Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.15406/ijmboa.2019.04.00108
Lipsa Das
Exposure to environmental contaminants poses a significant threat to normal growth and differentiation of the developing brain.1 As a member of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) family, B[a] P, is ubiquitous throughout the environment and is derived from the incomplete combustion of organic matter.2 It is known for its neurotoxic potential causing neurobehavioral alterations in animal models,3 and its metabolites can reach the brain tissues by crossing the blood-brain barrier and thereby gains direct access to the central nervous system.3–6 Accumulating evidence indicates that hippocampus is particularly important for spatial learning and memory,7 morphological changes occur during pregnancy, the postpartum period, and after weaning. However, in the present scenario very little is known about the mechanism of action and effects of these neurotoxicants on animals’ model inducing persistent cognitive dysfunction of offspring during early-life to result in diseased phenotypes in later-life. Although a various mode of administration were known an intraperitonial B[a] P administration during early gestation and the toxic insults induced by these neurotoxicants developing rat brain during postnatal development quite uncertain.
{"title":"Prenatal exposure to Benzo[a]pyrene causes learning and memory impairment and loss of neurons in hippocampus during development of wistar rats","authors":"Lipsa Das","doi":"10.15406/ijmboa.2019.04.00108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ijmboa.2019.04.00108","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to environmental contaminants poses a significant threat to normal growth and differentiation of the developing brain.1 As a member of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) family, B[a] P, is ubiquitous throughout the environment and is derived from the incomplete combustion of organic matter.2 It is known for its neurotoxic potential causing neurobehavioral alterations in animal models,3 and its metabolites can reach the brain tissues by crossing the blood-brain barrier and thereby gains direct access to the central nervous system.3–6 Accumulating evidence indicates that hippocampus is particularly important for spatial learning and memory,7 morphological changes occur during pregnancy, the postpartum period, and after weaning. However, in the present scenario very little is known about the mechanism of action and effects of these neurotoxicants on animals’ model inducing persistent cognitive dysfunction of offspring during early-life to result in diseased phenotypes in later-life. Although a various mode of administration were known an intraperitonial B[a] P administration during early gestation and the toxic insults induced by these neurotoxicants developing rat brain during postnatal development quite uncertain.","PeriodicalId":93110,"journal":{"name":"International journal of molecular biology (Edmond, Okla.)","volume":"2 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78382433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.15406/ijmboa.2019.04.00110
Dr Oludare temitope Osuntokun, G. Cristina
The search for drugs from natural sources has been on the increase in ethno-medicinal research1 and plant kingdom has served as an inexhaustible source of useful drugs, foods, additives, flavouring agents, lubricants, colouring agents and gums from time immemorial.2 Medicinal plants have been used since time immemorial in virtually all societies as source of medicine to combat various ailments including infectious diseases. The therapeutic power of herbs has been recognized since creation of the universe and botanic medicine is one of the oldest practiced professions by mankind.3 Medicinal plants contain large varieties of chemical substances with important therapeutic properties that can be utilised in the treatment of human diseases.4,5 The antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiviral and antifungal potentials of the plant have been reported.6–9 The plant was recommended for use by pregnant women after five months of pregnancy10 while the mineral analysis of the plant has also been documented.11,12 The abortifacient activity of an aqueous extract of Spondias mombin was reported by The plant has been shown to have a wide range of phyto constituents such as tannins, saponins and anthraquinone glycosides.7 The plant has been reported to be used in the treatment of many disease conditions in the Eastern part of Nigeria by the natives. The associated link between the composition of this world-wide cultivated plant and the reported medicinal and economic values prompted this study aimed at evaluating the phytochemical and antioxidant properties as well as the microbial inhibitory effects of the leaf and stem bark extracts of the plant.
