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Promoting safe fish passage across barriers: A Special Segment from Fish Passage 2020 促进跨越障碍的安全鱼类通道:《2020年鱼类通道》的特别部分
Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1842039
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引用次数: 0
A good start – but time for new leadership in the editorship of the Journal of Ecohydraulics 这是一个良好的开端,但是《生态水力学杂志》的编辑需要新的领导
Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1835197
C. Katopodis, P. Kemp
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引用次数: 0
Ichthyoplankton drift through fishway in large dam: effect of hydrology, seasonal patterns and larvae condition 大型水坝鱼道浮游鱼漂移:水文、季节和幼虫状况的影响
Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1762128
Patricia Sarai da Silva, L. F. Celestino, L. de Assumpção, S. Makrakis, J. P. Dias, E. Kashiwaqui, M. Makrakis
Abstract The seasonal pattern and the composition of downstream drift of fish eggs and larvae through the fish ladder of the Porto Primavera dam, located in the Upper Paraná River, Brazil, were studied. Additionally, the condition of individual larvae with regard to injuries was examined. Samples were collected monthly over three reproductive seasons at upper and lower pools at the twilight (nightfall and dawn). Ichthyoplankton densities were low, especially for eggs, and the downstream passage of fish eggs and larvae through the fish ladder was negatively correlated to water residence time of the reservoir. Highest larvae densities occurred between December and March, with highest densities in February. The ichthyoplankton abundance was similar between sites and times of day, with the predominance of partially damaged larvae (60%). Seventeen taxa were identified, especially non-migratory species. Long-distance migratory species represented less than 1% of the total. Since many migratory species have found favorable habitats for spawning and development in the tributaries of Porto Primavera Reservoir, the dispersion of larvae from these free-flowing tributaries located far from dam through reservoir may not be beneficial for their survival. At the same time, despite the low density and diversity of migratory species larvae drifting downstream from the dam, this fish ladder may have dispersive potential as long as the reservoir displays a shorter water residence time.
摘要研究了巴西上帕拉纳河Primavera港大坝鱼卵和幼虫通过鱼梯向下游漂移的季节格局和组成。此外,还观察了个体幼虫的受伤情况。在三个繁殖季节的黄昏(黄昏和黎明),每月在上下池采集样本。浮游鱼密度较低,尤其是鱼卵,鱼卵和幼虫通过鱼梯的下游通道与水库的水停留时间呈负相关。幼虫密度在12月至3月间最高,2月密度最高。不同地点、不同时段的浮游鱼丰度相似,均以部分受损的幼虫为主(60%)。共鉴定出17个分类群,以非迁徙种为主。长途迁徙物种所占比例不到1%。由于许多迁徙物种在Porto Primavera水库的支流中找到了产卵和发育的有利栖息地,这些远离大坝的自由流动支流的幼虫分散到水库可能不利于它们的生存。同时,尽管洄游物种的幼虫密度低、多样性差,但只要水库停留时间较短,这种鱼梯就可能具有扩散潜力。
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引用次数: 7
Development and evaluation of an empirical equation for the screening effect of bar racks 酒吧架筛分效果经验方程的建立与评价
Pub Date : 2020-06-29 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1770135
Elena-Maria Klopries, A. Wilmink, E. Pummer, Imke Böckmann, A. Hoffmann, H. Schüttrumpf
Abstract Passage through hydropower plants can cause severe injuries for downstream migrating fish. Bar racks and bypass systems can help to protect fish from turbine-induced mortality if they are designed correctly following guidelines. Currently, it is not possible to assess how effective bar racks are that do not meet design criteria for fish protection. We introduced the screening effect as a performance parameter for bar racks and developed an equation for determining the screening effect of bar racks for silver eels based on an empirical approach. We compared the equation for eels with the results of behavioural laboratory studies with European eels (Anguilla anguilla), roach (Rutilus rutilus) and Atlantic salmon smolts (Salmo salar). We showed that the equation is not applicable for roach and Atlantic salmon smolts. Using univariate statistics, we identified a significant influence of the bar rack spacing on the screening effect for eels for the guidance system with (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.002) and without a bypass (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.0220) and for salmon without a bypass (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.001) for a significance level of 0.05. The screening effect was significantly different between the fish species tested for a bar rack without bypass and 20 mm bar rack spacing (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.003) and 40 mm (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.001) as well as a bar rack with a bypass and either 40 mm bar rack spacing (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.014) or 60 mm (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.001). The results can help to perform biological evaluations and plan retrofitting measures of non-optimal bar racks.
