Daniella S. Courrol, B. Teixeira, C. Pereira, M. Franzolin, Lilia Coronato Courrol
Extended Abstract Curcumin is a polyphenol derived from the Curcuma Longa plant. Curcumin exhibits a variety of therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antiseptic activities [1]. Curcumin acts as photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is an alternative way to kill pathogenic microorganisms [2]. The use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as the vehicle for curcumin delivery increases photodynamic ability [3]. Therefore, the present study aim is to investigate the effect of the photodynamic action of LED-activated curcumin gold nanoparticles, on cell viability of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus (Sa), Staphylococcus epidermidis (Se), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa), Escherichia coli (Ec), Citrobacter freundii (Cf) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp). To prepare Curcumin gold nanoparticles (Curc:AuNps) solutions, 3.2 mg of HAuCl4 was mixed with 1.5 mg Curcumin and Polyethylene glycol (PEG) in Mili-Q water. This solution was exposed to light from a mercury metal halide lamp. The resulting solutions were characterized by UV-Vis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The in vitro antibacterial activity of Curc:AuNps was evaluated against Sa, Se, Pa, Ec, Cf and Kp using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. The effects of exposure to yellow LED light with ~38 J/cm fluence and variations in the Curc:AuNPs concentrations (50, 75 and 100% dilutions) were studied. The presence of a surface plasmon resonance band at ~520 nm indicated the formation of spherical gold nanoparticles. In the presence of PEG, the solution color changed some minutes after the mixing of reagents, and solution size homogeneity was improved with the mercury metal halide lamp illumination. TEM analyses showed ~17±2 nm nanoparticles. The results indicate that PDT with curcumin gold nanoparticles strongly inhibits the development of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. This study revealed antibacterial probability of inhibition >80% with 32 mM of Curc:AuNPs and light against Sa, Se, Cf and Kp strains after 18 hours of incubation. NOVA/Tukey's tests were conducted to compare groups curcumin/Curc:AuNPs, with and without photodynamic excitation. This work was supported by the “Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo” (FAPESP), Grant number 2014/06960-9.
姜黄素是一种从姜黄植物中提取的多酚。姜黄素具有多种治疗特性，包括抗氧化、镇痛、抗炎、抗癌和抗菌活性[1]。姜黄素在光动力疗法(PDT)中起到光敏剂的作用，是杀灭致病微生物的另一种方法[2]。使用金纳米颗粒(AuNPs)作为姜黄素递送的载体可以增加光动力能力[3]。因此，本研究旨在探讨led激活的姜黄素金纳米颗粒的光动力作用对金黄色葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌(Sa)、表皮葡萄球菌(Se)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pa)、大肠杆菌(Ec)、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Cf)和肺炎克雷伯菌(Kp)细胞活力的影响。为了制备姜黄素金纳米颗粒(Curc:AuNps)溶液，将3.2 mg HAuCl4与1.5 mg姜黄素和聚乙二醇(PEG)在Mili-Q水中混合。这种溶液暴露在汞金属卤化物灯的光线下。用紫外可见光谱和透射电镜对所得溶液进行了表征。采用最小抑菌浓度(MIC)法评价Curc:AuNps对Sa、Se、Pa、Ec、Cf和Kp的体外抑菌活性。研究了~38 J/cm黄光照射对Curc:AuNPs浓度(50%、75%和100%稀释)的影响。在~520 nm处表面等离子体共振带的存在表明球形金纳米颗粒的形成。在PEG存在的情况下，混合试剂后，溶液的颜色会在几分钟后发生变化，在金属卤化物汞灯照射下，溶液的均匀性得到改善。TEM分析显示~17±2 nm的纳米颗粒。结果表明，姜黄素金纳米颗粒PDT对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌的生长有较强的抑制作用。本研究发现，32 mM Curc:AuNPs和光照对Sa、Se、Cf和Kp菌株孵育18 h后，抑菌率>80%。NOVA/Tukey’s试验比较了姜黄素/Curc:AuNPs组在光动力激发和不光动力激发下的差异。这项工作得到了“圣保罗州和平与发展基金”(FAPESP)的资助，资助号2014/06960-9。