{"title":"Bio isolation, chemical purification, identification, antimicrobial and synergistic efficacy of extracted essential oils from stem bark extract of Spondias mombin(Linn)","authors":"Dr Oludare temitope Osuntokun, G. Cristina","doi":"10.15406/ijmboa.2019.04.00110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ijmboa.2019.04.00110","url":null,"abstract":"The search for drugs from natural sources has been on the increase in ethno-medicinal research1 and plant kingdom has served as an inexhaustible source of useful drugs, foods, additives, flavouring agents, lubricants, colouring agents and gums from time immemorial.2 Medicinal plants have been used since time immemorial in virtually all societies as source of medicine to combat various ailments including infectious diseases. The therapeutic power of herbs has been recognized since creation of the universe and botanic medicine is one of the oldest practiced professions by mankind.3 Medicinal plants contain large varieties of chemical substances with important therapeutic properties that can be utilised in the treatment of human diseases.4,5 The antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiviral and antifungal potentials of the plant have been reported.6–9 The plant was recommended for use by pregnant women after five months of pregnancy10 while the mineral analysis of the plant has also been documented.11,12 The abortifacient activity of an aqueous extract of Spondias mombin was reported by The plant has been shown to have a wide range of phyto constituents such as tannins, saponins and anthraquinone glycosides.7 The plant has been reported to be used in the treatment of many disease conditions in the Eastern part of Nigeria by the natives. The associated link between the composition of this world-wide cultivated plant and the reported medicinal and economic values prompted this study aimed at evaluating the phytochemical and antioxidant properties as well as the microbial inhibitory effects of the leaf and stem bark extracts of the plant.","PeriodicalId":93110,"journal":{"name":"International journal of molecular biology (Edmond, Okla.)","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84918018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.15406/ijmboa.2019.04.00115
M. Abdullahi, I. Bello, M. Ahmad, Abdurrahman Sa, M. Idris, M. A. Garga, Tanimu A Tagago, M. Maruthi, S. Seal, M. Abarshi
Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) is one of the 170 known species that belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae.1 Jatropha is a small shrub tree which has pale–green leaves and produces latex when the plant is cut.1 Jatropha plant derives its name from the Greek word iatros (doctor) and trophe (food) which indicates the plant’s medicinal value in ancient times.1 The species name ‘curcas’ comes from the name physic nut found in Malabor, India.1 Jatropha plant grows to a height of up about 3–5 meters, but under favourable agronomic conditions it grows up to 8–10 meters.2
{"title":"Determination of quality and quantity of DNA template using modified CTAB protocol","authors":"M. Abdullahi, I. Bello, M. Ahmad, Abdurrahman Sa, M. Idris, M. A. Garga, Tanimu A Tagago, M. Maruthi, S. Seal, M. Abarshi","doi":"10.15406/ijmboa.2019.04.00115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ijmboa.2019.04.00115","url":null,"abstract":"Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) is one of the 170 known species that belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae.1 Jatropha is a small shrub tree which has pale–green leaves and produces latex when the plant is cut.1 Jatropha plant derives its name from the Greek word iatros (doctor) and trophe (food) which indicates the plant’s medicinal value in ancient times.1 The species name ‘curcas’ comes from the name physic nut found in Malabor, India.1 Jatropha plant grows to a height of up about 3–5 meters, but under favourable agronomic conditions it grows up to 8–10 meters.2","PeriodicalId":93110,"journal":{"name":"International journal of molecular biology (Edmond, Okla.)","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75385398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-19DOI: 10.15406/IJMBOA.2018.03.00088
Warkaa M Ali Al Wattar
{"title":"Ephrin and Eph receptors","authors":"Warkaa M Ali Al Wattar","doi":"10.15406/IJMBOA.2018.03.00088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJMBOA.2018.03.00088","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93110,"journal":{"name":"International journal of molecular biology (Edmond, Okla.)","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74647565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-30DOI: 10.15406/IJMBOA.2018.03.00087
B. Niyazmetov, R. Akhmerov, K. Almatov, S. Mirzakulov, Uz Mirkhodjaev
