British Journal of Nutrition最新文献

Increased intestinal leakiness and associated systemic inflammation are potential contributors to osteoarthritis (OA) and postural imbalance in the geriatric population. To date, no successful treatment to correct postural imbalance in OA is known. We aimed to explore the effects of a multistrain probiotic upon postural imbalance in OA-affected patients. In this randomised, double-blind trial with a placebo group, 147 patients suffering from knee OA (age span = 64-75 years) were divided into placebo (n 75) and probiotics (n 72) study groups. Vivomix 112 billion, multistrain probiotic was given once a day for 12 weeks. The outcomes of study variables were determined first at baseline and later after 12 weeks of intervention. These were Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), knee flexion range of motion (ROM), pain intensity by visual analogue scale, handgrip strength (HGS), gait speed and balance control assessed in standing, semi-tandem and tandem stances. We determined plasma zonulin to determine intestinal leak along with c-reactive protein and 8-isoprostanes levels. A total of 136 OA patients taking placebo (n 71) and probiotics (n 65) were analysed. The probiotics group exhibited a reduction in pain intensity, disease severity and WOMAC scores along with improvement in balance scores, HGS and walking speed (P < 0·05 for all), no change in ROM, resting pain and 8-isoprostanes levels. The correlation analysis revealed a robust association of balance scores with plasma markers of intestinal leakiness and inflammation in probiotics but not in the placebo group. Probiotics reduce postural imbalance in OA patients partly due to a reduction in intestinal leakiness.

The Cardiovascular Health Diet Index (CHDI) is a diet quality score based on the dietary guidelines of the American Heart Association for cardiovascular health but with some adaptations, such as red meat, dairy products, beans and ultra-processed foods in its components. The CHDI has shown good relative validity parameters; however, its association with health outcomes is still unclear. Thus, our aim was to investigate the association between the CHDI score with subclinical atherosclerosis. Data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) cohort were used. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed by measuring coronary artery calcification at baseline (2008-2010) and second wave (2012-2014) and carotid intima-media thickness at baseline and at the third wave (2017-2019). The CHDI score (ranges from 0 to 110 points) was applied to dietary data obtained from an FFQ at baseline. Poisson regression with robust variance, linear regression and linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the association of the CHDI score with coronary artery calcification incidence (n 2224), coronary artery calcification progression (n 725) and changes in carotid intima-media thickness (n 7341) over time, respectively. After a median 8-year follow-up period, a 10-point increase in the CHDI score was associated with a decrease in carotid intima-media thickness of 0·002 mm (95 % CI -0·005, -0·001). No association was observed between the CHDI score and coronary artery calcification incidence and progression after a 4-year follow-up period. Higher scores in the CHDI were prospectively associated with decreased subclinical atherosclerosis after an 8-year follow-up period.

Early childhood growth is associated with cognitive function. However, the independent associations of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) with cognitive function are not well understood. We investigated associations of FM and FFM at birth and 0-5 years accretion with cognitive function at 10 years. Healthy-term newborns were enrolled in this cohort. FM and FFM were measured at birth, 1·5, 2·5, 3·5, 4·5 and 6 months and 4 and 5 years. Cognitive function was assessed using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) at 10 years. FM and FFM accretions were computed using statistically independent conditional accretion from 0 to 3 months, 3 to 6 months, 6 months to 4 years and 4 to 5 years. Multiple linear regression was used to assess associations. At the 10-year follow-up, we assessed 318 children with a mean (sd) age of 9·8 (1·0) years. A 1 sd higher birth FFM was associated with a 0·14 sd (95 % CI 0·01, 0·28) higher PPVT at 10 years. FFM accretion from 0 to 3 and 3 to 6 months was associated with PPVT at 10 years: β = 0·5 sd (95 % CI 0·08, 0·93) and β = -0·48 sd (95 % CI -0·90, -0·07, respectively. FFM accretion after 6 months showed no association with PPVT. Neither FM at birth nor 0-5 years accretion showed an association with PPVT. Overall, birth FFM, but not FM, was associated with cognitive function at 10 years, while the association of FFM accretion and cognitive function varied across distinct developmental stages in infancy. The mechanisms underlying this varying association between body composition and cognitive function need further investigation.

