Gerald P. Duggan, Pablo Bauleo, Michael Authier, Patricia A. Aloise-young, Jonathan Care, Daniel Zimmerle
The Covid-19 pandemic had wide-ranging effects on how people lived, worked and learned. Consequently, electricity use was altered from pre-pandemic patterns. The deviation from expected electricity usage patterns in commercial properties due to the Covid-19 pandemic was analyzed in a medium-sized American city. The focus on a single community (1) allows usage to be linked specifically to the timing of public health and executive orders; and (2) provides a fine-grained, detailed understanding of usage in different property classifications (e.g. restaurants, hotels, schools, outpatient medical facilities, offices, and religious organizations). Electricity consumption data from 2019, adjusted for average daily temperature, were used to calculate expected use in 2020. Electricity usage was found to be lower than expected for most commercial property classes, but the timing and magnitude of these effects varied. For example, within the hospitality industry, hotels evidenced a larger and more sustained decrease in usage (–17%) as compared with restaurants (–11%). In addition, usage patterns for outpatient medical facilities can be linked to specific executive orders. Together, a heterogenous rate of electricity use is found to vary according to specific types of commercial properties. Practice relevance In much of the research regarding electricity usage, utility customers are placed into the broad categories of residential, commercial and industrial. These groups are viewed as homogeneous. This study examined different property classes within the commercial group during the Covid-19 pandemic. Although electricity usage was lower than expected for most commercial property classes, the timing and magnitude of these effects varied. For example, within the hospitality industry, hotels evidenced a larger and more sustained decrease in usage than did restaurants. In addition, usage patterns for outpatient medical facilities were linked to specific executive orders. Together, these data sources allowed for a detailed examination of Covid-19’s effect on electricity use for specific types of commercial properties and it revealed that their response to the pandemic varied widely. Thus, it is an oversimplification to view commercial properties as a single, homogeneous group.
{"title":"Electricity consumption in commercial buildings during Covid-19","authors":"Gerald P. Duggan, Pablo Bauleo, Michael Authier, Patricia A. Aloise-young, Jonathan Care, Daniel Zimmerle","doi":"10.5334/bc.361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.361","url":null,"abstract":"The Covid-19 pandemic had wide-ranging effects on how people lived, worked and learned. Consequently, electricity use was altered from pre-pandemic patterns. The deviation from expected electricity usage patterns in commercial properties due to the Covid-19 pandemic was analyzed in a medium-sized American city. The focus on a single community (1) allows usage to be linked specifically to the timing of public health and executive orders; and (2) provides a fine-grained, detailed understanding of usage in different property classifications (e.g. restaurants, hotels, schools, outpatient medical facilities, offices, and religious organizations). Electricity consumption data from 2019, adjusted for average daily temperature, were used to calculate expected use in 2020. Electricity usage was found to be lower than expected for most commercial property classes, but the timing and magnitude of these effects varied. For example, within the hospitality industry, hotels evidenced a larger and more sustained decrease in usage (–17%) as compared with restaurants (–11%). In addition, usage patterns for outpatient medical facilities can be linked to specific executive orders. Together, a heterogenous rate of electricity use is found to vary according to specific types of commercial properties. Practice relevance In much of the research regarding electricity usage, utility customers are placed into the broad categories of residential, commercial and industrial. These groups are viewed as homogeneous. This study examined different property classes within the commercial group during the Covid-19 pandemic. Although electricity usage was lower than expected for most commercial property classes, the timing and magnitude of these effects varied. For example, within the hospitality industry, hotels evidenced a larger and more sustained decrease in usage than did restaurants. In addition, usage patterns for outpatient medical facilities were linked to specific executive orders. Together, these data sources allowed for a detailed examination of Covid-19’s effect on electricity use for specific types of commercial properties and it revealed that their response to the pandemic varied widely. Thus, it is an oversimplification to view commercial properties as a single, homogeneous group.","PeriodicalId":93168,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & cities","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136209314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Siddharth Sareen, Adrian Smith, Sonja Gantioler, J. Balest, M. Brisbois, Silvia Tomasi, Benjamin Sovacool, Gerardo A. Torres Contreras, N. DellaValle, Håvard Haarstad