It is generally known that mammals and birds are warm-blooded, and they are able to maintain such a state is not only in comfort, but in low and high temperature conditions. These circumstances, in all probability, were the prerequisite for the development of ideas about the existence of an organism of warm-blooded special heat generating system. Currently, it was accumulated a lot of material in this direction, which shows that heat production is determined by subcellular specialized mechanisms. It possesses various activities that differs significantly in phylogenetically different classes of vertebrates, in ontogenesis of mammals and birds at various states of an organism. Therefore, warm-blooded animals were allocated to a separate group possessing a high metabolism and support constant and high (about 36°C-40°C) body temperature. The other group includes cold-blooded animals with low metabolism and changeable body temperature. To classify animals according to temperature status in modern literature it is widely used a term of “warm-blooded and cold-blooded”, “homoeothermic and poikilothermic”, “ectothermic and endothermic” animals. In practice, these groups are terms often used interchangeably although they have different meaning. We will also use them in unequivocal terms, although we mainly use a term of “ectothermia and endothermia”. Differences in the level of metabolism between endo-and ectothermic organisms on average in 10 times, but in some cases it reaches up to 100 or more times.1–10 This comparison shows that maintaining of the endothermic state is achieved by a high cost. Possible, up to 90%, and sometimes most of the metabolism is spent only on heat production to maintain the endothermic state of the body. Krogh11 is one of the first to notice lower metabolic rate in cold-blooded animals compared to the warmblooded. However, it took a long time to fully clarify the question about the difference between cold and warm-blooded organisms in metabolism and heat production.
{"title":"Endothermy of organisms and subcellular mechanisms of thermogenesis","authors":"B. Niyazmetov, R. Akhmerov, K. Almatov, S. Mirzakulov, Uz Mirkhodjaev","doi":"10.15406/IJMBOA.2018.03.00087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJMBOA.2018.03.00087","url":null,"abstract":"It is generally known that mammals and birds are warm-blooded, and they are able to maintain such a state is not only in comfort, but in low and high temperature conditions. These circumstances, in all probability, were the prerequisite for the development of ideas about the existence of an organism of warm-blooded special heat generating system. Currently, it was accumulated a lot of material in this direction, which shows that heat production is determined by subcellular specialized mechanisms. It possesses various activities that differs significantly in phylogenetically different classes of vertebrates, in ontogenesis of mammals and birds at various states of an organism. Therefore, warm-blooded animals were allocated to a separate group possessing a high metabolism and support constant and high (about 36°C-40°C) body temperature. The other group includes cold-blooded animals with low metabolism and changeable body temperature. To classify animals according to temperature status in modern literature it is widely used a term of “warm-blooded and cold-blooded”, “homoeothermic and poikilothermic”, “ectothermic and endothermic” animals. In practice, these groups are terms often used interchangeably although they have different meaning. We will also use them in unequivocal terms, although we mainly use a term of “ectothermia and endothermia”. Differences in the level of metabolism between endo-and ectothermic organisms on average in 10 times, but in some cases it reaches up to 100 or more times.1–10 This comparison shows that maintaining of the endothermic state is achieved by a high cost. Possible, up to 90%, and sometimes most of the metabolism is spent only on heat production to maintain the endothermic state of the body. Krogh11 is one of the first to notice lower metabolic rate in cold-blooded animals compared to the warmblooded. However, it took a long time to fully clarify the question about the difference between cold and warm-blooded organisms in metabolism and heat production.","PeriodicalId":93110,"journal":{"name":"International journal of molecular biology (Edmond, Okla.)","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81118733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-16DOI: 10.15406/IJMBOA.2018.03.00086
S. E. Amouri, Christopher A. Waker, Luping Huang, Cameron L Smith, Debra A. Mayes
The blood brain barrier (BBB) is an active boundary between circulating blood and brain interstitial fluids which functions to regulate the brain’s microenvironment. The barrier restricts transport of cells or toxins into the CNS and regulates the transport of nutrients and metabolites in and out of the brain. The BBB is formed from endothelial cells, adjacent astrocytic end feet, and pericytes of brain vasculature. These cells are connected through a complex set of proteins called tight junctions (TJs) which form a physical barrier forcing most molecules to traffic through tightly controlled, selective transcellular routes–forming a transport barrier. The TJs between endothelial cells are structural proteins responsible for BBB function.1,2 TJs are composed of a combination of trans-membrane and cytoplasmic proteins linked to an action-based cytoskeleton, which allows these junctions to form a tight seal.3 Occludin and the claudins are endothelial TJ proteins that are essential for brain barrier functions.4,5 It has been shown that claudin-5 is a critical regulator of brain endothelial cell permeability.6 Although some evidence indicates that occludin is not essential in the formation of a TJ, its decreased expression has been associated with BBB dysfunction in a number of diseases.7-10
