K. Daramy, Joshua Walker, Yiwen Pei, C. Minelli, Y. Perrie, Z. Rattray
Most nanoparticle-based therapies are intended forintravenous administration, exposing them to associated hemodynamic parametersand the presence of cells and biomacromolecules post-administration. While mostefforts in nanomedicine development focus on formulation stability, the rangeof biologically-relevant approaches probing nanoparticle stability inbiological media remain limited in scope. In the present study, we examine therole of surface chemistry in nanoparticle-protein interactions using threepolystyrene latex nanoparticle chemistries. These nanoparticles were treated inmedia mimicking cell culture conditions, and the impact of static co-incubationsversus flow on nanoparticle parameters were compared. Following treatment withprotein-containing media, we performed analysis of nanoparticle parameters usingeither the centrifugation-wash step or in-situ analyses to compare the effectsof isolation protocols on nanoparticle physicochemical parameters. Overall, ourfindings show that flow and sample recovery methods significantly impacted the concentrationand composition of surface-adsorbed proteins. Amine-modified latex nanoparticlesshowed the most pronounced susceptibility to flow and nanoparticle isolationtechniques. The implications of this work lie in the development of more biologically-relevantand harmonized approaches in measuring the nanoparticle protein corona, sincesample preparation techniques and analytical approaches used, may impact the translationalscope and relevance of assays used to measure nanoparticle interactions withbiological media.
{"title":"Investigating the Impact of Shear Flow on Nanoparticle-Protein Interactions","authors":"K. Daramy, Joshua Walker, Yiwen Pei, C. Minelli, Y. Perrie, Z. Rattray","doi":"10.5920/bjpharm.1131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5920/bjpharm.1131","url":null,"abstract":"Most nanoparticle-based therapies are intended forintravenous administration, exposing them to associated hemodynamic parametersand the presence of cells and biomacromolecules post-administration. While mostefforts in nanomedicine development focus on formulation stability, the rangeof biologically-relevant approaches probing nanoparticle stability inbiological media remain limited in scope. In the present study, we examine therole of surface chemistry in nanoparticle-protein interactions using threepolystyrene latex nanoparticle chemistries. These nanoparticles were treated inmedia mimicking cell culture conditions, and the impact of static co-incubationsversus flow on nanoparticle parameters were compared. Following treatment withprotein-containing media, we performed analysis of nanoparticle parameters usingeither the centrifugation-wash step or in-situ analyses to compare the effectsof isolation protocols on nanoparticle physicochemical parameters. Overall, ourfindings show that flow and sample recovery methods significantly impacted the concentrationand composition of surface-adsorbed proteins. Amine-modified latex nanoparticlesshowed the most pronounced susceptibility to flow and nanoparticle isolationtechniques. The implications of this work lie in the development of more biologically-relevantand harmonized approaches in measuring the nanoparticle protein corona, sincesample preparation techniques and analytical approaches used, may impact the translationalscope and relevance of assays used to measure nanoparticle interactions withbiological media.","PeriodicalId":9253,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79987629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Pickles, C. Mustoe, Cameron G. Brown, Alastair Florence
Using small-scale crystallisation to inform downstream processes, we can reduce time and material costs in medicine manufacturing. This work introduces a preliminary workflow for information-rich data collection of crystallisation parameters including solubility, induction time, growth rate, secondary nucleation rate, particle shape and size. Large-scale data collection was achieved for 6 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in 31 solvents in less than 9 months with the results for aspirin presented here. Highlights include the identification of 24 potential alternative crystallisation solvents for manufacturing aspirin, all of which yield the biorelevant polymorph. Automation of this workflow will enable the use of robotics to further reduce time and material usage when conducting crystallisation experiments for future APIs.