{"title":"Pegylated Curcumin with Gold Nanoparticles: Antimicrobial Agent Evaluation","authors":"Daniella S. Courrol, B. Teixeira, C. Pereira, M. Franzolin, Lilia Coronato Courrol","doi":"10.11159/jbeb.2016.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/jbeb.2016.008","url":null,"abstract":"Extended Abstract Curcumin is a polyphenol derived from the Curcuma Longa plant. Curcumin exhibits a variety of therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antiseptic activities [1]. Curcumin acts as photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is an alternative way to kill pathogenic microorganisms [2]. The use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as the vehicle for curcumin delivery increases photodynamic ability [3]. Therefore, the present study aim is to investigate the effect of the photodynamic action of LED-activated curcumin gold nanoparticles, on cell viability of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus (Sa), Staphylococcus epidermidis (Se), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa), Escherichia coli (Ec), Citrobacter freundii (Cf) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp). To prepare Curcumin gold nanoparticles (Curc:AuNps) solutions, 3.2 mg of HAuCl4 was mixed with 1.5 mg Curcumin and Polyethylene glycol (PEG) in Mili-Q water. This solution was exposed to light from a mercury metal halide lamp. The resulting solutions were characterized by UV-Vis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The in vitro antibacterial activity of Curc:AuNps was evaluated against Sa, Se, Pa, Ec, Cf and Kp using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. The effects of exposure to yellow LED light with ~38 J/cm fluence and variations in the Curc:AuNPs concentrations (50, 75 and 100% dilutions) were studied. The presence of a surface plasmon resonance band at ~520 nm indicated the formation of spherical gold nanoparticles. In the presence of PEG, the solution color changed some minutes after the mixing of reagents, and solution size homogeneity was improved with the mercury metal halide lamp illumination. TEM analyses showed ~17±2 nm nanoparticles. The results indicate that PDT with curcumin gold nanoparticles strongly inhibits the development of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. This study revealed antibacterial probability of inhibition >80% with 32 mM of Curc:AuNPs and light against Sa, Se, Cf and Kp strains after 18 hours of incubation. NOVA/Tukey's tests were conducted to compare groups curcumin/Curc:AuNPs, with and without photodynamic excitation. This work was supported by the “Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo” (FAPESP), Grant number 2014/06960-9.","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74215320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sleep apnea is a common respiratory disorder during sleep. It is characterized by shallow or no breathing during sleep for at least 10 seconds. Decrease in sleep quality may effect the next day daily routine unfavorably. In some cases apnea period (not breathing interval) can last more than 30 seconds causing fatal outcomes. 14% of men and 5% of women suffer from Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in United States. Patients may face apnea for more than 300 times in a single overnight sleep. Polysomnography (PSG) is a multi-parametric recording of biophysiological changes, having Snorring, SpO2, Nasal Airflow EEG, EMG, ECG signals, performed in sleep study laboratories. In this study, a fully automatic apnea detection algorithm is mentinoed and an early warning system is proposed to predict OSA episodes by extracting time-series features of pre-OSA periods and regular respiration using nasal airflow signal. Extracted features are then reduced by RANSAC and entropy based approaches to improve the performance of prediction algorithm. Support vector machines (SVM), one of the commonly used classification algorithms in medical applications, kNearest Neighbor and a modified Linear Regression are implemented for learning and classification of nasal airflow signal episodes. The results show that OSA episodes are predicted with 86.9% of accuracy and 91.5% of sensitivity, 30 seconds before patient faces apnea. By the use of predicting an apnea episode before happening, it is possible to prevent patient to face apnea by early warning which can minimize the possible health risks.