The prevalence of poor linear growth among African children with perinatally acquired HIV remains high. There is concern that poor linear growth may to lead to later total and central fat deposition and associated non-communicable disease risks. We investigated associations between height-for-age Z score (HAZ) and total and regional fat and lean mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, expressed as internal population Z scores, among 839 Zimbabwean and Zambian perinatally HIV-infected male and female adolescents aged 11-19 years. Stunting (HAZ < -2) was present in 37 % of males and 23 % of females. HAZ was strongly positively associated with total, trunk, arm and leg fat mass and lean mass Z scores, in analyses controlling for pubertal stage, socio-economic status and HIV viral load. Associations of linear growth with lean mass were stronger than those with fat outcomes; associations with total and regional fat were similar, indicating no preferential central fat deposition. There was no evidence that age of starting antiretroviral therapy was associated with HAZ or body composition. Non-suppressed HIV viral load was associated with lower lean but not fat mass. The results do not support the hypothesis that poor linear growth or stunting are risk factors for later total or central fat deposition. Rather, increased linear growth primarily benefits lean mass but also promotes fat mass, both consistent with larger body size. Nutritional and/or HIV infection control programmes need to address the high prevalence of stunting among perinatally HIV-infected children in order to mitigate constraints on the accretion of lean and fat mass.

Temporal energy intake (EI) and physical activity (PA) patterns may be associated with obesity. We aimed to derive and characterise temporal EI and PA patterns, and assess their cross-sectional association with weight status, in 6-to-14-year-old Portuguese participants of the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2015-2016. We extracted times and EI of all eating occasions from two 1-d food diaries/24-h recalls, while types and times of PA from 4-d PA diaries. We derived EI patterns (n 714) and PA patterns (n 595), using, respectively, a hierarchical and K-means cluster analysis, considering the average proportion of total daily EI (%TEI) and PA intensity (%TPA), within each 2-h interval across the 24-h day. Patterns were labelled based on the 2-h intervals of %TEI/TPA peaks. We assessed the association between patterns and overweight or obesity (BMI z-score ≥ +1 sd) using adjusted logistic regressions (OR (95 % CI)). Three EI patterns emerged: 1 - 'Early afternoon and early evening'; 2 - 'Early afternoon and late evening'; and 3 - 'Late morning, early and mid-afternoon and late evening'. EI Pattern 3 v. Pattern 1 was negatively associated with overweight or obesity (0·49 (0·26, 0·92)). PA Pattern 1 - 'Late morning, mid-afternoon and early evening' v. Pattern 2 - 'Late afternoon', was not associated with weight status (0·95 (0·65, 1·38)). A daily EI pattern with more and even %TEI peaks at earlier daytime periods, rather than fewer and higher, may be negatively associated with overweight or obesity amongst this population whereas the identified PA patterns might have no relationship.

Ultra-processed foods (UPF), per the NOVA Classification, provide a major source of calories within modern food systems and are associated with poor health outcomes related to chronic inflammation. Dietary antioxidants play a key role in preventing disease; however, the relationship between the NOVA Classification and the total antioxidant content (TAC) of foods is not well characterised. We hypothesised that TAC would be highest in minimally processed food (MPF), lower in processed food (PRF) and lowest in UPF. TAC data for 3137 animal-based, mixed and plant-based food items were obtained from a published dataset. After data cleaning, 1946 food items and their TAC values were analysed using two hierarchal linear models (alpha: P < 0·05). MPF had the highest mean TAC (10·79 (sem 0·87) mmol/100 g) and were 11·31-fold and 10·72-fold higher than PRF and UPF, respectively (P = 0·023). Plant-based and mixed foods had a higher mean TAC (8·55 (sem 0·68) and 1·12 (sem 0·11) mmol/100 g, respectively) and were 22·67-fold and 2·98-fold higher compared with animal-based foods (P < 0·001). Food processing did not change mean TAC in mixed and animal-based foods; however, plant-based MPF had a higher mean TAC (11·49 (sem 0·93) mmol/100 g) and were 9·88-fold and 15·12-fold higher compared with plant-based PRF and UPF, respectively (P < 0·001). Mean TAC differed between NOVA processing groups for three categories of food: vegetables, beverages and beans, nuts and seeds (P < 0·001). Across all food items, and especially plant-based foods, mean TAC decreased with food processing. The lower TAC of UPF may at least partially explain why their consumption promotes inflammatory chronic disease.