{"title":"Autonomous DataFactory: High-throughput screening for large-scale data collection to inform medicine manufacture","authors":"T. Pickles, C. Mustoe, Cameron G. Brown, Alastair Florence","doi":"10.5920/bjpharm.1128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5920/bjpharm.1128","url":null,"abstract":"Using small-scale crystallisation to inform downstream processes, we can reduce time and material costs in medicine manufacturing. This work introduces a preliminary workflow for information-rich data collection of crystallisation parameters including solubility, induction time, growth rate, secondary nucleation rate, particle shape and size. Large-scale data collection was achieved for 6 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in 31 solvents in less than 9 months with the results for aspirin presented here. Highlights include the identification of 24 potential alternative crystallisation solvents for manufacturing aspirin, all of which yield the biorelevant polymorph. Automation of this workflow will enable the use of robotics to further reduce time and material usage when conducting crystallisation experiments for future APIs.","PeriodicalId":9253,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73834324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: To reportpolypharmacy rates and identify specific medications that increase falls riskin orthogeriatric femoral fracture patients. Method: A retrospectivesub-analysis, using the electronic medical records of patients admitted with a minimaltrauma femoral fracture to a tertiary teaching hospital during a 12-monthperiod was undertaken. Specific medications associated with falls risk wereclassified under three specific groups: benzodiazepines, tricyclicantidepressants (TCAs), and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics. Results: A sample of 131patients was included in the audit. Of these, 99 patients (75.6%) were reportedto be taking five or more medications prior to their falls related admission.From this, 49 patients (37.4%) were taking ten or more medications. One in fivepatients were found to be taking specified falls risk medications prior toadmission, primarily benzodiazepines (75.8%). Conclusion: Orthogeriatricpatients admitted to hospital with a femoral fracture following a minimaltrauma fall were commonly taking five or more medications prior to admission.Over a third of patients that were reported to take ten or more pre-admissionmedications were taking specified falls risk medications. This highlights theneed for medication-reviews and de-prescribing, particularly focusing on fallsrisk medications, to reduce incidence of falls and minimal trauma fractures inhigh risk patients
{"title":"Polypharmacy and medication related falls risk in orthogeriatric femoral fracture patients Polypharmacy and medication related falls risk in orthogeriatric femoral fracture patients","authors":"V. Tran, Emily Koong, Kristin Knorr","doi":"10.5920/bjpharm.968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5920/bjpharm.968","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To reportpolypharmacy rates and identify specific medications that increase falls riskin orthogeriatric femoral fracture patients. Method: A retrospectivesub-analysis, using the electronic medical records of patients admitted with a minimaltrauma femoral fracture to a tertiary teaching hospital during a 12-monthperiod was undertaken. Specific medications associated with falls risk wereclassified under three specific groups: benzodiazepines, tricyclicantidepressants (TCAs), and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics. Results: A sample of 131patients was included in the audit. Of these, 99 patients (75.6%) were reportedto be taking five or more medications prior to their falls related admission.From this, 49 patients (37.4%) were taking ten or more medications. One in fivepatients were found to be taking specified falls risk medications prior toadmission, primarily benzodiazepines (75.8%). Conclusion: Orthogeriatricpatients admitted to hospital with a femoral fracture following a minimaltrauma fall were commonly taking five or more medications prior to admission.Over a third of patients that were reported to take ten or more pre-admissionmedications were taking specified falls risk medications. This highlights theneed for medication-reviews and de-prescribing, particularly focusing on fallsrisk medications, to reduce incidence of falls and minimal trauma fractures inhigh risk patients","PeriodicalId":9253,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77179294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Patentslie at the interface between technology and law. This article provides a criticalreview of four high profile cases from 2020 in which patents relating topharmaceuticals were litigated in the UK Courts. The selected cases in thisreview involved ‘sufficiency’, ‘novelty’, ‘inventiveness’, ‘plausibility’ and ‘infringement’issues. The first case is a dispute between Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and Kymab Ltd in relation to Regeneron’spatent for a transgenic mouse platform. The second case relates to Pfizer’s patent for their Prevnar®13pneumococcal vaccineand the alleged infringement of this patent by Merck Sharp & Dohme. The third case concerns the validity of apatent belonging to NeurimPharmaceuticals Ltd relating to a slow-release formulation of melatonin fortreating primary insomnia. The final case is a dispute between FibroGen Inc. and AkebiaTherapeutics concerning FibroGen’spatents for hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase enzyme inhibitors (“HIF-PHIs”) for use in treating anaemia. The article aims to focus onthe technology behind the patents and to provide an insight into how science interactswith law in the context of patent enforcement and infringement.
