Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are composed of a range of conditions affecting the development of the nervous ststem; these groups of disorders are unified by characteristic impairments in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Due to the somewhat hetereogeneous nature of these conditions, several environmental and genetic causes have been associated with ASD. Among the genetic causes, the CNTNAP2 gene is implicated in syndromic forms of ASD. As such, this gene has been studied in the context of animal model systems, primarily mice and rats; these studies have indicated that knockout of the CNTNAP2 gene results in features that are similar to that observed in human ASD. To further assess this animal model of ASD, in this study, we assessed the behavioral phenotypes of CNTNAP2 knockout mice using a range of behavioral assays targeting core and comorbid traits of ASD. We confirmed that CNTNAP2 mutant mice exhibited social interaction deficits, reduced ultrasonic vocalizations, repetitive behaviors, and hyperactivity, aligning with core and comorbid ASD features. Notably, we also identified novel findings: CNTNAP2 knockout mice displayed increased rearing behavior and lacked anxiety-like behaviors, diverging from the assumption that anxiety is a common feature of this model. These results demonstrate that CNTNAP2 knockout mice recapitulate key ASD-related behaviors while highlighting novel behavioral aspects; these data reinforce their utility as an animal model for studying ASD.
{"title":"Behavioral Physiology of the CNTNAP2 Knockout Mouse.","authors":"Tanya Gandhi, Charles C Lee","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are composed of a range of conditions affecting the development of the nervous ststem; these groups of disorders are unified by characteristic impairments in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Due to the somewhat hetereogeneous nature of these conditions, several environmental and genetic causes have been associated with ASD. Among the genetic causes, the CNTNAP2 gene is implicated in syndromic forms of ASD. As such, this gene has been studied in the context of animal model systems, primarily mice and rats; these studies have indicated that knockout of the CNTNAP2 gene results in features that are similar to that observed in human ASD. To further assess this animal model of ASD, in this study, we assessed the behavioral phenotypes of CNTNAP2 knockout mice using a range of behavioral assays targeting core and comorbid traits of ASD. We confirmed that CNTNAP2 mutant mice exhibited social interaction deficits, reduced ultrasonic vocalizations, repetitive behaviors, and hyperactivity, aligning with core and comorbid ASD features. Notably, we also identified novel findings: CNTNAP2 knockout mice displayed increased rearing behavior and lacked anxiety-like behaviors, diverging from the assumption that anxiety is a common feature of this model. These results demonstrate that CNTNAP2 knockout mice recapitulate key ASD-related behaviors while highlighting novel behavioral aspects; these data reinforce their utility as an animal model for studying ASD.</p>","PeriodicalId":92641,"journal":{"name":"HSOA trends in anatomy and physiology","volume":"6 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12245183/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144610519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.24966/tap-7752/100014
Obeten Ke
Results of the histology of the control group showed a normal histology of the seminiferous tubules (round cells), low dose showed seminiferous tubules with acute loss of Germinal cell area (G) and high dose showed testicular regression (loss of interstitial space, IT), tubular architecture and Germ layer (G).
{"title":"Testicular Assessment of (Okra) Abelmoschus Esculentus Treated Wistar Rats","authors":"Obeten Ke","doi":"10.24966/tap-7752/100014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24966/tap-7752/100014","url":null,"abstract":"Results of the histology of the control group showed a normal histology of the seminiferous tubules (round cells), low dose showed seminiferous tubules with acute loss of Germinal cell area (G) and high dose showed testicular regression (loss of interstitial space, IT), tubular architecture and Germ layer (G).","PeriodicalId":92641,"journal":{"name":"HSOA trends in anatomy and physiology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91149835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-17DOI: 10.24966/tap-7752/100013
J. Pauli
After the knowledge of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ and its role as a regulator of metabolisms, studies have advanced on its biological function. Previously, only two adipose tissues were identified in mammals, white and brown adipose tissue. White adipocytes store lipids mainly with the function of energy reserve and brown for thermal homeostasis. Due to the plasticity of adipose tissue and its ability to proliferate and differentiate, the third type of adipocyte, beige, emerged. Beige adipocytes originate from white adipocytes that have acquired phenotypic brown characteristics in response to different stimuli, this process is known as browning. More recently, the plastic properties allowed the identification of the fourth type of adipose tissue, the pink.
