The increase in research in the area of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has brought a whole new meaning to medical devices. This is mainly due to advances in microcontroller technologies. WSN are cited as one of the major technologies of this century and hence, their importance in areas such as health, psychology, fire prevention, security and even the military. The great advantage of this technology is the ability to track, monitor, study, understand and act on any particular phenomenon or event. The primary purpose of a wireless health system is transferring reliable data with minimum delay. This review provides a survey of the vast research done on Wireless Biomedical Sensor Networks (WBSN), including experimental and non-experimental investigations and examples from the theoretical and empirical literature. The review incorporates a wide range of purposes: definition of concepts, review of theories, failures and less positive aspects, all seeking to generate a consistent and understandable overview of WBSN. Such systems are already being marketed, while others are still under investigation. It is also the aim of this review to identify the characteristics of WSN applied to healthcare.
{"title":"Wireless Biomedical Sensor Networks: A technology review","authors":"Eduardo Freitas, A. Azevedo","doi":"10.11159/jbeb.2018.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/jbeb.2018.002","url":null,"abstract":"The increase in research in the area of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has brought a whole new meaning to medical devices. This is mainly due to advances in microcontroller technologies. WSN are cited as one of the major technologies of this century and hence, their importance in areas such as health, psychology, fire prevention, security and even the military. The great advantage of this technology is the ability to track, monitor, study, understand and act on any particular phenomenon or event. The primary purpose of a wireless health system is transferring reliable data with minimum delay. This review provides a survey of the vast research done on Wireless Biomedical Sensor Networks (WBSN), including experimental and non-experimental investigations and examples from the theoretical and empirical literature. The review incorporates a wide range of purposes: definition of concepts, review of theories, failures and less positive aspects, all seeking to generate a consistent and understandable overview of WBSN. Such systems are already being marketed, while others are still under investigation. It is also the aim of this review to identify the characteristics of WSN applied to healthcare.","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84969400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-31DOI: 10.32474/OAJBEB.2018.02.000142
I. Kamal
All over the world, women are facing different challenges, among them the increase in violance with increasing in life developments and the accelerating in social change. In spite of numerous numbers of studies imply the impact of socialization and tradition on women subordination, and the advocated ideas of democracy and secularism support women movement and needs as well, women across the world aspirations are still far from achieving the optimum situation. The curent paper reviews the role of gender inequality and the associated aspects, and highlighting the principles of the physical differences between women and men that may explain why men play as the principal factor in violence against women.
{"title":"Gender Inequality and Violence against Women","authors":"I. Kamal","doi":"10.32474/OAJBEB.2018.02.000142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32474/OAJBEB.2018.02.000142","url":null,"abstract":"All over the world, women are facing different challenges, among them the increase in violance with increasing in life developments and the accelerating in social change. In spite of numerous numbers of studies imply the impact of socialization and tradition on women subordination, and the advocated ideas of democracy and secularism support women movement and needs as well, women across the world aspirations are still far from achieving the optimum situation. The curent paper reviews the role of gender inequality and the associated aspects, and highlighting the principles of the physical differences between women and men that may explain why men play as the principal factor in violence against women.","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47587310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-31DOI: 10.32474/OAJBEB.2018.02.000141
H. Amjad, Waqar Hussain, N. Rasool
{"title":"Molecular Simulation Investigation of Prolyl Oligopeptidase from Pyrobaculum Calidifontis and In Silico Docking With Substrates and Inhibitors","authors":"H. Amjad, Waqar Hussain, N. Rasool","doi":"10.32474/OAJBEB.2018.02.000141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32474/OAJBEB.2018.02.000141","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47936207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yong Ho Cha, Sung Jae Kim, Keun Ho Lee, J. Kwon, Dong-Hyeon Kim, A. Seo, S. Kim
The aim of this study is to make personalized toe spreaders for hallux valgus with 3D scanning and printing with a low cost. Eight patients (14 feet) with hallux valgus participated in our study and were scanned with a 3D scanner. After designing toe spreaders with a modeling program, we made toe spreaders using a 3D printing technique with the selective laser sintering method. The hallux valgus angle (HVA) and intermetatarsal angle (IMA) were compared before and after wear. Changes in the HVA and IMA after wearing the toe spreader were significantly different (P<0.001 and P=0.034). The total amount of time to make a customized toe spreader was approximately seven hours and the total price was approximately 50 dollars. Personalized toe spreaders for hallux valgus made with 3D scanning and 3D printing techniques improved the HVA and IMA. This suggests the possibility of the commercial use of 3D printed customized toe spreaders for hallux valgus.
