M. H. Andreasen, Jytte Agergaard, R. Kofie, L. Møller-Jensen, M. Oteng-Ababio
The drivers and consequences of unregulated urban expansion processes in Accra, Ghana, are examined together with the associated encroachment upon ecologically sensitive areas in the city’s rapidly growing periphery. Three sites are considered which attracted settlers from vastly different economic segments of the urban population from the 2000s and onwards. A combination of geographical information system (GIS)-based analysis, evidence from a recent household survey, insights from a range of key informant interviews and field observations provide evidence for the dynamics of urban expansion and settlement consolidation. These dynamics wield significant pressure on ecologically sensitive areas, e.g. wetlands, riparian zones and coastal lagoons, which are transformed into housing development through drainage, landfilling, channelling of streams and construction of barriers. Encroachment upon ecologically sensitive areas is associated with intensifying flood hazards. Key impediments are identified for the preservation of ecologically sensitive areas within the specific urban governance context of Accra. Encroachment is not necessarily driven by poverty or low income; it occurs for several socio-economic situations. Governance and enforcement in planning need improvement.
{"title":"Urban encroachment in ecologically sensitive areas: drivers, impediments and consequences","authors":"M. H. Andreasen, Jytte Agergaard, R. Kofie, L. Møller-Jensen, M. Oteng-Ababio","doi":"10.5334/bc.210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.210","url":null,"abstract":"The drivers and consequences of unregulated urban expansion processes in Accra, Ghana, are examined together with the associated encroachment upon ecologically sensitive areas in the city’s rapidly growing periphery. Three sites are considered which attracted settlers from vastly different economic segments of the urban population from the 2000s and onwards. A combination of geographical information system (GIS)-based analysis, evidence from a recent household survey, insights from a range of key informant interviews and field observations provide evidence for the dynamics of urban expansion and settlement consolidation. These dynamics wield significant pressure on ecologically sensitive areas, e.g. wetlands, riparian zones and coastal lagoons, which are transformed into housing development through drainage, landfilling, channelling of streams and construction of barriers. Encroachment upon ecologically sensitive areas is associated with intensifying flood hazards. Key impediments are identified for the preservation of ecologically sensitive areas within the specific urban governance context of Accra. Encroachment is not necessarily driven by poverty or low income; it occurs for several socio-economic situations. Governance and enforcement in planning need improvement.","PeriodicalId":93168,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & cities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42133381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katherine Sugar, T. M. Mose, Colin Nolden, Mark Davis, N. Eyre, A. Sanchez-Graells, D. van der Horst
{"title":"Local decarbonisation opportunities and barriers: UK public procurement legislation","authors":"Katherine Sugar, T. M. Mose, Colin Nolden, Mark Davis, N. Eyre, A. Sanchez-Graells, D. van der Horst","doi":"10.5334/bc.267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.267","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93168,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & cities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44176018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Garrett T. Morgan, Sylvia Coleman, J. B. Robinson, M. Touchie, Blake Poland, Alstan Jakubiec, Sarah MacDonald, Norene Lach, Yuan Cao
{"title":"Wellbeing as an emergent property of social practice","authors":"Garrett T. Morgan, Sylvia Coleman, J. B. Robinson, M. Touchie, Blake Poland, Alstan Jakubiec, Sarah MacDonald, Norene Lach, Yuan Cao","doi":"10.5334/bc.262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.262","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93168,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & cities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43626441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study quantifies the gap between net-zero energy and net-zero carbon through a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a net-zero energy building (NZEB) in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. The annual net-zero energy evaluations of a building do not account for the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions released before the building operation phases. Nor does it account for the GHG emissions during the end-of-life processes. As a consequence, an NZEB may not be a net-zero emission building over its lifespan. Comprehensive carbon-based evaluations are necessary to ensure an overall reduction in emissions is in line with the goals of the United Nations Paris Agreement. The LCA frameworks of ISO 14040 and EN 15978 form the basis of analysis and a method is presented based on data collection, consistency checks, uncertainty evaluation, impact assessment and interpretation of the results. It also acknowledges the lack of a nationalised inventory for LCA in India. The results show that despite an annual net-zero operation status of a building, the building has a negative impact with 866 tCO 2 e across a calculated lifespan of 60 years. The case study reveals the sensitivities of the analysis towards the system boundary, data quality requirements and acceptable limits of uncertainty.