{"title":"N-acetylcysteine modulation of mitochondrial respiration and blood brain barrier permeability is time dependent and cell type specific","authors":"S. E. Amouri, Christopher A. Waker, Luping Huang, Cameron L Smith, Debra A. Mayes","doi":"10.15406/IJMBOA.2018.03.00086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJMBOA.2018.03.00086","url":null,"abstract":"The blood brain barrier (BBB) is an active boundary between circulating blood and brain interstitial fluids which functions to regulate the brain’s microenvironment. The barrier restricts transport of cells or toxins into the CNS and regulates the transport of nutrients and metabolites in and out of the brain. The BBB is formed from endothelial cells, adjacent astrocytic end feet, and pericytes of brain vasculature. These cells are connected through a complex set of proteins called tight junctions (TJs) which form a physical barrier forcing most molecules to traffic through tightly controlled, selective transcellular routes–forming a transport barrier. The TJs between endothelial cells are structural proteins responsible for BBB function.1,2 TJs are composed of a combination of trans-membrane and cytoplasmic proteins linked to an action-based cytoskeleton, which allows these junctions to form a tight seal.3 Occludin and the claudins are endothelial TJ proteins that are essential for brain barrier functions.4,5 It has been shown that claudin-5 is a critical regulator of brain endothelial cell permeability.6 Although some evidence indicates that occludin is not essential in the formation of a TJ, its decreased expression has been associated with BBB dysfunction in a number of diseases.7-10","PeriodicalId":93110,"journal":{"name":"International journal of molecular biology (Edmond, Okla.)","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86519681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-25DOI: 10.15406/IJMBOA.2018.03.00083
Rajasekaran Ekambaram
Protein sequences are the primary sources of all related information buried inside a given protein. At the same time persistently conserved positions in structurally similar and sequence dissimilar proteins preserve protein fold and function2 adjusting both in order/disordered one.3 Evolution dominates the available buried information for function of protein.4 All available functional units are few residue lengths conserved of all dominant force.5 Changing these residues might be hydropathy focusing point of view that this conserved dominant force of attraction present is broken. All neutral residues are likely to be critically important for maintaining optimal functional variation of protein function of all time.6 Hydrophilic of these functionally important portions might be the critical sources of disease all time in. Hydrophobic interaction is seemingly important for protein to fold among themselves7 and in diseased proteins. The importance of slow motions for protein functional loops8 related to hydrophobic interaction is needed to be discussed at this hour. Functional unit coming from meta sources might be the critically diseased if it serve for meta protein of all time sources. According to meta sources of all time high visible interactive media focus of all alone sequence information, the emphasis is given for the diseased one. Enzyme for example is focused more in the sense that the chemistry of catalytic action being the focus point of all time. Given the situation hydropathy focusing point of view, a rational view point for catalytic site of all time focus is needed at this juncture. Sequence being the source of all time hydropathy focusing point of view, ration has to be devised for that point of view from active amino acid all along the sequence of interest. Good that there is no direct measure of hydropathy focusing point, but indirect one is devised for that. All along the measurement, focus is being given for end that is being focal point of view in the sense that views from the hydropathy point of view measured. Calibration is being focal point on that device of measure which is measured directly on mechanism of focus. Sequence for example, all focused on measurement of binding capability of individual amino acids that are focal point of view of the individual management system that are individually measured. Mutation for example focused more than that of direct measurement of all time focused individual alteration focused in amino acid of interest. Models are central focus of all time binding capabilities of individually carved one that is being focused on binding of individual amino acid of interest that is taken up here for study as central focal theme of interest of all time focused individually at amino acid level of interest of all time here.