{"title":"Social implications of energy infrastructure digitalisation and decarbonisation","authors":"Siddharth Sareen, Adrian Smith, Sonja Gantioler, J. Balest, M. Brisbois, Silvia Tomasi, Benjamin Sovacool, Gerardo A. Torres Contreras, N. DellaValle, Håvard Haarstad","doi":"10.5334/bc.292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.292","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93168,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & cities","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71051321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pilot study to measure the energy and carbon impacts of teleworking","authors":"Sharane Simon, W. O’brien","doi":"10.5334/bc.271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.271","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93168,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & cities","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71051658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transition to a regenerative future: a question of time","authors":"R. Cole","doi":"10.5334/bc.333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.333","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93168,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & cities","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71052004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Pagani, D. Christie, Valentin Bourdon, C. W. Gago, S. Joost, D. Licina, Mathias Lerch, C. Rozenblat, I. Guessous, P. Viganó
{"title":"Housing, street and health: a new systemic research framework","authors":"Anna Pagani, D. Christie, Valentin Bourdon, C. W. Gago, S. Joost, D. Licina, Mathias Lerch, C. Rozenblat, I. Guessous, P. Viganó","doi":"10.5334/bc.298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.298","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93168,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & cities","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71051479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In light of the climate crisis and conflicting political ambitions in many countries to rapidly increase the number of dwellings, what housing strategies could reduce emissions? Co-living is one strategy sometimes highlighted but rarely implemented in mainstream construction practices. Using two Swedish case studies, the potential embodied carbon savings are explored for co-living designs. When comparing building designs, normalisation of impacts or energy use per floor area is unequivocally the norm. The present comparison between co-living and traditional apartment design indicates an embodied carbon savings at the building level of 10–20% depending on whether embodied carbon is normalised per gross or residential floor area. However, normalisation per capita (inhabitant) shows substantially higher savings of 21–36% depending on the case studied. The effect of different metrics is illustrated to quantify potential embodied carbon savings of non-mainstream building design solutions such as co-living. Even more substantial embodied carbon savings can be achieved by avoiding new construction through the ability of enabling a more efficient use of indoor space. The need for rethinking carbon and space metrics will help the building sector meet emission targets.
{"title":"Embodied carbon savings of co-living and implications for metrics","authors":"T. Malmqvist, Johanna Brismark","doi":"10.5334/bc.347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.347","url":null,"abstract":"In light of the climate crisis and conflicting political ambitions in many countries to rapidly increase the number of dwellings, what housing strategies could reduce emissions? Co-living is one strategy sometimes highlighted but rarely implemented in mainstream construction practices. Using two Swedish case studies, the potential embodied carbon savings are explored for co-living designs. When comparing building designs, normalisation of impacts or energy use per floor area is unequivocally the norm. The present comparison between co-living and traditional apartment design indicates an embodied carbon savings at the building level of 10–20% depending on whether embodied carbon is normalised per gross or residential floor area. However, normalisation per capita (inhabitant) shows substantially higher savings of 21–36% depending on the case studied. The effect of different metrics is illustrated to quantify potential embodied carbon savings of non-mainstream building design solutions such as co-living. Even more substantial embodied carbon savings can be achieved by avoiding new construction through the ability of enabling a more efficient use of indoor space. The need for rethinking carbon and space metrics will help the building sector meet emission targets.","PeriodicalId":93168,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & cities","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71052593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social value has evolved rapidly over the last decade or so. Legislation has been a key driver, and added value and numerical measurement are emerging as important focal points. An emerging body of literature in this space draws attention to social value in placemaking, infrastructure and construction work. Using deontological principles of ethics, a critical discussion is presented on the problems associated with numerical measurement of social value as added value. Two key questions are addressed: How does mandating social value by legislation and policy impact good practice? How effectively can numerical measuring of social value evidence the range and diversity of activity and outcomes? This responds to a wider call to take a critical view of both policy and the activities of the sector and advocate a move away from solving immediate problems and development of ever more elaborate tools. The development of a holistic appreciation of the long-term need and outcomes of social value is recommended: the contextual, contingent middle ground. Practice relevance This critical essay on social value considers the dangers inherent in recent policy developments, specifically numerical measurement of social value as added value. A critical review of the literature on social value in placemaking, infrastructure and construction work illuminates the diverse nature of social value. It is argued that social value needs to be for re-energised as a concept, i.e. co-creating values-driven practice and achieving social impact that can be supported by considered approaches to measurement. A balanced approach should be employed when considering, creating and delivering social value. This would avoid both the purely critical and the purely practical, and instead stems from the contextual, contingent middle ground.