{"title":"Case Law: A Review of selected Pharmaceutical Patents in the UK Courts during 2020","authors":"Sarah-Jane Crawford, H. O'Brien, J. A. Stones","doi":"10.5920/bjpharm.1000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5920/bjpharm.1000","url":null,"abstract":"Patentslie at the interface between technology and law. This article provides a criticalreview of four high profile cases from 2020 in which patents relating topharmaceuticals were litigated in the UK Courts. The selected cases in thisreview involved ‘sufficiency’, ‘novelty’, ‘inventiveness’, ‘plausibility’ and ‘infringement’issues. The first case is a dispute between Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and Kymab Ltd in relation to Regeneron’spatent for a transgenic mouse platform. The second case relates to Pfizer’s patent for their Prevnar®13pneumococcal vaccineand the alleged infringement of this patent by Merck Sharp & Dohme. The third case concerns the validity of apatent belonging to NeurimPharmaceuticals Ltd relating to a slow-release formulation of melatonin fortreating primary insomnia. The final case is a dispute between FibroGen Inc. and AkebiaTherapeutics concerning FibroGen’spatents for hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase enzyme inhibitors (“HIF-PHIs”) for use in treating anaemia. The article aims to focus onthe technology behind the patents and to provide an insight into how science interactswith law in the context of patent enforcement and infringement. ","PeriodicalId":9253,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"34 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77462263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We wanted to establish prevalence of e-cigarette sale via Englishcommunity pharmacies. A cross-sectional survey of 500 retail-pharmacies was completed.Seventeen out of the 66respondents sold e-cigarettes, indicating a sales-prevalence of 25.76%. NRTwas widely available for sale (n=16, 94.1%), cessation services were lessfrequently available (n=7, 41.2%), or not available (n=9, 52.9%). ‘Dailysmokers’ were likely to use e-cigarette (n=8, 47.1%). Accessories were sold to0-2 people (n=13, 76.5%), χ² p=2.454 x 10-4. Young women purchasede-cigarettes (n=4, 23.5%), p=0.049, which were placed on top of the counter (n=7,41.2%), reflecting ‘impulse sales’ strategy. NRT was available forself-selection (n=14, 82.4%) (p=0.004), however staff-assistance was required(n=12, 70.6%), posing barriers. Costs for e-cigarette (£10.99-£29.99) versusNRT (£4.25-£35.99) represents value for money. Labelling and packaging werefound to be attractive, p=0.049, fashionable, colourful p=0.049, healthy,potentially breaching laws. All respondents provided NRT counselling, p<1x10-8.Less than half (n=8, 47.1%) provide e-cigarette’s counselling, while a majority(n=9, 52.9%) did not. Eight respondents describe 22 flavours, providing goodmouth feel. Aggregate ‘deprived’ versus ‘affluent’ analysis revels interestinginsights. We find some support of non-smokers initiating use. Pharmacists help patientsbut have limited support. We make recommendations to improve practice.
