in enhancing revenues from commercial vegetable farming and ensuring reliable supply of high-quality produce for consumers. However, this is only guaranteed under ethical application of agrochemicals beyond which can lead in a more pronounced public health as well as environmental hazards. The present paper sought to examine the influence of commercialization on food safety. Vegetable samples weighing between 1 to 2 kg were purchased from randomly selected producers in two major producing counties (Kiambu and Kirinyaga) in Kenya. All samples were freeze-dried and stored in an ice chess box, to minimize contamination. Then the samples were labeled, and transported to the laboratory for processing and testing. All approved samples were subjected to the QuEChERS preparation method for pesticides and quantified using gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Lab results tested positive for 13 problematic pesticides including known carcinogens and highly hazardous agrochemicals such as Malathion, chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos. The most common agrochemical was carbofuran (67%) in terms of insecticide. For the case of fungicides, the most common was mancozeb (60%) and metalaxyl (58%). Food safety issues are caused mainly by not observing preharvest intervals, excessive application of chemicals and use of illegal agrochemicals. Chemical residues in food mainly results in carcinogenic diseases (43 to 49%), stomach related problems (15 to 19%), eye related problems (10 to 15%), and skin related problems (11 to 14%) and breathing difficulties (10 to 12%). This study demonstrates that there is a problem of agrochemical use and food safety concerns and kale and tomato value chain. Keywords--Commercialization, Agrochemicals, Chemical residues, Producers, Consumers _________________________________________________________________________________________________","PeriodicalId":92332,"journal":{"name":"Asian journal of agriculture and food science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42443020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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