{"title":"A Palette of Adipose Tissue: Multiple Functionality and Extraordinary Plasticity","authors":"J. Pauli","doi":"10.24966/tap-7752/100013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24966/tap-7752/100013","url":null,"abstract":"After the knowledge of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ and its role as a regulator of metabolisms, studies have advanced on its biological function. Previously, only two adipose tissues were identified in mammals, white and brown adipose tissue. White adipocytes store lipids mainly with the function of energy reserve and brown for thermal homeostasis. Due to the plasticity of adipose tissue and its ability to proliferate and differentiate, the third type of adipocyte, beige, emerged. Beige adipocytes originate from white adipocytes that have acquired phenotypic brown characteristics in response to different stimuli, this process is known as browning. More recently, the plastic properties allowed the identification of the fourth type of adipose tissue, the pink.","PeriodicalId":92641,"journal":{"name":"HSOA trends in anatomy and physiology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73008127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-17DOI: 10.24966/tap-7752/100012
P. Švorc
The role of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and its organ-specific functions are largely elucidated. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) analysis is a popular tool for the assessment of autonomic cardiac control. Heart rate and its changes are a sensitive indicator of ANS function, therefore cardiovascular autonomic regulation is considered to be the most reliable indicator of ANS activity and status. HRV refers to beat to beat variation in the heart rate that quantifies the interplay between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity of the ANS. Although patterns of HRV hold considerable promise for clarifying issues in clinical applications,
{"title":"Acknowledging Sex Differences in In vivo Experiments: Dilemma","authors":"P. Švorc","doi":"10.24966/tap-7752/100012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24966/tap-7752/100012","url":null,"abstract":"The role of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and its organ-specific functions are largely elucidated. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) analysis is a popular tool for the assessment of autonomic cardiac control. Heart rate and its changes are a sensitive indicator of ANS function, therefore cardiovascular autonomic regulation is considered to be the most reliable indicator of ANS activity and status. HRV refers to beat to beat variation in the heart rate that quantifies the interplay between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity of the ANS. Although patterns of HRV hold considerable promise for clarifying issues in clinical applications,","PeriodicalId":92641,"journal":{"name":"HSOA trends in anatomy and physiology","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73281091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-17DOI: 10.24966/tap-7752/100011
Arkhipov Andrey Yurevich
In patients with schizophrenia life expectancy is shorter compared to the general population and the main causes of early mortality are somatic diseases. Schizophrenia is a complex disorder with a high risk of inheritance and is increasingly recognized as a systemic disorder, presumably having a common genetic basis with various somatic disorders. Modern research methods allow us to discover the mechanisms of etiology, pathogenesis and outcome of diseases. Changing the length of telomeres in the cells of organisms reflects the processes of development and degradation of cells, as well as the stages of its life cycle. The reduction in Telomere Length (TL) is considered one of the biological markers associated with age and can be accelerated by comorbid conditions in schizophrenia.