{"title":"Added value and numerical measurement of social value: a critical enquiry","authors":"Ani Raiden, Andrew King","doi":"10.5334/bc.330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.330","url":null,"abstract":"Social value has evolved rapidly over the last decade or so. Legislation has been a key driver, and added value and numerical measurement are emerging as important focal points. An emerging body of literature in this space draws attention to social value in placemaking, infrastructure and construction work. Using deontological principles of ethics, a critical discussion is presented on the problems associated with numerical measurement of social value as added value. Two key questions are addressed: How does mandating social value by legislation and policy impact good practice? How effectively can numerical measuring of social value evidence the range and diversity of activity and outcomes? This responds to a wider call to take a critical view of both policy and the activities of the sector and advocate a move away from solving immediate problems and development of ever more elaborate tools. The development of a holistic appreciation of the long-term need and outcomes of social value is recommended: the contextual, contingent middle ground. Practice relevance This critical essay on social value considers the dangers inherent in recent policy developments, specifically numerical measurement of social value as added value. A critical review of the literature on social value in placemaking, infrastructure and construction work illuminates the diverse nature of social value. It is argued that social value needs to be for re-energised as a concept, i.e. co-creating values-driven practice and achieving social impact that can be supported by considered approaches to measurement. A balanced approach should be employed when considering, creating and delivering social value. This would avoid both the purely critical and the purely practical, and instead stems from the contextual, contingent middle ground.","PeriodicalId":93168,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & cities","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135783301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Hochachka, Kathryn G. Logan, J. Raymond, W. Mérida
Although many municipalities have climate action plans with targets and goals, effective climate action still faces significant implementation gaps. Implementation can falter due to barriers for the deployment of low-carbon solutions, as well as the lack of cultural, systemic, and psychological support for such solutions. Cultural drivers and perceptions shape citizens’ behaviors and can perpetuate carbon-intensive lifestyles. This paper focuses on measures in climate action planning in the Metro Vancouver region of Canada regarding transportation, which remains the largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions and has a low chance of reaching its emissions-reductions targets. Shifting towards greater sustainability will entail a challenge of transformative change, involving shifts in systems, behaviors, worldviews, and cultures. In implementation, the full complexity of the climate action challenge becomes most evident. A scoping review of climate action documentation and semi-structured interviews are used to examine (1) barriers to effective implementation, (2) socio-cultural perceptions and approaches to public engagement and (3) novel areas for transformational action. The study found a need to reweight the focus of climate action, which is predominantly set on techno-managerial efforts, also to include communication, narratives and broader systems change, which are the key barriers to low-carbon urban mobility.
{"title":"Climate action in urban mobility: personal and political transformations","authors":"G. Hochachka, Kathryn G. Logan, J. Raymond, W. Mérida","doi":"10.5334/bc.249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.249","url":null,"abstract":"Although many municipalities have climate action plans with targets and goals, effective climate action still faces significant implementation gaps. Implementation can falter due to barriers for the deployment of low-carbon solutions, as well as the lack of cultural, systemic, and psychological support for such solutions. Cultural drivers and perceptions shape citizens’ behaviors and can perpetuate carbon-intensive lifestyles. This paper focuses on measures in climate action planning in the Metro Vancouver region of Canada regarding transportation, which remains the largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions and has a low chance of reaching its emissions-reductions targets. Shifting towards greater sustainability will entail a challenge of transformative change, involving shifts in systems, behaviors, worldviews, and cultures. In implementation, the full complexity of the climate action challenge becomes most evident. A scoping review of climate action documentation and semi-structured interviews are used to examine (1) barriers to effective implementation, (2) socio-cultural perceptions and approaches to public engagement and (3) novel areas for transformational action. The study found a need to reweight the focus of climate action, which is predominantly set on techno-managerial efforts, also to include communication, narratives and broader systems change, which are the key barriers to low-carbon urban mobility.","PeriodicalId":93168,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & cities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47299511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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