{"title":"Emissions from a net-zero building in India: life cycle assessment","authors":"Mili Jain, Rajan Rawal","doi":"10.5334/bc.194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.194","url":null,"abstract":"This study quantifies the gap between net-zero energy and net-zero carbon through a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a net-zero energy building (NZEB) in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. The annual net-zero energy evaluations of a building do not account for the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions released before the building operation phases. Nor does it account for the GHG emissions during the end-of-life processes. As a consequence, an NZEB may not be a net-zero emission building over its lifespan. Comprehensive carbon-based evaluations are necessary to ensure an overall reduction in emissions is in line with the goals of the United Nations Paris Agreement. The LCA frameworks of ISO 14040 and EN 15978 form the basis of analysis and a method is presented based on data collection, consistency checks, uncertainty evaluation, impact assessment and interpretation of the results. It also acknowledges the lack of a nationalised inventory for LCA in India. The results show that despite an annual net-zero operation status of a building, the building has a negative impact with 866 tCO 2 e across a calculated lifespan of 60 years. The case study reveals the sensitivities of the analysis towards the system boundary, data quality requirements and acceptable limits of uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":93168,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & cities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44737101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Participation in domestic energy retrofit programmes: key spatio-temporal drivers","authors":"E. Mohareb, A. Gillich, D. Bristow","doi":"10.5334/bc.202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.202","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93168,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & cities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48204699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Moncaster, T. Malmqvist, T. Forman, Francesco Pomponi, Jane Anderson
This paper is the second output of a project that examines the embodied greenhouse gas emissions (‘embodied carbon’) from the use of concrete in buildings. In the current absence of either regulation or widespread industry practice in quantified carbon assessment, it seems likely that messaging will play a powerful role in influencing designers’ perceptions and decisions. Using the UK as a case study, this paper considers the current messages about the carbon implications of concrete in buildings from professional institutions and the cement and concrete trade body. Three mechanisms through which it is claimed carbon emissions are significantly reduced are identified: thermal mass, durability, and carbonation. By assessing each of these in turn against the available scientific literature, it is shown that they are likely to have a far more limited effect on the total impacts than suggested. More accuracy is needed from trade organisations if real carbon reductions are to be achieved. carbon impacts The and concrete more accurate with the messages sharing. claims thermal mass, durability and carbonation effective mechanisms, suggest carbon option, reconsidered. 127 different building superstructure frames of between two and 19 stories and found that the median values for the timber, concrete and steel frames were 119, 185 and 228 kgCO 2 e/m 2 , respectively. A further study conducted a detailed analysis of a medium-rise building using dynamic LCA and found that concrete had the highest initial impact, being somewhat higher than steel and about twice that of timber (Hawkins et al. 2021).
本文是一个项目的第二个产出，该项目研究了建筑物中使用混凝土所产生的隐含温室气体排放(“隐含碳”)。在目前缺乏量化碳评估的监管或广泛的行业实践的情况下，信息传递似乎将在影响设计师的看法和决策方面发挥强大的作用。以英国为例，本文考虑了专业机构和水泥和混凝土贸易机构关于建筑中混凝土碳影响的当前信息。确定了三种机制，通过声称碳排放显着减少:热质量，耐用性和碳化。通过对照现有的科学文献逐一评估这些因素，结果表明，它们对总影响的影响可能比人们所认为的要有限得多。如果要实现真正的碳减排，贸易组织需要提高准确性。碳影响和混凝土更准确地与信息共享。声称热质量，耐用性和碳化有效机制，建议碳选择，重新考虑。127种不同的二层至19层的建筑上部结构框架，发现木材、混凝土和钢框架的中位数分别为119、185和228 kgCO 2 e/ m2。进一步的研究使用动态LCA对一座中高层建筑进行了详细分析，发现混凝土具有最高的初始影响，略高于钢材，约为木材的两倍(Hawkins et al. 2021)。
{"title":"Embodied carbon of concrete in buildings, Part 2: are the messages accurate?","authors":"A. Moncaster, T. Malmqvist, T. Forman, Francesco Pomponi, Jane Anderson","doi":"10.5334/bc.199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.199","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is the second output of a project that examines the embodied greenhouse gas emissions (‘embodied carbon’) from the use of concrete in buildings. In the current absence of either regulation or widespread industry practice in quantified carbon assessment, it seems likely that messaging will play a powerful role in influencing designers’ perceptions and decisions. Using the UK as a case study, this paper considers the current messages about the carbon implications of concrete in buildings from professional institutions and the cement and concrete trade body. Three mechanisms through which it is claimed carbon emissions are significantly reduced are identified: thermal mass, durability, and carbonation. By assessing each of these in turn against the available scientific literature, it is shown that they are likely to have a far more limited effect on the total impacts than suggested. More accuracy is needed from trade organisations if real carbon reductions are to be achieved. carbon impacts The and concrete more accurate with the messages sharing. claims thermal mass, durability and carbonation effective mechanisms, suggest carbon option, reconsidered. 127 different building superstructure frames of between two and 19 stories and found that the median values for the timber, concrete and steel frames were 119, 185 and 228 kgCO 2 e/m 2 , respectively. A further study conducted a detailed analysis of a medium-rise building using dynamic LCA and found that concrete had the highest initial impact, being somewhat higher than steel and about twice that of timber (Hawkins et al. 2021).","PeriodicalId":93168,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & cities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48780706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Belias, E., & Licina, D. (2022). Outdoor PM2.5 air filtration: optimising indoor air quality and energy. Buildings and Cities, 3(1), pp. 186–203. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.5334/bc.153 ABSTRACT Human inhalation exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), including the PM2.5 of outdoor origin, predominantly occurs indoors. To limit outdoor PM2.5 penetration into buildings, ventilation standards often require the filtration of outdoor air with a minimum efficiency. Nevertheless, the PM2.5 filter selection recommended by the standards is based on the annual average outdoor concentrations without considering seasonal or diurnal fluctuations. This could result in a waste of energy or elevated indoor PM2.5 exposures. Representative outdoor PM2.5 data from 37 cities worldwide in conjunction with a simulated office building are used to examine the impact of filtration strategies on indoor PM2.5 levels and the fan’s energy consumption. Two energy-saving methods are tested: (1) the optimum filter selection that maintains the indoor PM2.5 below the World Health Organization’s (WHO) air quality guidelines; and (2) the baseline filter recommended by standards in combination with a filter bypass. Relative to a standard recommended baseline case, the two applied methods could reduce energy demand by between 4% and 17%. This indicates that the outdoor air is over-filtered in the majority of the investigated cities. In cities with low-to-moderate outdoor PM2.5 levels, using a filter bypass can be an effective energy conservation method without compromising PM2.5 exposures indoors.