{"title":"Telomeres Length Change in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Psychotic Patients with Schizophrenia","authors":"Arkhipov Andrey Yurevich","doi":"10.24966/tap-7752/100011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24966/tap-7752/100011","url":null,"abstract":"In patients with schizophrenia life expectancy is shorter compared to the general population and the main causes of early mortality are somatic diseases. Schizophrenia is a complex disorder with a high risk of inheritance and is increasingly recognized as a systemic disorder, presumably having a common genetic basis with various somatic disorders. Modern research methods allow us to discover the mechanisms of etiology, pathogenesis and outcome of diseases. Changing the length of telomeres in the cells of organisms reflects the processes of development and degradation of cells, as well as the stages of its life cycle. The reduction in Telomere Length (TL) is considered one of the biological markers associated with age and can be accelerated by comorbid conditions in schizophrenia.","PeriodicalId":92641,"journal":{"name":"HSOA trends in anatomy and physiology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75081819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-17DOI: 10.24966/tap-7752/100010
Amenu T Wirtu
Neuromusculoskeletal functions interplay in maintaining normal gait patterns. Changes in foot posture and architecture are results of diseases. For Instance, diabetes impacts human biomechanics of running and weight bearing of the foot. We conducted a prospective cross sectional study to assess the risk factors of anatomical foot changes in patients with Type-2 diabetes mellitus. It was carried out in normal 196 subjects at Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital, Bench-Sheko zone, South-West, Ethiopia. Data were collected using a well-structured questionnaires and diabetic foot assessment checklists. Data analysis was done using SPSS, version 24. Whereas, randomly selected associated risk factors were assessed using multivariate linear regression model. Our results
{"title":"Diabetics-Related Foot Deformity: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Knowledge and Practice","authors":"Amenu T Wirtu","doi":"10.24966/tap-7752/100010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24966/tap-7752/100010","url":null,"abstract":"Neuromusculoskeletal functions interplay in maintaining normal gait patterns. Changes in foot posture and architecture are results of diseases. For Instance, diabetes impacts human biomechanics of running and weight bearing of the foot. We conducted a prospective cross sectional study to assess the risk factors of anatomical foot changes in patients with Type-2 diabetes mellitus. It was carried out in normal 196 subjects at Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital, Bench-Sheko zone, South-West, Ethiopia. Data were collected using a well-structured questionnaires and diabetic foot assessment checklists. Data analysis was done using SPSS, version 24. Whereas, randomly selected associated risk factors were assessed using multivariate linear regression model. Our results","PeriodicalId":92641,"journal":{"name":"HSOA trends in anatomy and physiology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88678380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-22DOI: 10.24966/tap-7752/100009
Klochkova Oi
Background Evoked cognitive potentials are a promising experimental technique that can be useful in diagnosis of various cognitive disorders, especially connected to the various memory impairments. Of particular interest to researchers is the study of the cognitive evoked potentials’ latency when recognition of various stimuli is involved. Objective The method of Luria was used to determine the volume of verbal memory. To study the physiological nature and functional role of evoked cognitive potentials observed during the reaction to stimuli, and to determine the degree of conscious control involved in this reaction. To do so the experimental data were statistically analyzed to determine the numerical correlation between the working memory capacity and the cognitive potential’s latency. Design The cognitive Eps were measured for 166 healthy subjects and 63 others that had some pathological brain condition (circulatory encephalopathy and other brain circulatory disorders), varied by the age and gender. Measurements were done with the Neurosoft Neuro-MVP 4 computerized encephalography system, which implemented the standard method of large latency neural response measurement for P300 waves. Measurements were done in the setup where the subject had to recognize the significant stimuli and react to them by pressing a button. The significant stimulus was represented by a 2 kHz tone, while the insignificant stimuli were the frequently repeated 1 kHz tones. The brainwaves were registered in Cz-M1 and Cz-M2 outputs. This method allowed detection and latency measurements of the main response components N2, P3a and N3. Working memory capacity was determined by the number of words from a 10-15 word sets correctly reproduced shortly after exposures, as outlined by Luria. Results A statistically significant non-linear correlation was observed between the memory capacity and the EP’s latency, which was fitted by a modified hyperbolic function. Additionally, greater latencies were observed for subjects suffering from the memory disorders, and much shorter latencies were in general noted for the male subjects as opposed to the female ones. One more interesting observation was that in many cases the absolute reaction time was less than the cognitive potential peak taken as a conscious decision, suggesting that it is in many cases an automatic reaction. Conclusions: This cognitive potentials measurement, being an instrumental method, allows a clinical psychologist much greater flexibility in his diagnostic repertory, as it can be used even in the cases where word tests cannot. Also, the reaction time shorter than the latency of conscious reaction to stimuli adds weight to the simultaneous codes theory of automatic reactions.
