British Journal of Nutrition最新文献

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a disorder characterised by insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation and increased adipose tissue. The very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet has been suggested to reduce obesity risks in polycystic ovary syndrome. This study aimed to update the evidence on the effects of the very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Searches were conducted in electronic databases for randomised clinical trials addressing the research question. The values for the meta-analysis were presented as weighted mean difference (WMD). Twelve studies were included in the qualitative analysis and eleven in the quantitative analysis. Significant reductions were observed in anthropometric outcomes: weight (WMD: -9·57 kg; P < 0·0001), waist circumference (WMD: -7·75 cm; P < 0·0009), fat body mass (WMD: -7·44 kg; P = 0·0008), BMI (WMD: -3·45 kg/m²; P < 0·0001) and waist-to-hip ratio (WMD: -0·02; P < 0·0034). Hormonal improvements included free testosterone (WMD: -0·31 ng/dl; P < 0·0001), total testosterone (WMD: -7·21 ng/dl; P < 0·0001), sex hormone-binding globulin (WMD: 15·22 nmol/l; P = 0·0035), luteinising hormone (WMD: -3·97 U/L; P = 0·0008) and luteinising hormone:follicle-stimulating hormone ratio (WMD: -1·04; P = 0·0053), but not for follicle-stimulating hormone levels (WMD: 1·23 mUI/ml; P = 0·12). Significant changes in metabolic markers were seen in blood glucose (WMD: -9·65 mg/dl; P = 0·0031), insulin (WMD: -2·41 mg/dl; P = 0·0387), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (WMD: -2·46; P = 0·0123) and TAG (WMD: -29·95 mg/dl; P = 0·0188). The very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet shows significant benefits in managing body composition, reducing hyperandrogenism, balancing sex hormones and improving glucose metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome.

Children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) have an increased risk of iron deficiency, anaemia and death from infectious diseases. The iron-regulating hormone hepcidin is increased in inflammation and may be important in regulating iron metabolism in children with MAM. Asymptomatic malaria has previously been associated with elevated s-hepcidin. We assessed the association between inflammation, iron status, anthropometry and malaria and serum hepcidin (s-hepcidin) and evaluated the effect of food supplementation on s-hepcidin in a secondary analysis in 1019 children with MAM from a randomised intervention trial in Burkina Faso. Children received 12 weeks of supplementation of 500 kcal/d as either corn-soy blend (CSB) or lipid-based nutritional supplements (LNS). S-hepcidin was measured at baseline and after 12 weeks. At baseline, correlates of s-hepcidin were determined using Tobit regression. The effect of supplementation was determined using mixed effects Tobit regression. Children with iron deficiency had 82 % (95 % CI 76, 87) lower s-hepcidin than those without, whereas children with acute infection and inflammation had elevated s-hepcidin. Children with symptomatic malaria had 103 % (95 % CI 32, 210) higher s-hepcidin than afebrile children without detectable malaria, while children with recent or asymptomatic malaria had 51 % (95 % CI 35, 63) lower s-hepcidin. S-hepcidin increased 61 % (95 % CI 38, 87) after 12 weeks of food supplementation with 22 % higher (95 % CI 2, 45) concentration in those who received LNS compared with CSB. Expectedly, morbidity and inflammation were associated with higher, and iron deficiency with lower, s-hepcidin. Further studies are needed to corroborate the finding of decreased s-hepcidin in malnourished children with asymptomatic malaria.

This study investigates how the consumption of interesterified palm oil (IPO) affects the metabolic and morphological features of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet. Mice were divided into four groups: control, high-fat diet (lard), high-fat diet with palm oil (PO; HFP) and high-fat diet with IPO (HFI). The HFP and HFI groups exhibited significant body weight gain, increased fat mass and impaired glucose metabolism. Histological analyses revealed lipid infiltration in BAT, leading to structural remodelling from multilocular to unilocular adipocytes, which are hallmark features of the whitening process. This morphological shift was accompanied by reduced nuclear density and impaired vascularisation. Gene expression analysis indicated downregulation of key thermogenic markers, including Ucp1, Pparγ and Prdm16, especially in the HFI group. Increased expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers such as Chop and Atf4 and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) highlighted the pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic microenvironment induced by PO and IPO. These changes culminated in a loss of BAT thermogenic capacity, as evidenced by decreased uncoupling protein 1 levels and impaired adaptive thermogenesis. Our findings underscore the detrimental effects of PO, mainly IPO, on BAT functionality, exacerbating obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. The results emphasise the need for caution in the dietary use of these fats, particularly in ultra-processed food formulations, given their potential role in promoting adipose tissue remodelling and metabolic imbalances.