{"title":"Domains based in carbon dictate here the possible arrangement of all chemistry for biology","authors":"Rajasekaran Ekambaram","doi":"10.15406/IJMBOA.2018.03.00083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJMBOA.2018.03.00083","url":null,"abstract":"Protein sequences are the primary sources of all related information buried inside a given protein. At the same time persistently conserved positions in structurally similar and sequence dissimilar proteins preserve protein fold and function2 adjusting both in order/disordered one.3 Evolution dominates the available buried information for function of protein.4 All available functional units are few residue lengths conserved of all dominant force.5 Changing these residues might be hydropathy focusing point of view that this conserved dominant force of attraction present is broken. All neutral residues are likely to be critically important for maintaining optimal functional variation of protein function of all time.6 Hydrophilic of these functionally important portions might be the critical sources of disease all time in. Hydrophobic interaction is seemingly important for protein to fold among themselves7 and in diseased proteins. The importance of slow motions for protein functional loops8 related to hydrophobic interaction is needed to be discussed at this hour. Functional unit coming from meta sources might be the critically diseased if it serve for meta protein of all time sources. According to meta sources of all time high visible interactive media focus of all alone sequence information, the emphasis is given for the diseased one. Enzyme for example is focused more in the sense that the chemistry of catalytic action being the focus point of all time. Given the situation hydropathy focusing point of view, a rational view point for catalytic site of all time focus is needed at this juncture. Sequence being the source of all time hydropathy focusing point of view, ration has to be devised for that point of view from active amino acid all along the sequence of interest. Good that there is no direct measure of hydropathy focusing point, but indirect one is devised for that. All along the measurement, focus is being given for end that is being focal point of view in the sense that views from the hydropathy point of view measured. Calibration is being focal point on that device of measure which is measured directly on mechanism of focus. Sequence for example, all focused on measurement of binding capability of individual amino acids that are focal point of view of the individual management system that are individually measured. Mutation for example focused more than that of direct measurement of all time focused individual alteration focused in amino acid of interest. Models are central focus of all time binding capabilities of individually carved one that is being focused on binding of individual amino acid of interest that is taken up here for study as central focal theme of interest of all time focused individually at amino acid level of interest of all time here.","PeriodicalId":93110,"journal":{"name":"International journal of molecular biology (Edmond, Okla.)","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89101449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-19DOI: 10.15406/ijmboa.2018.03.00082
H. Verma, S. Shivangi, L. Meena
Around the world, tuberculosis (TB) remains the second most continuous irresistible malady causing dreariness and demise after the human immunodeficiency infection (HIV). 33% of the total populace is contaminated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (M. tuberculosis), the etiologic specialist of TB. In an investigation, a gauge is given by WHO that around 8-10 million new TB cases are accounted for every year worldwide and the event of TB is at present is as yet expanding .1 TB is accounted for to be the ninth essential source of death worldwide and the central reason from a solitary and specific irresistible operator, notwithstanding positioning over HIV/AIDS. Drug resistant TB is a proceeding with danger. In 2016, 6 lacs new cases were accounted for resistant from rifampicin (RIF), which is the best first-line treatment drug, besides of which 4, 90,000 had multidrugresistant TB (i.e. MDR-TB). Half (47%) of these cases were in India, China and the Russian Federation. Universally, the TB death rate is falling at around 3% every year. TB rate is falling at around 2% every year; this needs to enhance to 4-5% every year by 2020 to accomplish the initial (2020) points of reference of the End TB Strategy2 TB bacilli live