{"title":"Designing Personalized Toe Spreaders for Hallux Valgus with Three-Dimensional Scanning and Printing","authors":"Yong Ho Cha, Sung Jae Kim, Keun Ho Lee, J. Kwon, Dong-Hyeon Kim, A. Seo, S. Kim","doi":"10.11159/jbeb.2018.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/jbeb.2018.001","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to make personalized toe spreaders for hallux valgus with 3D scanning and printing with a low cost. Eight patients (14 feet) with hallux valgus participated in our study and were scanned with a 3D scanner. After designing toe spreaders with a modeling program, we made toe spreaders using a 3D printing technique with the selective laser sintering method. The hallux valgus angle (HVA) and intermetatarsal angle (IMA) were compared before and after wear. Changes in the HVA and IMA after wearing the toe spreader were significantly different (P<0.001 and P=0.034). The total amount of time to make a customized toe spreader was approximately seven hours and the total price was approximately 50 dollars. Personalized toe spreaders for hallux valgus made with 3D scanning and 3D printing techniques improved the HVA and IMA. This suggests the possibility of the commercial use of 3D printed customized toe spreaders for hallux valgus.","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73131566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01Epub Date: 2018-02-05DOI: 10.32474/OAJBEB.2018.01.000102
Paul M Meaney, Keith D Paulsen
In developing a microwave tomography system, we started by examining the fundamental signal measurement challenges-i.e., how to interrogate the target while suppressing unwanted multi-path signals. Beginning with a lossy coupling bath to suppress unwanted surface waves, we have developed a robust and reliable system that is both simple and low profile. However, beyond the basic measurement configuration, the lossy coupling medium concept has also informed our choice of array antenna and imaging algorithms. The synergism of these concepts has produced a novel concept which is embodied in a system that has been successfully translated to the clinic.
{"title":"Addressing Multipath Signal Corruption in Microwave Tomography and the Influence on System Design and Algorithm Development.","authors":"Paul M Meaney, Keith D Paulsen","doi":"10.32474/OAJBEB.2018.01.000102","DOIUrl":"10.32474/OAJBEB.2018.01.000102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In developing a microwave tomography system, we started by examining the fundamental signal measurement challenges-i.e., how to interrogate the target while suppressing unwanted multi-path signals. Beginning with a lossy coupling bath to suppress unwanted surface waves, we have developed a robust and reliable system that is both simple and low profile. However, beyond the basic measurement configuration, the lossy coupling medium concept has also informed our choice of array antenna and imaging algorithms. The synergism of these concepts has produced a novel concept which is embodied in a system that has been successfully translated to the clinic.</p>","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6395052/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37194225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Pranoto, S. Okamoto, Jae Hoon Lee, A. Shiraishi, Yuri Sakane, Y. Ohashi
The main purpose of this research is to determine frictional characteristics of human ocular surfaces. A mathematical model for frictional coefficients was proposed. Parameters of the model were determined by a computational algorithm employing BSG (BattleStar Galactica)-Starcraft of PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization). This research also aims to show validities the computational algorithm employing the BSG-Starcraft of PSO and the algorithm employing the genetic algorithm and least-squares method developed in the authors’ previous research. The physical apparatus developed by the authors in the previous research was used to measure the normal forces, frictional forces and velocities of the probe on eye surfaces of healthy subjects simultaneously. Then, the frictional characteristic curves of human ocular surfaces were calculated by using the present and previous computational algorithms. Finally, both computational algorithms were validated by comparing both results on the frictional characteristics of cornea and bulbar conjunctiva. The authors have succeeded in determining the frictional characteristics of human ocular surfaces.
{"title":"Determining Frictional Characteristics of Human Ocular Surfaces by Employing BSG-Starcraft of Particle Swarm Optimization","authors":"S. Pranoto, S. Okamoto, Jae Hoon Lee, A. Shiraishi, Yuri Sakane, Y. Ohashi","doi":"10.11159/jbeb.2017.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/jbeb.2017.005","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this research is to determine frictional characteristics of human ocular surfaces. A mathematical model for frictional coefficients was proposed. Parameters of the model were determined by a computational algorithm employing BSG (BattleStar Galactica)-Starcraft of PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization). This research also aims to show validities the computational algorithm employing the BSG-Starcraft of PSO and the algorithm employing the genetic algorithm and least-squares method developed in the authors’ previous research. The physical apparatus developed by the authors in the previous research was used to measure the normal forces, frictional forces and velocities of the probe on eye surfaces of healthy subjects simultaneously. Then, the frictional characteristic curves of human ocular surfaces were calculated by using the present and previous computational algorithms. Finally, both computational algorithms were validated by comparing both results on the frictional characteristics of cornea and bulbar conjunctiva. The authors have succeeded in determining the frictional characteristics of human ocular surfaces.","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73843447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When goal-directed hand movements are made, there is a common coordination pattern whereby the eyes start to move towards the target just before the hand. Onset asynchrony is the measurement of this latency. Onset asynchrony can be used to investigate the effects of neurological conditions on movement planning abilities. However, it is difficult to design a robust experiment since there is no clear understanding of why onset asynchronies change between conditions, and which elements of a task are likely to result in a change. This review aims to develop a coherent analysis of why people adjust their onset asynchrony for different situations. A systematic review methodology was employed to obtain all available research containing measurements of onset asynchrony. Searches returned 3703 articles, of which there were 38 articles that used onset asynchrony measurements as a dependent variable. In total, 30 potential onset asynchrony factors were investigated by the articles, with 25 of them affecting the timing between hand and eye onset. Generally, the eye guides the end of the previous movement, the start of the current movement, and the end of the current movement. It appears that onset asynchrony varies based on these competing requirements. When designing an experiment, one should be aware that the independent variable is likely to interact with these requirements. The experimental design must ensure that confounding factors/covariant observations are minimised.