{"title":"Finite An Early Warning Algorithm to Predict Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Episodes","authors":"G. Ozdemir, Huseyin Nasifoglu, O. Eroğul","doi":"10.11159/jbeb.2016.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/jbeb.2016.007","url":null,"abstract":"Sleep apnea is a common respiratory disorder during sleep. It is characterized by shallow or no breathing during sleep for at least 10 seconds. Decrease in sleep quality may effect the next day daily routine unfavorably. In some cases apnea period (not breathing interval) can last more than 30 seconds causing fatal outcomes. 14% of men and 5% of women suffer from Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in United States. Patients may face apnea for more than 300 times in a single overnight sleep. Polysomnography (PSG) is a multi-parametric recording of biophysiological changes, having Snorring, SpO2, Nasal Airflow EEG, EMG, ECG signals, performed in sleep study laboratories. In this study, a fully automatic apnea detection algorithm is mentinoed and an early warning system is proposed to predict OSA episodes by extracting time-series features of pre-OSA periods and regular respiration using nasal airflow signal. Extracted features are then reduced by RANSAC and entropy based approaches to improve the performance of prediction algorithm. Support vector machines (SVM), one of the commonly used classification algorithms in medical applications, kNearest Neighbor and a modified Linear Regression are implemented for learning and classification of nasal airflow signal episodes. The results show that OSA episodes are predicted with 86.9% of accuracy and 91.5% of sensitivity, 30 seconds before patient faces apnea. By the use of predicting an apnea episode before happening, it is possible to prevent patient to face apnea by early warning which can minimize the possible health risks.","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78792629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
- Subsidence is a type of failure associated with implanted cervical cages or artificial intervertebral discs. It is defined as a loss of postoperative disc height. Actuarial rates show a risk of subsidence at 16 weeks at 70.7 percent. This study examines the changes in the vertebral endplate morphology and the resulting effect on the stresses developed in the endplate and in the vertebral core. A three-dimensional linear elastic model was created from computed tomographic (CT) scans and material properties were assigned according to various studies. Particular care was taken in the superior endplate that was modeled according to experimental measurements. Von Mises stress values were examined in the vertebral endplates and the cancellous core. The stresses were the result of a static load analysis. The stresses analyzed comparing a model with an idealized half-millimeter endplate to anthropometrically based models see if the half-millimeter thick endplate is an adequate approximation. The stresses in the cancellous core were measured at various levels to see how stress propagated through the core with the adjustment of the endplate. The core stresses were investigated to identify regions of potential failure. Ideally this information would be used to improve intervertebral device design.
{"title":"Finite Element Analysis of Superior C3 Cervical Vertebra Endplate and Cancellous Core under Static Loads","authors":"I. Mabe, T. Goswami","doi":"10.11159/jbeb.2016.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/jbeb.2016.006","url":null,"abstract":"- Subsidence is a type of failure associated with implanted cervical cages or artificial intervertebral discs. It is defined as a loss of postoperative disc height. Actuarial rates show a risk of subsidence at 16 weeks at 70.7 percent. This study examines the changes in the vertebral endplate morphology and the resulting effect on the stresses developed in the endplate and in the vertebral core. A three-dimensional linear elastic model was created from computed tomographic (CT) scans and material properties were assigned according to various studies. Particular care was taken in the superior endplate that was modeled according to experimental measurements. Von Mises stress values were examined in the vertebral endplates and the cancellous core. The stresses were the result of a static load analysis. The stresses analyzed comparing a model with an idealized half-millimeter endplate to anthropometrically based models see if the half-millimeter thick endplate is an adequate approximation. The stresses in the cancellous core were measured at various levels to see how stress propagated through the core with the adjustment of the endplate. The core stresses were investigated to identify regions of potential failure. Ideally this information would be used to improve intervertebral device design.","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85169556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this case study a clinically failed, mechanically intact, hemi-toe device was investigated. The clinical indication of the failure constitutes radiolucent line indicating loosening of the implant and possible interactions among the boneimplant initiated by osteolysis may become a factor, producing pain, inflammatory reactions, deformity and discomfort. The patient file was not available to determine these parameters. The device was titanium coated, Cobalt Chromium alloy used for making hemi-toe. Degeneration of hemi implant was due to spalling of the coating from the surface, causing loosening of stem from bone. However, pre-removal X-ray films were not available to confirm. Mechanism by which the clinical failure occurred likely due to lack of bony adhesion or other clinical reasons. Surface topographical features were documented using optical microscope. A method to classify various area of the articulating surface was proposed in this study that shows the anterior contacts were more damaging than the other areas where deeper scratches, pits and some debris were present. There is a need to converge mechanical and clinical failures together for these types of medical devices.