{"title":"An evaluation of community pharmacists' perception of e-cigarette: An English cross-sectional survey with geospatial analysis.","authors":"Ravina Barrett, Louise Vythelingum","doi":"10.5920/bjpharm.857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5920/bjpharm.857","url":null,"abstract":"We wanted to establish prevalence of e-cigarette sale via Englishcommunity pharmacies. A cross-sectional survey of 500 retail-pharmacies was completed.Seventeen out of the 66respondents sold e-cigarettes, indicating a sales-prevalence of 25.76%. NRTwas widely available for sale (n=16, 94.1%), cessation services were lessfrequently available (n=7, 41.2%), or not available (n=9, 52.9%). ‘Dailysmokers’ were likely to use e-cigarette (n=8, 47.1%). Accessories were sold to0-2 people (n=13, 76.5%), χ² p=2.454 x 10-4. Young women purchasede-cigarettes (n=4, 23.5%), p=0.049, which were placed on top of the counter (n=7,41.2%), reflecting ‘impulse sales’ strategy. NRT was available forself-selection (n=14, 82.4%) (p=0.004), however staff-assistance was required(n=12, 70.6%), posing barriers. Costs for e-cigarette (£10.99-£29.99) versusNRT (£4.25-£35.99) represents value for money. Labelling and packaging werefound to be attractive, p=0.049, fashionable, colourful p=0.049, healthy,potentially breaching laws. All respondents provided NRT counselling, p<1x10-8.Less than half (n=8, 47.1%) provide e-cigarette’s counselling, while a majority(n=9, 52.9%) did not. Eight respondents describe 22 flavours, providing goodmouth feel. Aggregate ‘deprived’ versus ‘affluent’ analysis revels interestinginsights. We find some support of non-smokers initiating use. Pharmacists help patientsbut have limited support. We make recommendations to improve practice.","PeriodicalId":9253,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86101242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The application of nanotechnology indrug delivery systems (DDS) has been researched widely and seen an advancementover the past three decades. Since the 1970s, nanoparticles were primarilyutilised in vaccine deliveries and cancer chemotherapy. In more recent years,they have been found to hold promises for broader applications such as inproteins and therapeutic gene delivery systems. To date, there have been only ahandful of nanocarrier-loaded drugs commercialised into the pharmaceuticalmarket. More research is thus needed to facilitate a breakthrough of theseproducts into the current market. This mini-review mainly focuses on four typesof commonly utilised organic nanocarriers including micelles, compactpolymerics, solid-lipid nanoparticles and liposomal vesicles and discusses theprogress and some challenges associated with these nanoparticles (NP).
{"title":"A mini-review of Nanocarriers in drug delivery systems Nanocarriers in drug delivery systems","authors":"Mahsa Mazdaei, K. Asare-Addo","doi":"10.5920/bjpharm.780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5920/bjpharm.780","url":null,"abstract":"The application of nanotechnology indrug delivery systems (DDS) has been researched widely and seen an advancementover the past three decades. Since the 1970s, nanoparticles were primarilyutilised in vaccine deliveries and cancer chemotherapy. In more recent years,they have been found to hold promises for broader applications such as inproteins and therapeutic gene delivery systems. To date, there have been only ahandful of nanocarrier-loaded drugs commercialised into the pharmaceuticalmarket. More research is thus needed to facilitate a breakthrough of theseproducts into the current market. This mini-review mainly focuses on four typesof commonly utilised organic nanocarriers including micelles, compactpolymerics, solid-lipid nanoparticles and liposomal vesicles and discusses theprogress and some challenges associated with these nanoparticles (NP). ","PeriodicalId":9253,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91274197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aseel Mahmoud, R. Mullen, Peter E. Penson, C. Morecroft
This study aimed to assessasthma management in a sample of adult patients in general practice. A retrospective case-note review was conducted,involving 27 asthma patients in general practice inEngland. The Asthma Quality Improvement tool informed the development of thedata collection tool. The data were analysed statistically by theresearcher using frequencies testing, using descriptive statistics.Twenty-one participants out of 27 were reviewed in the general practice in the last12-months by their healthcare practitioner. All the components of an asthmareview were assessed and recorded except the inhaler technique for 11participants and 66.7% were classed as having poorly-controlled asthma symptoms.Although the small sample size affected the generalisability ofthe findings, reviewing the medical records of each participant allowed theresearcher to highlight issues with asthma management in the sample. This studyfound that asthma care in the participants requires improvement and highlightedareas that could be targeted to enhance asthma care. Asthma care could beenhanced by focusing on increasing asthma patients’ engagement with their annualasthma reviews, enhancing the provision of the asthma action plan and followinga consistent approach for inhaler-technique check and recording of asthmareview components. Finally, conducting multiple checks of asthma patients’medical records might help to identify patients who need a review and supportthem to enhance their management of their asthma.