and multiply inside lung macrophages, the plain cells that have advanced to inundate and wreck microorganisms that achieve the surface of the lungs alongside breathed in air.3 A few components have developed by M. tuberculosis to beat the foe condition of the essential host cell i.e. Macrophage.4 The normal qualities of the TB bacilli involve the developement: it develops with a moderate development rate; it indicates torpidity; it creates complex cell envelope; it maintains through intracellular pathogenesis; characteristic of hereditary homogeneity. In aggregation with thick peptidoglycan layer, novel biosynthesis pathways deliver an assortment of other cell wall components which incorporates mycolic acids, mycocerosic corrosive, lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan, which intensely mean mycobacterial life span, trigger provocative host responses and assume a vital job in its pathogenesis.5 TB mortality has diminished since 1990; yet considerably additionally difficult circumstance has occurred i.e. the expansion of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains of M. tuberculosis, which is a severe wellbeing challenge. Medication delicate TB can be dealt with a half year of chemotherapy with the present four-drug cutting edge regimen. MDR-TB can be restored with no less than 18– two years of treatment utilizing 4-6 drugs, including a fluoroquinolone and one injectable specialist is required. XDR strains of M. tuberculosis moreover are impervious to fluoroquinolones and somewhere around one second line drug.6 Two types of TB exists i.e. latent TB and active TB. In inactive TB, microscopic organisms demonstrates lethargy in human body and this stage stays for longer time; it tends to be dealt by having one p
{"title":"Delivery of antituberculosis drugs to Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infected macrophages via polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles","authors":"H. Verma, S. Shivangi, L. Meena","doi":"10.15406/ijmboa.2018.03.00082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ijmboa.2018.03.00082","url":null,"abstract":"Around the world, tuberculosis (TB) remains the second most continuous irresistible malady causing dreariness and demise after the human immunodeficiency infection (HIV). 33% of the total populace is contaminated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (M. tuberculosis), the etiologic specialist of TB. In an investigation, a gauge is given by WHO that around 8-10 million new TB cases are accounted for every year worldwide and the event of TB is at present is as yet expanding .1 TB is accounted for to be the ninth essential source of death worldwide and the central reason from a solitary and specific irresistible operator, notwithstanding positioning over HIV/AIDS. Drug resistant TB is a proceeding with danger. In 2016, 6 lacs new cases were accounted for resistant from rifampicin (RIF), which is the best first-line treatment drug, besides of which 4, 90,000 had multidrugresistant TB (i.e. MDR-TB). Half (47%) of these cases were in India, China and the Russian Federation. Universally, the TB death rate is falling at around 3% every year. TB rate is falling at around 2% every year; this needs to enhance to 4-5% every year by 2020 to accomplish the initial (2020) points of reference of the End TB Strategy2 TB bacilli live and multiply inside lung macrophages, the plain cells that have advanced to inundate and wreck microorganisms that achieve the surface of the lungs alongside breathed in air.3 A few components have developed by M. tuberculosis to beat the foe condition of the essential host cell i.e. Macrophage.4 The normal qualities of the TB bacilli involve the developement: it develops with a moderate development rate; it indicates torpidity; it creates complex cell envelope; it maintains through intracellular pathogenesis; characteristic of hereditary homogeneity. In aggregation with thick peptidoglycan layer, novel biosynthesis pathways deliver an assortment of other cell wall components which incorporates mycolic acids, mycocerosic corrosive, lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan, which intensely mean mycobacterial life span, trigger provocative host responses and assume a vital job in its pathogenesis.5 TB mortality has diminished since 1990; yet considerably additionally difficult circumstance has occurred i.e. the expansion of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains of M. tuberculosis, which is a severe wellbeing challenge. Medication delicate TB can be dealt with a half year of chemotherapy