While the effects of multidisciplinary weight loss (WL) on resting energy expenditure remain unclear in adolescents with obesity, the potential presence of adaptive thermogenesis (AT) has never been explored, which was the objective of the present work. Twenty-six adolescents (14·1 (sd 1·5) years) with severe obesity completed a 9-month inpatient multidisciplinary intervention followed by a 4-month follow-up. Anthropometric measurements, body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry) and resting energy expenditure (REE, indirect calorimetry) were assessed before (T0) and after 9 months of WL intervention (T1) and after a 4-month follow-up (T2). AT, at the level of REE, was defined as a significantly lower measured v. predicted (using regression models with baseline data) REE. Two pre-cited REE equations were used, using both fat mass and fat-free mass (FFM) (predicted REE using equation 1) or FFM only (predicted REE using equation 2). Measured and predicted REE significantly decreased between T0 and T1 (P < 0·001) and remained lower at T2 compared with T0 (measured REE: P = 0·017; predicted REE: P < 0·001). Predicted REE using equation 2 was significantly higher than measured REE at T1 (P = 0·012), suggesting the presence of AT. FFM at T0 was negatively correlated with ATp1T1 (Rho = -0·428; P = 0·033) and ATp2T1 (Rho = -0·485; P = 0·014). The variation of FFM between T0 and T1 was negatively correlated with AT at T1 and T2. These preliminary results suggest the existence of AT in response to WL in adolescents with obesity, independently of the degree of WL. AT was associated with subsequent body weight and fat regain, suggesting AT may represent a damper to WL attempts while increasing the adolescents' risks for subsequent weight and adiposity rebounds.

The dietary antioxidant quality score (DAQS) is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the overall antioxidant potency of a diet by considering the synergetic effects of dietary antioxidants. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is linked to the imbalance of the body's oxidant and antioxidant defense system. The objective of the present research was to investigate the possible associations between DAQS and odds of NAFLD in a large population of the Azar cohort study. The present propensity score-matched case-control study was applied to a population of 14 655 individuals. Demographic, anthropometric and dietary data were gathered, and biochemical markers were measured. The DAQS was evaluated based on the daily dietary intake of vitamin E, vitamin A, vitamin C, Se and Zn, compared with the daily recommended intake. The multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the association between DAQS with NAFLD-related outcomes. After propensity score matching based on age, gender and body mass index (BMI), participants were allocated into NAFLD (n 660) and non-NAFLD (n 1234) groups. Findings indicated significant differences in age, weight, BMI, waist:hip ratio, TAG, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and dietary intake between percentiles of DAQS in NAFLD patients. Nonetheless, no significant associations were observed between DAQS and NAFLD before and after propensity score matching. Comparing the results to prior research underlines the need for a comprehensive approach for exploring the association between dietary antioxidants, serum antioxidant level and biochemical indices in NAFLD, which is essential for the efficient clarification of the underlying mechanisms.

Chronic stress can lead to serious health problems, including elevated blood glucose, intestinal dysbiosis, villous shortening, decreased enzyme activity and hepatic steatosis. Here, we investigate the protective effects of the magnesium-L-theanine (Mg-T) combination on chronic variable stress (CVS)-induced liver and intestinal damage. Fifty-six rats were divided into two groups: normal and stressed, and supplemented with different doses of Mg-T (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg). The results showed that CVS-treated rats had reduced body weight, serum insulin levels, magnesium levels, intestinal barrier proteins and nutrient transporters. However, Mg-T supplementation improved these parameters in a dose-dependent manner. Mg-T treatment reduced CVS-induced glucose, corticosterone and triglyceride levels while alleviating liver and intestinal damage. Histological analysis revealed that Mg-T alleviated CVS-induced intestinal damage, characterised by villus shortening, reduced crypt depth and inflammation. CVS-induced increases in hepatic triglycerides and lipogenic markers (SREBF1, FASN) were attenuated by Mg-T supplementation, while metabolic regulators such as PPARγ and SIRT-1 were upregulated. Moreover, Mg-T restored the expression of intestinal barrier proteins (Claudin-1, Occludin, ZO-1) and mucosal protein (MUC-2). CVS treatment reduced the expression of nutrient transporters (SGLT1, GLUT2) and amino acid carriers; however, Mg-T supplementation increased the protein levels of these markers. Our data demonstrate that Mg-T has significant protective effects against CVS-induced metabolic, hepatic and intestinal disturbances, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic intervention for managing chronic stress-related health problems.