{"title":"Assessment of asthma management in adult patients: A retrospective case-note review in a general practice","authors":"Aseel Mahmoud, R. Mullen, Peter E. Penson, C. Morecroft","doi":"10.5920/bjpharm.994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5920/bjpharm.994","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to assessasthma management in a sample of adult patients in general practice. A retrospective case-note review was conducted,involving 27 asthma patients in general practice inEngland. The Asthma Quality Improvement tool informed the development of thedata collection tool. The data were analysed statistically by theresearcher using frequencies testing, using descriptive statistics.Twenty-one participants out of 27 were reviewed in the general practice in the last12-months by their healthcare practitioner. All the components of an asthmareview were assessed and recorded except the inhaler technique for 11participants and 66.7% were classed as having poorly-controlled asthma symptoms.Although the small sample size affected the generalisability ofthe findings, reviewing the medical records of each participant allowed theresearcher to highlight issues with asthma management in the sample. This studyfound that asthma care in the participants requires improvement and highlightedareas that could be targeted to enhance asthma care. Asthma care could beenhanced by focusing on increasing asthma patients’ engagement with their annualasthma reviews, enhancing the provision of the asthma action plan and followinga consistent approach for inhaler-technique check and recording of asthmareview components. Finally, conducting multiple checks of asthma patients’medical records might help to identify patients who need a review and supportthem to enhance their management of their asthma.","PeriodicalId":9253,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82900788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Communication plays a vital role to ensure the safe and effective use of medicines. Nevertheless, movement restriction measures and social distancing policies amid the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have introduced a significant communication barrier between pharmacists and patients. As such, there is an urgent need for alternative approaches to continue pharmacist-patient communication for pharmaceutical care activities. This narrative review summarized the use of five alternative approaches to replace traditional face-to-face counselling by pharmacists: telephone counselling, videoconference, multimedia-mediated counselling, provision of reading materials, and drug reminder packaging. These five approaches may be used interchangeably on their own or as a model of care where different aspects of each approach may be combined to deliver coherent pharmaceutical care.
{"title":"Pharmacist-patient communication amid COVID-19 pandemic: A review of available options and potential impact","authors":"C. S. Kow, S. Hasan","doi":"10.5920/BJPHARM.836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5920/BJPHARM.836","url":null,"abstract":"Communication plays a vital role to ensure the safe and effective use of medicines. Nevertheless, movement restriction measures and social distancing policies amid the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have introduced a significant communication barrier between pharmacists and patients. As such, there is an urgent need for alternative approaches to continue pharmacist-patient communication for pharmaceutical care activities. This narrative review summarized the use of five alternative approaches to replace traditional face-to-face counselling by pharmacists: telephone counselling, videoconference, multimedia-mediated counselling, provision of reading materials, and drug reminder packaging. These five approaches may be used interchangeably on their own or as a model of care where different aspects of each approach may be combined to deliver coherent pharmaceutical care.","PeriodicalId":9253,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89067823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Nep, Chinwe U. Kemas, A. Adebisi, B. Conway, Alan M. Smith
The aqueous dispersion of the polysaccharide isolatedfrom the inner bark of the stem of Grewiamollis exhibits a relatively high viscosity at low concentrations.Two extraction methods were adopted to isolate twodifferent polysaccharide fractions from the plant – the native grewiapolysaccharide gum (GPG) and the starch-free grewia polysaccharide (SFGP). Theinfluence of these polysaccharides on the stability of oil – in – wateremulsions was investigated at three concentrations – 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% w/v.Theformulated emulsions were evaluated using parameters such as emulsionstability, storage stability, creaming index, heat stability, globule size andsize distribution, and emulsion rheology. The results show that the GPGformulated emulsions were more stable than the SFGP emulsions at each paritylevel of concentration, exhibiting better emulsion/storage stability, lowercreaming index and finer microstructure which were concentration dependent. Thehigher degree of esterification of SFGP did not result in correspondingimprovement in emulsion stability over GPG-containing emulsions. GPG may bepreferable to SFGP when stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions is indicated.