with the present four-drug cutting edge regimen. MDR-TB can be restored with no less than 18– two years of treatment utilizing 4-6 drugs, including a fluoroquinolone and one injectable specialist is required. XDR strains of M. tuberculosis moreover are impervious to fluoroquinolones and somewhere around one second line drug.6 Two types of TB exists i.e. latent TB and active TB. In inactive TB, microscopic organisms demonstrates lethargy in human body and this stage stays for longer time; it tends to be dealt by having one p","PeriodicalId":93110,"journal":{"name":"International journal of molecular biology (Edmond, Okla.)","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87472728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-09DOI: 10.15406/IJMBOA.2018.03.00081
B. A. Algarni, Bushra Faisal Almugari, Raghdah Sorour Sorour, Rawan Hassan alsharyoufi, Safiah Abdulkarim Alenezi, Alia M Albalawi, Om hani Malibari, S. M. Ahmed
Citrullinemia is life-threatening disease, it occurs in 1:57,000 births and usually becomes evident in the first few days of life. It belongs to a small number of conditions called urea cycle disorders (UCD)1 and it is characterized by accumulation of ammonia in the blood because of defect in enzyme called argininosuccinate synthetase (ASAS), which is either being missing or not working properly. ASAS is responsible for converting citrulline to arginine in urea cycle. Accumulated citrulline and ammonia impair the organ’s antioxidant capacity.2
{"title":"Screening of ass1 gene in two Saudi families from al-madinah al-monawarah with citrullinemia disorder","authors":"B. A. Algarni, Bushra Faisal Almugari, Raghdah Sorour Sorour, Rawan Hassan alsharyoufi, Safiah Abdulkarim Alenezi, Alia M Albalawi, Om hani Malibari, S. M. Ahmed","doi":"10.15406/IJMBOA.2018.03.00081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJMBOA.2018.03.00081","url":null,"abstract":"Citrullinemia is life-threatening disease, it occurs in 1:57,000 births and usually becomes evident in the first few days of life. It belongs to a small number of conditions called urea cycle disorders (UCD)1 and it is characterized by accumulation of ammonia in the blood because of defect in enzyme called argininosuccinate synthetase (ASAS), which is either being missing or not working properly. ASAS is responsible for converting citrulline to arginine in urea cycle. Accumulated citrulline and ammonia impair the organ’s antioxidant capacity.2","PeriodicalId":93110,"journal":{"name":"International journal of molecular biology (Edmond, Okla.)","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84363176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-03DOI: 10.15406/IJMBOA.2018.03.00080
A. Supriyantono, Widayat I Tw, I. Sumpe, Sritiasni
Fulfillment of domestic meat is partly supplied by local beef cattle like Bali, Ongole, Madura and some other beef cattle breed. According to Indonesian livestock statistics, Bali cattle population occupies the highest number (26.92 percent), it means that the contribution of Bali cattle to meet the meat needs is very important. Nevertheless, the performance of Bali cattle in the production of meat has not been maximal so it needs various efforts to optimize it. Current and ongoing efforts in some areas include the adoption of various feeding strategies,1,2 raising management3,4 and genetic improvement through selection.5,6
{"title":"Potential of bali cattle: breeding value of bull on weaning weight, yearling weight and body weight gain","authors":"A. Supriyantono, Widayat I Tw, I. Sumpe, Sritiasni","doi":"10.15406/IJMBOA.2018.03.00080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJMBOA.2018.03.00080","url":null,"abstract":"Fulfillment of domestic meat is partly supplied by local beef cattle like Bali, Ongole, Madura and some other beef cattle breed. According to Indonesian livestock statistics, Bali cattle population occupies the highest number (26.92 percent), it means that the contribution of Bali cattle to meet the meat needs is very important. Nevertheless, the performance of Bali cattle in the production of meat has not been maximal so it needs various efforts to optimize it. Current and ongoing efforts in some areas include the adoption of various feeding strategies,1,2 raising management3,4 and genetic improvement through selection.5,6","PeriodicalId":93110,"journal":{"name":"International journal of molecular biology (Edmond, Okla.)","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88181017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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