{"title":"Analysis of a Clinically Failed, Mechanically Intact, Hemi-Toe Implant","authors":"S. Varadharajan, R. Laughlin, T. Goswami","doi":"10.11159/jbeb.2016.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/jbeb.2016.005","url":null,"abstract":"In this case study a clinically failed, mechanically intact, hemi-toe device was investigated. The clinical indication of the failure constitutes radiolucent line indicating loosening of the implant and possible interactions among the boneimplant initiated by osteolysis may become a factor, producing pain, inflammatory reactions, deformity and discomfort. The patient file was not available to determine these parameters. The device was titanium coated, Cobalt Chromium alloy used for making hemi-toe. Degeneration of hemi implant was due to spalling of the coating from the surface, causing loosening of stem from bone. However, pre-removal X-ray films were not available to confirm. Mechanism by which the clinical failure occurred likely due to lack of bony adhesion or other clinical reasons. Surface topographical features were documented using optical microscope. A method to classify various area of the articulating surface was proposed in this study that shows the anterior contacts were more damaging than the other areas where deeper scratches, pits and some debris were present. There is a need to converge mechanical and clinical failures together for these types of medical devices.","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88922656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
- It is well known that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) induces ectopic bone formation when the recombinant protein or BMP gene is transferred into the skeletal muscle. In our previous studies, we developed a novel method for BMP gene transfer, which is combination with non-viral gene expression vector and in vivo electroporation. On the other hand, in the BMP family, BMP-2/4 or BMP-2/7 heterodimer has stronger potential for bone induction compared with BMP-2, BMP-4 or BMP-7 homodimer. Then, we constructed BMP-2/7 heterodimer produced vector: pCAGGS-BMP-2/7. When we injected pCAGGS-BMP-2/7 plasmid vector into the skeletal muscles and immediately performed in vivo electroporation, the ectopic bone formation was induced quickly on 10 days after gene transfer. For clinical application, we need more safe procedure on in vivo electroporation under the condition of lower voltage than 100 voltage. If we set the condition: 50 voltage and 8 pulses, the efficiency of gene transfer was also reduced by 50%. But, when we induced pulse number, it recovered. We evaluated proper voltage and pulse number as the same gene transfer efficiency of 100 voltage. We often use bone prosthetic material and autogenous bone graft for alveolar bone defect caused by periodontal disease or trauma. But, these therapies sometimes have some risk for patients such as infection or fractures. In this study, we tried to apply this gene transfer system for alveolar bone regeneration of rats under the condition less 50 voltage. Our developed gene therapy system for alveolar bone regeneration will be with more safety and with fewer burdens on the patient in the future.
{"title":"Gene Therapy using Non-viral Gene Expression Vector and in vivo Electroporation for Bone Regeneration: Challenge to Gene Transfer into the Periodontal Tissues","authors":"M. Kawai, K. Ohura","doi":"10.11159/jbeb.2016.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/jbeb.2016.004","url":null,"abstract":"- It is well known that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) induces ectopic bone formation when the recombinant protein or BMP gene is transferred into the skeletal muscle. In our previous studies, we developed a novel method for BMP gene transfer, which is combination with non-viral gene expression vector and in vivo electroporation. On the other hand, in the BMP family, BMP-2/4 or BMP-2/7 heterodimer has stronger potential for bone induction compared with BMP-2, BMP-4 or BMP-7 homodimer. Then, we constructed BMP-2/7 heterodimer produced vector: pCAGGS-BMP-2/7. When we injected pCAGGS-BMP-2/7 plasmid vector into the skeletal muscles and immediately performed in vivo electroporation, the ectopic bone formation was induced quickly on 10 days after gene transfer. For clinical application, we need more safe procedure on in vivo electroporation under the condition of lower voltage than 100 voltage. If we set the condition: 50 voltage and 8 pulses, the efficiency of gene transfer was also reduced by 50%. But, when we induced pulse number, it recovered. We evaluated proper voltage and pulse number as the same gene transfer efficiency of 100 voltage. We often use bone prosthetic material and autogenous bone graft for alveolar bone defect caused by periodontal disease or trauma. But, these therapies sometimes have some risk for patients such as infection or fractures. In this study, we tried to apply this gene transfer system for alveolar bone regeneration of rats under the condition less 50 voltage. Our developed gene therapy system for alveolar bone regeneration will be with more safety and with fewer burdens on the patient in the future.","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83008753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a study of the frictional and biomechanical forces in a trapezoidal versus rectangular bracket. Moreover, a biological study based on the presence of periostin in the crevicular fluid was carried out. The main aim is to validate the novel and innovative bracket design (utility model U-2013 30 854 applied for on: 8th July 2013. The scope of protection of this utility model covers Spain, France and Portugal). Results demonstrate that trapezoidal brackets transmit the forces to the tooth more uniformly and generate lower frictional forces, in an angle dependent manner until a maximum of 8°, than the rectangular ones.