{"title":"Outdoor PM2.5 air filtration: optimising indoor air quality and energy","authors":"Evangelos Belias, D. Licina","doi":"10.5334/bc.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.153","url":null,"abstract":"TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Belias, E., & Licina, D. (2022). Outdoor PM2.5 air filtration: optimising indoor air quality and energy. Buildings and Cities, 3(1), pp. 186–203. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.5334/bc.153 ABSTRACT Human inhalation exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), including the PM2.5 of outdoor origin, predominantly occurs indoors. To limit outdoor PM2.5 penetration into buildings, ventilation standards often require the filtration of outdoor air with a minimum efficiency. Nevertheless, the PM2.5 filter selection recommended by the standards is based on the annual average outdoor concentrations without considering seasonal or diurnal fluctuations. This could result in a waste of energy or elevated indoor PM2.5 exposures. Representative outdoor PM2.5 data from 37 cities worldwide in conjunction with a simulated office building are used to examine the impact of filtration strategies on indoor PM2.5 levels and the fan’s energy consumption. Two energy-saving methods are tested: (1) the optimum filter selection that maintains the indoor PM2.5 below the World Health Organization’s (WHO) air quality guidelines; and (2) the baseline filter recommended by standards in combination with a filter bypass. Relative to a standard recommended baseline case, the two applied methods could reduce energy demand by between 4% and 17%. This indicates that the outdoor air is over-filtered in the majority of the investigated cities. In cities with low-to-moderate outdoor PM2.5 levels, using a filter bypass can be an effective energy conservation method without compromising PM2.5 exposures indoors.","PeriodicalId":93168,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & cities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46323045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Grassie, Y. Schwartz, P. Symonds, I. Korolija, A. Mavrogianni, D. Mumovic
While building stock modelling has been used previously to investigate the space heating demand implications of national energy efficiency retrofitting, there are also implications for indoor overheating and air quality, particularly in schools, with highly intermittent occupancy patterns. This paper assesses indoor overheating risk and air quality within an English classroom stock model containing 111 archetypes, based on the analysis of the nationwide Property Data Survey Programme (PDSP) containing 9629 primary school buildings in England. Metrics for indoor temperatures, heating demand and concentrations of three contaminants (CO 2 , NO 2 , PM 2.5 ) were estimated in naturally ventilated classrooms, while exploring future climate projections, retrofit and overheating mitigation scenarios to analyse school stock resilience. Classrooms with a south-east orientation experience around four to six times the overheating-hours compared with those with a northern orientation. Post-1976 archetypes are most susceptible to overheating, indicative of the conflict between better insulated and airtight classrooms and overheating prevention. A range of retrofit and passive cooling measures can mitigate against overheating alone, although mechanically
{"title":"Energy retrofit and passive cooling: overheating and air quality in primary schools","authors":"D. Grassie, Y. Schwartz, P. Symonds, I. Korolija, A. Mavrogianni, D. Mumovic","doi":"10.5334/bc.159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.159","url":null,"abstract":"While building stock modelling has been used previously to investigate the space heating demand implications of national energy efficiency retrofitting, there are also implications for indoor overheating and air quality, particularly in schools, with highly intermittent occupancy patterns. This paper assesses indoor overheating risk and air quality within an English classroom stock model containing 111 archetypes, based on the analysis of the nationwide Property Data Survey Programme (PDSP) containing 9629 primary school buildings in England. Metrics for indoor temperatures, heating demand and concentrations of three contaminants (CO 2 , NO 2 , PM 2.5 ) were estimated in naturally ventilated classrooms, while exploring future climate projections, retrofit and overheating mitigation scenarios to analyse school stock resilience. Classrooms with a south-east orientation experience around four to six times the overheating-hours compared with those with a northern orientation. Post-1976 archetypes are most susceptible to overheating, indicative of the conflict between better insulated and airtight classrooms and overheating prevention. A range of retrofit and passive cooling measures can mitigate against overheating alone, although mechanically","PeriodicalId":93168,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & cities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43523034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The use of apartment balconies: context, design and social norms","authors":"M. Smektała, M. Baborska-Narożny","doi":"10.5334/bc.193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.193","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93168,"journal":{"name":"Buildings & cities","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41549268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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