This study examined factors associated with stunting in children aged < 2 years in eastern Indonesia. Data were derived from three national cross-sectional surveys of Indonesia. The outcome variable was stunting (low length-for-age) in children aged < 2 years. Nineteen potential predictors from community- to individual-level characteristics were identified. Multilevel analyses were performed, adjusting for cluster sampling with random effects for cluster and strata. We used data from the 2010, 2013 and 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research. Information from 6076 children aged < 2 years from Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua regions were used. We found that the proportion of stunted children aged < 2 years in eastern Indonesia decreased between 2010 and 2018. Significant predictors of stunting included living in West Nusa Tenggara (adjusted OR (aOR) = 1·09; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·16) and East Nusa Tenggara region (aOR = 1·36; 95 % CI 1·28, 1·45), belonging to a household with three or more children aged under 5 years (aOR = 1·32; 95 % CI 1·11, 1·56), being from a poor household (aOR = 1·17; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·30) and born to less educated mother (aOR = 1·26; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·56). Furthermore, stunting were more likely among males (aOR = 1·29, 95 % CI 1·19, 1·40), those aged 12-23 months (aOR = 2·01; 95 % CI 1·65, 2·45), with low birth weight (aOR = 1·91; 95 % CI 1·40, 2·60) and with gestational age < 37 weeks at birth (aOR = 1·14; 95 % CI 1·05, 1·24). Multiple factors contribute to stunting in eastern Indonesia, highlighting the need for comprehensive and targeted initiatives. Poverty reduction, healthcare system improvement, family planning and continued health promotion strategies are necessary to reduce stunting prevalence.

A significant association between tomato consumption and a lower risk of developing hypertension has been reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between tomato intake and prehypertension risk among Korean adults. Hypertension was defined according to the criteria established by the Korean Society of Hypertension. The study participants were selected from the Health Examinees cohort study. Tomato consumption was measured using an FFQ and categorised into quintiles based on the amount consumed. Higher tomato consumption was associated with a lower risk of prehypertension in men (hazard ratio (HR) 0·86, 95 % CI 0·80, 0·92, P_{for trend} 0·0005). Women in the highest quintile also showed a similar trend (HR 0·94, 95 % CI 0·90, 0·99, P_{for trend} 0·0091). Stratified analyses revealed a reduced risk of prehypertension across all subgroups, except underweight individuals and those with a history of alcohol consumption (all P_{for interaction} < 0·05). These findings indicate that higher tomato intake may offer potential advantages for managing blood pressure levels.

Increased consumption of pulses can support healthy and sustainable diets, however consumption of pulses in Western populations is low. Adolescents are an often overlooked yet important target group as they develop attitudes and behaviours which influence food choices into adulthood. To understand patterns of consumption, this study aimed to analyse characteristics and consumption patterns of Australian adolescents who consume pulses. Secondary analysis of the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS) data from 2011-12 was carried out to identify adolescent (12-17 years, n=1007, nationally representative of N=101,130) pulse consumers, compare their nutritional and demographic characteristics with non-consumers, and describe frequency, types and amounts of pulses consumed. Consumption of pulses among adolescents is low, with only 6% of adolescents (48% males) reporting consumption pulses. Pulse consumption was associated with healthier weight and diet characteristics. After adjusting for age, sex and socioeconomic index, overweight or obese adolescents were less likely to consume pulses than adolescents of a healthy weight or underweight (OR=0.82, 95%CI 0.69-0.99, P=0.043). Adolescent pulse consumers reported consuming more vegetables, dietary fibre and iron, and less discretionary foods, saturated fat and added sugars than non-consumers. Baked beans were the most commonly consumed type of pulses, followed by pulses as an ingredient in a vegetarian meal such as dahl. Future strategies are recommended to promote consumption of pulses amongst adolescents due to the low consumption level, with consideration of familiar and appealing dishes to support adolescents in achieving more healthy and sustainable diets.

The early years of life are crucial for developing cognitive abilities, such as intelligence. This period is marked by rapid brain development, in which nutrition is essential. This study aimed to characterise dietary patterns at age 2 and investigate their association with cognitive performance at ages 6-7. The study used data from the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Brazil (n=4,275). Dietary intake was assessed using a habitual consumption questionnaire, and patterns were extracted using principal component analysis. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (4th edition), providing intelligence quotient (IQ) scores. Associations were tested using linear regression models. The unhealthy dietary pattern (characterised by packaged snacks, instant noodles, sweet biscuits, sweets and candies, soft drinks, sausages, and processed meats) was negatively associated with IQ (p <0.001). Exploratory analyses suggest that early-life deficits (low weight, height, or head circumference for age) may amplify the negative effects of unhealthy dietary pattern on IQ (interaction p=0.020). Children with high adherence to this pattern and early-life deficits showed a 4.78-point IQ reduction (95% CI: -7.06; -2.49), while those without deficits had a 2.24-point reduction (95% CI: -3.35; -1.13), compared to those with low adherence, even after adjustments. No significant associations were found between the healthy dietary pattern (characterised by beans, baby foods, fruits, vegetables, and natural fruit juices) and IQ scores. These findings suggest that an unhealthy diet in early childhood may impair cognitive performance, particularly in children with early-life deficits.