{"title":"A Systematic Review Based Analysis of Eye-Hand Movement Onset Asynchrony Adjustments","authors":"A. Payne, B. Plimmer, T. C. Davies","doi":"10.11159/jbeb.2017.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/jbeb.2017.003","url":null,"abstract":"When goal-directed hand movements are made, there is a common coordination pattern whereby the eyes start to move towards the target just before the hand. Onset asynchrony is the measurement of this latency. Onset asynchrony can be used to investigate the effects of neurological conditions on movement planning abilities. However, it is difficult to design a robust experiment since there is no clear understanding of why onset asynchronies change between conditions, and which elements of a task are likely to result in a change. This review aims to develop a coherent analysis of why people adjust their onset asynchrony for different situations. A systematic review methodology was employed to obtain all available research containing measurements of onset asynchrony. Searches returned 3703 articles, of which there were 38 articles that used onset asynchrony measurements as a dependent variable. In total, 30 potential onset asynchrony factors were investigated by the articles, with 25 of them affecting the timing between hand and eye onset. Generally, the eye guides the end of the previous movement, the start of the current movement, and the end of the current movement. It appears that onset asynchrony varies based on these competing requirements. When designing an experiment, one should be aware that the independent variable is likely to interact with these requirements. The experimental design must ensure that confounding factors/covariant observations are minimised.","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79382549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As many as 85% of adults experience back pain that interferes with their work and leisure activities, and 25% of people between the ages of 30–50 years report lower back symptoms. Much of the pain and discomfort in later life results from an untreated condition during adolescence. Stress fractures of the vertebral lumbar laminae are given the clinical name spondylolysis. This vertebral defect is an acquired fracture with 7% prevalence in the paediatric population. This fracture has a mechanical aetiology, and fair evidence exists to support the role of facet tropism (geometric asymmetry) as a predisposing factor. Tests were carried out on porcine lumbar vertebrae, on which a series of angular asymmetries were simulated. Strain was recorded using 3-element stacked rosette strain gauges placed on the vertebral laminae. These tests showed that as each subsequent step of asymmetry is applied there is an increase in both Von Mises stress and strain on the ipsilateral side, this increase has a complex non-linear progression and pathological values for strain (>3000με) are recorded indicating potential damage, which is supported by an average 17% reduction in facet/laminae stiffness (N/mm). An FEA model of the vertebra was created using μCT scans and published formulae linking bone mineralisation to material properties. This model successfully replicated both the facet/laminae stiffness (N/mm) and strains that were measured during test. The degree to which facet asymmetry is a predisposing factor and the knowledge of potentially pathological strain levels in the vertebra are important parameters when evaluating new implant devices and surgical
{"title":"Development of a Porcine FE Model for the Investigation of Vertebral Laminae Strains Resulting From Facet Tropism","authors":"Colin Bright, S. Tiernan, F. McEvoy, P. Kiely","doi":"10.11159/jbeb.2017.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/jbeb.2017.004","url":null,"abstract":"As many as 85% of adults experience back pain that interferes with their work and leisure activities, and 25% of people between the ages of 30–50 years report lower back symptoms. Much of the pain and discomfort in later life results from an untreated condition during adolescence. Stress fractures of the vertebral lumbar laminae are given the clinical name spondylolysis. This vertebral defect is an acquired fracture with 7% prevalence in the paediatric population. This fracture has a mechanical aetiology, and fair evidence exists to support the role of facet tropism (geometric asymmetry) as a predisposing factor. Tests were carried out on porcine lumbar vertebrae, on which a series of angular asymmetries were simulated. Strain was recorded using 3-element stacked rosette strain gauges placed on the vertebral laminae. These tests showed that as each subsequent step of asymmetry is applied there is an increase in both Von Mises stress and strain on the ipsilateral side, this increase has a complex non-linear progression and pathological values for strain (>3000με) are recorded indicating potential damage, which is supported by an average 17% reduction in facet/laminae stiffness (N/mm). An FEA model of the vertebra was created using μCT scans and published formulae linking bone mineralisation to material properties. This model successfully replicated both the facet/laminae stiffness (N/mm) and strains that were measured during test. The degree to which facet asymmetry is a predisposing factor and the knowledge of potentially pathological strain levels in the vertebra are important parameters when evaluating new implant devices and surgical","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84634725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flow diverters have a very short history, their research and clinical use for intracranial aneurysms spread in the last 10 years. Because of the novelty of these devices there are many fields to research, that correlate with the effect of flow diverters. Such research may improve the safety and efficacy of the technique. These devices are very flexible and can be slightly bent, but the surface muster changes frequency, so the metallic surface area in the surroundings of the aneurysm is not constant. The current manufacturers are working with several musters, there is not an ideal surface structure, and there is neither a standard index-number for the optimal MSA. The aim of this study is to test flow diverter devices from several producers in fixed bending angles, in variable points obtain the muster, and calculate the coverage. Based on the results an objective measurement for the local values can be defined. The ideal measurement for coverage can be decided by analyzing the microscopic images of the stents in the marked points and in the determined angles.