Dietary Mn intake may have a beneficial effect in reducing cancer risk; however, its association with thyroid cancer (TC) risk remains inadequately understood. Additionally, Mn was associated with inflammation markers. Thus, we examined whether dietary Mn intake emerges a protective role against TC and whether this preventative effect has an interaction with IL1 receptor type 1 (IL1R1) rs3917225. The prospective study was designed at National Cancer Center in Korea between October 2007 and December 2020 including 17 754 participants. We identified TC cases by following participants until December 2020. Mn intake was collected using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ). Genotyping was performed to determine IL1R1 rs3917225. The hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated with a Cox proportional hazards model. We ascertained 108 incident TC cases throughout follow-up duration. Dietary Mn intake was found to be inversely associated with TC risk (HR (95 % CI)=0·64 (0·44, 0·95)). However, IL1R1 rs3917225 seemed to modify this association; the protective effect was limited to G-allele carriers (HR = 0·30 (0·11, 0·86), P interaction=0·028). A higher dietary Mn was suggested to be a protective factor against TC. Additionally, we drew a potential biological interaction between Mn intake and IL1R1 rs3917225 with a greater effect among individuals with a minor allele. This implies that when considering the cancer-preventive role of Mn, it is important to account for the influence of inflammatory gene participation.

Timing of food intake is an emerging aspect of nutrition; however, there is a lack of research accurately assessing food timing in the context of the circadian system. The study aimed to investigate the relation between food timing relative to clock time and endogenous circadian timing with adiposity and further explore sex differences in these associations among 151 young adults aged 18-25 years. Participants wore wrist actigraphy and documented sleep and food schedules in real time for 7 consecutive days. Circadian timing was determined by dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO). The duration between last eating occasion and DLMO (last EO-DLMO) was used to calculate the circadian timing of food intake. Adiposity was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Of the 151 participants, 133 were included in the statistical analysis finally. The results demonstrated that associations of adiposity with food timing relative to circadian timing rather than clock time among young adults living in real-world settings. Sex-stratified analyses revealed that associations between last EO-DLMO and adiposity were significant in females but not males. For females, each hour increase in last EO-DLMO was associated with higher BMI by 0·51 kg/m² (P = 0·01), higher percent body fat by 1·05 % (P = 0·007), higher fat mass by 0·99 kg (P = 0·01) and higher visceral fat area by 4·75 cm² (P = 0·02), whereas non-significant associations were present among males. The findings highlight the importance of considering the timing of food intake relative to endogenous circadian timing instead of only as clock time.

Oxidative stress may be involved in the progression of hypothyroidism in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT). Vitamin C is a well-known powerful antioxidant. To our knowledge, whether vitamin C intake relates to hypothyroidism in patients with HT remains unclear. In this cross-sectional study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2012, we aimed to explore the relationship between total vitamin C intake and hypothyroidism in patients with HT, using multivariate logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline analyses. Our results showed a significant negative linear association between total vitamin C intake (log10-transformed data) and hypothyroidism in HT. Compared with those with the lowest quartile of total vitamin C intake (log10-transformed), participants with the highest quartile were at lower odds of having hypothyroidism (adjusted OR 0·40, 95 % CI: 0·18, 0·88, P_trend = 0·027). This association was consistent in subgroups stratified by sex (P_{for interaction} = 0·084) and age (≥ 60 years and < 60 years, P_{for interaction} = 0·330). This study revealed that total vitamin C intake was inversely associated with hypothyroidism among individuals with HT, indicating that higher vitamin C intakes (4·57-1258·9 mg/d) may be associated with a lower likelihood of hypothyroidism among HT participants.

A positive association has been demonstrated between consumption of sucrose-sweetened beverages and the prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Since the administration of 30 % sucrose in the drinking water (sucrose-rich diet (SRD)) to rats has proven to be a good model of systemic insulin resistance, the aim of our study was to analyse the effect of caloric restriction applied on SRD-treated rats by switching back to a standard diet, on liver morphology, function and metabolism. Consumption of an SRD causes a metabolic shift towards gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis leading to an increase in TAG levels in plasma and in the liver that were associated with a decrease in insulin sensitivity. Moreover, our results show that animals fed an SRD develop steatohepatitis characterised by the generation of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Although no histological changes were observed after a 2-week caloric restriction, key pathways associated with the progression of MASLD as inflammation, ER stress and apoptosis were slowed down. Notably, this 2-week intervention also increased liver insulin sensitivity (evaluated by AKT activity in this tissue) and drove the lipid metabolic profile towards oxidation, thus lowering circulating TAG levels. In summary, the present study uncovers underlying mechanisms affected, and their metabolic consequences, during the first stages of the phenotypic reversal of steatohepatitis by switching back to a standard diet after receiving sucrose-sweetened water for several weeks.