{"title":"Influence of Grewia polysaccharides on the stability of oil-in-water emulsions","authors":"E. Nep, Chinwe U. Kemas, A. Adebisi, B. Conway, Alan M. Smith","doi":"10.5920/bjpharm.699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5920/bjpharm.699","url":null,"abstract":"The aqueous dispersion of the polysaccharide isolatedfrom the inner bark of the stem of Grewiamollis exhibits a relatively high viscosity at low concentrations.Two extraction methods were adopted to isolate twodifferent polysaccharide fractions from the plant – the native grewiapolysaccharide gum (GPG) and the starch-free grewia polysaccharide (SFGP). Theinfluence of these polysaccharides on the stability of oil – in – wateremulsions was investigated at three concentrations – 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% w/v.Theformulated emulsions were evaluated using parameters such as emulsionstability, storage stability, creaming index, heat stability, globule size andsize distribution, and emulsion rheology. The results show that the GPGformulated emulsions were more stable than the SFGP emulsions at each paritylevel of concentration, exhibiting better emulsion/storage stability, lowercreaming index and finer microstructure which were concentration dependent. Thehigher degree of esterification of SFGP did not result in correspondingimprovement in emulsion stability over GPG-containing emulsions. GPG may bepreferable to SFGP when stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions is indicated.","PeriodicalId":9253,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76203288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects millions of people. Tremor is a common symptom. Treatment with levodopa can reduce tremor but is associated with “off periods” when the tremor returns as the dose wear off. The association of levodopa with neurotoxicity needs to be managed. This case study demonstrates the potential role of paracetamol (acetaminophen) in reducing tremor by extending the duration of levodopa efficacy. The case study aimed to confirm visual observations of tremor reduction associated with paracetamol medication. It utilised a mobile phone accelerometer and a software application to monitor the tremor of a subject with PD. The data produced provided information on frequency and variations in the intensity of the tremor. It was found that paracetamol alone does not appear to be effective at reducing tremor. The results show that paracetamol can reduce tremor in subjects during the period when their levodopa dose is usually wearing off particularly in the case of tremor concurrent with arm pain. There have been previous reports of a role for paracetamol or more particularly one of its metabolites, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinonimine, (NAPQI) in inhibiting pain signals in the spinal column. This could partly explain the theoretical basis for the reduction in tremor in this case.
{"title":"The Role of Paracetamol (acetaminophen) in the Reduction of Tremor in Parkinson’s Disease – a Case Study","authors":"G. Golding","doi":"10.5920/bjpharm.619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5920/bjpharm.619","url":null,"abstract":"Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects millions of people. Tremor is a common symptom. Treatment with levodopa can reduce tremor but is associated with “off periods” when the tremor returns as the dose wear off. The association of levodopa with neurotoxicity needs to be managed. This case study demonstrates the potential role of paracetamol (acetaminophen) in reducing tremor by extending the duration of levodopa efficacy. The case study aimed to confirm visual observations of tremor reduction associated with paracetamol medication. It utilised a mobile phone accelerometer and a software application to monitor the tremor of a subject with PD. The data produced provided information on frequency and variations in the intensity of the tremor. It was found that paracetamol alone does not appear to be effective at reducing tremor. The results show that paracetamol can reduce tremor in subjects during the period when their levodopa dose is usually wearing off particularly in the case of tremor concurrent with arm pain. There have been previous reports of a role for paracetamol or more particularly one of its metabolites, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinonimine, (NAPQI) in inhibiting pain signals in the spinal column. This could partly explain the theoretical basis for the reduction in tremor in this case.","PeriodicalId":9253,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"500 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77052929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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