{"title":"Pattern Change of Flow Diverters due to Bending","authors":"L. Asztalos, P. Nagy, E. Bognár, I. Szikora","doi":"10.11159/jbeb.2017.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/jbeb.2017.002","url":null,"abstract":"Flow diverters have a very short history, their research and clinical use for intracranial aneurysms spread in the last 10 years. Because of the novelty of these devices there are many fields to research, that correlate with the effect of flow diverters. Such research may improve the safety and efficacy of the technique. These devices are very flexible and can be slightly bent, but the surface muster changes frequency, so the metallic surface area in the surroundings of the aneurysm is not constant. The current manufacturers are working with several musters, there is not an ideal surface structure, and there is neither a standard index-number for the optimal MSA. The aim of this study is to test flow diverter devices from several producers in fixed bending angles, in variable points obtain the muster, and calculate the coverage. Based on the results an objective measurement for the local values can be defined. The ideal measurement for coverage can be decided by analyzing the microscopic images of the stents in the marked points and in the determined angles.","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86567319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bijeet Bardoloi, Chungki Bhutia, D. Bhatia, S. Paul
- Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common forms of arthritis contributing to the burden of physical disability. This review focuses on the general and managerial aspects of knee OA. Different electrotherapeutic modalities which are commonly employed to alleviate symptoms of knee OA are Ultrasound therapy (0.5-5MHz), Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (2-10 Hz) and Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (50–100 Hz). Pulsed Electrical Stimulation (PES) is another electrotherapy treatment where low frequency current (100 Hz) is believed to promote synthesis of chondrocyte Type 2 collagen and aggrecan, and suppression of matrix metalloproteinases and Interleukin 1(IL 1), hence having a positive effect on chondrocyte function through gene regulation. In this paper, the effectiveness of electrotherapeutic modalities along with physiotherapy, surgery and other measures are reviewed. It has been found that available studies on PES have discussed limited conclusions about its role. Hence, our study aims to understand the effectiveness of PES on knee OA in comparison to commercially available technologies to overcome proposed gaps and may be treated as better therapeutic modality in near future. The data collected or conclusions drawn were through literature survey only. No experimental study or practical usage of the different devices was conducted, which could be considered in future.
{"title":"Knee Osteoarthritis: An Overview of Recent Interventions","authors":"Bijeet Bardoloi, Chungki Bhutia, D. Bhatia, S. Paul","doi":"10.11159/jbeb.2017.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/jbeb.2017.001","url":null,"abstract":"- Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common forms of arthritis contributing to the burden of physical disability. This review focuses on the general and managerial aspects of knee OA. Different electrotherapeutic modalities which are commonly employed to alleviate symptoms of knee OA are Ultrasound therapy (0.5-5MHz), Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (2-10 Hz) and Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (50–100 Hz). Pulsed Electrical Stimulation (PES) is another electrotherapy treatment where low frequency current (100 Hz) is believed to promote synthesis of chondrocyte Type 2 collagen and aggrecan, and suppression of matrix metalloproteinases and Interleukin 1(IL 1), hence having a positive effect on chondrocyte function through gene regulation. In this paper, the effectiveness of electrotherapeutic modalities along with physiotherapy, surgery and other measures are reviewed. It has been found that available studies on PES have discussed limited conclusions about its role. Hence, our study aims to understand the effectiveness of PES on knee OA in comparison to commercially available technologies to overcome proposed gaps and may be treated as better therapeutic modality in near future. The data collected or conclusions drawn were through literature survey only. No experimental study or practical usage of the different devices was conducted, which could be considered in future.","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":"234 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77270309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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