{"title":"Frictional and Biomechanical Forces and Biological Effects of a Trapezoidal Versus Rectangular Bracket","authors":"T. Cobo, A. A. Suárez, J. Cobo","doi":"10.11159/jbeb.2016.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/jbeb.2016.003","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a study of the frictional and biomechanical forces in a trapezoidal versus rectangular bracket. Moreover, a biological study based on the presence of periostin in the crevicular fluid was carried out. The main aim is to validate the novel and innovative bracket design (utility model U-2013 30 854 applied for on: 8th July 2013. The scope of protection of this utility model covers Spain, France and Portugal). Results demonstrate that trapezoidal brackets transmit the forces to the tooth more uniformly and generate lower frictional forces, in an angle dependent manner until a maximum of 8°, than the rectangular ones.","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77721369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women after heart diseases. A well-known statement in cancer society is “Early detection means better chances of survival”. In the past few years several techniques were developed to detect breast tumors in early stages. A proposed system is designed for breast tumors detection using ultrasound images. Ultrasound is used because it is less expensive and less invasive than X-rays used in mammography and computerized tomography. It can provide a second opinion for a physician to detect breast tumors. The proposed system consists of three main steps: preprocessing, feature extraction and classification. Gaussian blurring, anisotropic diffusion and histogram equalization are used to reduce additive noise, speckle noise and to enhance the image quality respectively. The second step is feature extraction and dimensionality reduction. PCA is used to reduce the dimensions of the feature vector. The third and final step is the classification step. A comparison is conducted between support vector machine and bagging ensemble classifier as different classification techniques. The third step is deployed to classify the images into image with/without tumors.
{"title":"Automated Breast Tumour Detection in Ultrasound Images Using Support Vector Machine and Ensemble Classification","authors":"Passant Wahdan, A. Saad, A. Shoukry","doi":"10.11159/jbeb.2016.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/jbeb.2016.002","url":null,"abstract":"Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women after heart diseases. A well-known statement in cancer society is “Early detection means better chances of survival”. In the past few years several techniques were developed to detect breast tumors in early stages. A proposed system is designed for breast tumors detection using ultrasound images. Ultrasound is used because it is less expensive and less invasive than X-rays used in mammography and computerized tomography. It can provide a second opinion for a physician to detect breast tumors. The proposed system consists of three main steps: preprocessing, feature extraction and classification. Gaussian blurring, anisotropic diffusion and histogram equalization are used to reduce additive noise, speckle noise and to enhance the image quality respectively. The second step is feature extraction and dimensionality reduction. PCA is used to reduce the dimensions of the feature vector. The third and final step is the classification step. A comparison is conducted between support vector machine and bagging ensemble classifier as different classification techniques. The third step is deployed to classify the images into image with/without tumors.","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90213074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oren M. Rotman, U. Zaretsky, Yaniv Birnboim, Amit Pascal, S. Einav
- The small intestine (SI) is a mechanically active tube-like organ that actuates peristaltic constriction motion. The motion assists capsule endoscopy products to passively travel along the SI tract. The goal of the present study was to design a mechanical simulator of the small intestine. Having such a simulator would allow effective testing of new capsule endoscopic devices, as well as offline practice with endoscopic and other devices. The simulator, loaded with ex-vivo swine SI, was functionally validated using two ingestible capsule products: PillCam® SB3 and SmartPill® (Given Imaging, Ltd.). Excellent agreement was found in comparison to in-vivo recordings, showing the great potential of the simulator.