{"title":"Time of Reaction in Using the Pushing of Button in Exper- iment of Evoked Cognitive Potentials (R300)","authors":"Klochkova Oi","doi":"10.24966/tap-7752/100009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24966/tap-7752/100009","url":null,"abstract":"Background Evoked cognitive potentials are a promising experimental technique that can be useful in diagnosis of various cognitive disorders, especially connected to the various memory impairments. Of particular interest to researchers is the study of the cognitive evoked potentials’ latency when recognition of various stimuli is involved. Objective The method of Luria was used to determine the volume of verbal memory. To study the physiological nature and functional role of evoked cognitive potentials observed during the reaction to stimuli, and to determine the degree of conscious control involved in this reaction. To do so the experimental data were statistically analyzed to determine the numerical correlation between the working memory capacity and the cognitive potential’s latency. Design The cognitive Eps were measured for 166 healthy subjects and 63 others that had some pathological brain condition (circulatory encephalopathy and other brain circulatory disorders), varied by the age and gender. Measurements were done with the Neurosoft Neuro-MVP 4 computerized encephalography system, which implemented the standard method of large latency neural response measurement for P300 waves. Measurements were done in the setup where the subject had to recognize the significant stimuli and react to them by pressing a button. The significant stimulus was represented by a 2 kHz tone, while the insignificant stimuli were the frequently repeated 1 kHz tones. The brainwaves were registered in Cz-M1 and Cz-M2 outputs. This method allowed detection and latency measurements of the main response components N2, P3a and N3. Working memory capacity was determined by the number of words from a 10-15 word sets correctly reproduced shortly after exposures, as outlined by Luria. Results A statistically significant non-linear correlation was observed between the memory capacity and the EP’s latency, which was fitted by a modified hyperbolic function. Additionally, greater latencies were observed for subjects suffering from the memory disorders, and much shorter latencies were in general noted for the male subjects as opposed to the female ones. One more interesting observation was that in many cases the absolute reaction time was less than the cognitive potential peak taken as a conscious decision, suggesting that it is in many cases an automatic reaction. Conclusions: This cognitive potentials measurement, being an instrumental method, allows a clinical psychologist much greater flexibility in his diagnostic repertory, as it can be used even in the cases where word tests cannot. Also, the reaction time shorter than the latency of conscious reaction to stimuli adds weight to the simultaneous codes theory of automatic reactions.","PeriodicalId":92641,"journal":{"name":"HSOA trends in anatomy and physiology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85424071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-29DOI: 10.24966/tap-7752/100008
Klochkova Oi
{"title":"Time Of Reaction In Using The Pushing Of Button In Experiment Of Evoked Cognitive Potentials (R300)","authors":"Klochkova Oi","doi":"10.24966/tap-7752/100008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24966/tap-7752/100008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92641,"journal":{"name":"HSOA trends in anatomy and physiology","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84224875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-29DOI: 10.24966/tap-7752/100007
Trainini Jc
{"title":"New Research In The Anatomy Of The Myocardium","authors":"Trainini Jc","doi":"10.24966/tap-7752/100007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24966/tap-7752/100007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92641,"journal":{"name":"HSOA trends in anatomy and physiology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82035081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-23DOI: 10.24966/TAP-7752/100006
M. Sarsılmaz
{"title":"Detrimental Effects of Formaldehyde on Health and Counteracting Beneficial Effects of Melatonin and Nigella sativa","authors":"M. Sarsılmaz","doi":"10.24966/TAP-7752/100006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24966/TAP-7752/100006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92641,"journal":{"name":"HSOA trends in anatomy and physiology","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72711382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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