{"title":"Mechanical Simulator of the Small Intestine for In-Vitro Practice with Endoscopic Devices","authors":"Oren M. Rotman, U. Zaretsky, Yaniv Birnboim, Amit Pascal, S. Einav","doi":"10.11159/jbeb.2016.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/jbeb.2016.001","url":null,"abstract":"- The small intestine (SI) is a mechanically active tube-like organ that actuates peristaltic constriction motion. The motion assists capsule endoscopy products to passively travel along the SI tract. The goal of the present study was to design a mechanical simulator of the small intestine. Having such a simulator would allow effective testing of new capsule endoscopic devices, as well as offline practice with endoscopic and other devices. The simulator, loaded with ex-vivo swine SI, was functionally validated using two ingestible capsule products: PillCam® SB3 and SmartPill® (Given Imaging, Ltd.). Excellent agreement was found in comparison to in-vivo recordings, showing the great potential of the simulator.","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89047174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Valdevit, E. Noonan, H. Sidoti, Rebecca Chung, Arthur Ritter, T. Errico
With disc degeneration and height loss, facet joints may become susceptible to damage when exposed to elevated frequency loading. The investigators hypothesized that elevated frequencies alter normal mechanical response of facet joints which may be a mechanical predisposition for low back pain. Facet joints from six bovine L4-L5 vertebra were subjected to 520 loading cycles from -15N to -60N at 1Hz, 5Hz, 20Hz, 40Hz and 80Hz. Net deformation, strain, cumulative strain, and elastic stiffness were computed for each cycle, averaged across frequencies and subjected to non-linear exponential regression. Regression parameters were examined with a Tukey post-hoc test. Asymptotic limits of deformation were statistically significant (P<0.005) while elevated frequencies displayed significant decreases with respect to deformation change per cycle as compared to 1Hz. (P<0.005) Initial strain data indicated all frequency comparisons were statistically significant (P<0.01. The strain change per cycle indicated 1Hz loading was statistically equivalent to both 40Hz and 80Hz loading (P>0.05). The 5Hz frequency was statistically elevated compared to other frequencies (P<0.01). Initial stiffness indicated all frequency comparisons were statistically different (P<0.05). This study represents mechanical evidence for the predisposition of individuals exposed to high frequency loading toward increased incidence of load back pain.
{"title":"Elevated Frequency Loading of Facet Joints","authors":"A. Valdevit, E. Noonan, H. Sidoti, Rebecca Chung, Arthur Ritter, T. Errico","doi":"10.11159/jbeb.2015.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/jbeb.2015.002","url":null,"abstract":"With disc degeneration and height loss, facet joints may become susceptible to damage when exposed to elevated frequency loading. The investigators hypothesized that elevated frequencies alter normal mechanical response of facet joints which may be a mechanical predisposition for low back pain. Facet joints from six bovine L4-L5 vertebra were subjected to 520 loading cycles from -15N to -60N at 1Hz, 5Hz, 20Hz, 40Hz and 80Hz. Net deformation, strain, cumulative strain, and elastic stiffness were computed for each cycle, averaged across frequencies and subjected to non-linear exponential regression. Regression parameters were examined with a Tukey post-hoc test. Asymptotic limits of deformation were statistically significant (P<0.005) while elevated frequencies displayed significant decreases with respect to deformation change per cycle as compared to 1Hz. (P<0.005) Initial strain data indicated all frequency comparisons were statistically significant (P<0.01. The strain change per cycle indicated 1Hz loading was statistically equivalent to both 40Hz and 80Hz loading (P>0.05). The 5Hz frequency was statistically elevated compared to other frequencies (P<0.01). Initial stiffness indicated all frequency comparisons were statistically different (P<0.05). This study represents mechanical evidence for the predisposition of individuals exposed to high frequency loading toward increased incidence of load back pain.","PeriodicalId":92699,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of biomedical engineering and biosciences","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80892946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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