通过水电站会对下游洄游鱼类造成严重伤害。如果按照指导原则正确设计,杆架和旁路系统可以帮助保护鱼类免受涡轮机引起的死亡。目前,不可能评估不符合鱼类保护设计标准的酒吧架的效果。本文将筛选效果作为酒吧架的性能参数,并基于经验方法建立了确定酒吧架对银鳗筛选效果的公式。我们将鳗鱼的方程与欧洲鳗鱼(Anguilla Anguilla)、蟑螂(Rutilus Rutilus)和大西洋鲑鱼幼鱼(Salmo salar)的行为实验室研究结果进行了比较。我们证明,这个等式不适用于蟑螂和大西洋鲑鱼幼崽。使用单变量统计,我们发现了杆架间距对引导系统筛选效果的显著影响,包括有(Kruskal-Wallis检验,p = 0.002)和没有旁路(Kruskal-Wallis检验,p = 0.0220)的鳗鱼和没有旁路的鲑鱼(Kruskal-Wallis检验,p = 0.001),显著性水平为0.05。在不搭桥的杆架和间距为20 mm (Kruskal-Wallis试验,p = 0.003)、40 mm (Kruskal-Wallis试验,p < 0.001)以及有搭桥的杆架和间距为40 mm (Kruskal-Wallis试验,p = 0.014)、60 mm (Kruskal-Wallis试验,p = 0.001)的杆架试验中,对鱼种的筛选效果有显著差异。研究结果有助于对非最佳酒吧架进行生物学评价和规划改造措施。
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引用次数: 3
Flow and parameter optimization of tapered vane 锥形叶片的流动及参数优化
Pub Date : 2020-06-23 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1771223
Karan Solanki, H. Sharma, N. Joshi
Abstract Submerged vanes are the hydrofoils which generate the helical currents in the flow due to the difference in pressure between the approaching flow side and the downstream side of vanes and are placed obliquely with the flow, with angles ranging from 10° to 40°. Previous studies have been done on the rectangular shaped submerged vanes but only a few studies have been reported for the submerged vanes with non-rectangular shapes. The present study aims to optimize the parameters of tapered vanes and their effect on flow structure around the vanes through numerical modelling. Numerical modelling for the present study was done in ANSYS-CFX software using the K-ω turbulence closure model to simulate the vortical flow. It was observed that maximum strength of secondary currents was obtained for angle of attack, sweep angle and relative vane height (ratio of vane height to depth of flow) of 17°, 10° and 0.48, respectively. It was also observed that in the proximity of the tapered vane, secondary currents are dominated by vortex-lift while in far-reaches, potential lift prevails. It was observed that transverse velocity was maximum for a sweep angle of 10°. Comparing the optimal rectangular vane (with angle of attack of 30) with the tapered vane (with angle of attack of 17), it was observed that the rectangular vane has a tendency to generate higher transverse velocities and hence may act as a sediment diverter to counter sediment movement while the tapered vane has a tendency to generate vortical structures over a larger distance, hence may act as a sediment managing device.
摘要水下叶型是指在水流中,由于临近流侧与下游侧的压力差而产生螺旋状水流的水翼,并与水流倾斜放置,角度从10°到40°不等。以往对矩形水下叶片的研究较多,但对非矩形水下叶片的研究较少。本研究旨在通过数值模拟优化锥形叶片的参数及其对叶片周围流动结构的影响。本研究在ANSYS-CFX软件中进行数值模拟,采用K-ω湍流闭合模型模拟涡旋流动。观察到攻角、掠角和相对叶片高度(叶片高度与流深之比)分别为17°、10°和0.48时,二次流强度最大。还观察到,在锥形叶片附近,二次流以涡升力为主,而在远端,则以势升力为主。观察到,当掠角为10°时,横向速度最大。将最佳矩形叶片(迎角为30)与锥形叶片(迎角为17)进行比较,可以观察到,矩形叶片倾向于产生更高的横向速度,因此可以作为泥沙分流器来对抗泥沙运动,而锥形叶片倾向于在更大的距离上产生涡状结构,因此可以作为泥沙管理装置。
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引用次数: 4
Adult sea lamprey respond to induced turbulence in a low current system 成年海七鳃鳗对低流系统中诱导湍流的反应
Pub Date : 2020-06-19 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1775504
Daniel P Zielinski, S. Miehls, Gordon C. Burns, Charles C. Coutant
Abstract Manipulation of water velocities and turbulence using pumps, propellers, or jets is a promising alternative to physical water control structures to guide fish towards traps or fishways. Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) are a species of concern in much of their native and invasive ranges, and their improved guidance could benefit management actions for both conservation and control. The flow velocity enhancement system (FVES), an emergent technology that uses a Venturi pump to generate a plume of turbulence, has shown promise guiding downstream migrating fish in slow-moving or static water conditions formed by large reservoirs, but is untested for guidance of upstream swimming fish in low current environments. The FVES had minimal impact on depth averaged velocity profiles, but produced elevated levels of turbulence. Changes in spatial distribution and number of turns suggest sea lamprey detect and are mildly attracted to turbulence induced by the FVES. These results demonstrate the potential of induced turbulence as a guidance mechanism for upstream migrating sea lamprey, but more extensive testing is needed to show the full utility of this approach.
利用泵、螺旋桨或射流操纵水流速度和湍流是一种有希望的替代物理水控制结构,以引导鱼类走向陷阱或鱼道。海七鳃鳗(Petromyzon marinus)在其许多本地和入侵范围内都是一个令人关注的物种,它们的改进指导可以有利于保护和控制的管理行动。流速增强系统(FVES)是一项新兴技术,它使用文丘里泵来产生湍流羽流,在大型水库形成的缓慢移动或静态水条件下,它有望引导下游洄游的鱼类,但在低流环境下,它还没有被用于引导上游游动的鱼类。FVES对深度平均速度剖面的影响很小,但会导致湍流水平升高。空间分布和旋转次数的变化表明,海七鳃鳗对FVES引起的湍流有轻微的吸引力。这些结果证明了诱导湍流作为一种引导七鳃鳗上游迁移的机制的潜力,但需要更广泛的测试来显示这种方法的全部效用。
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引用次数: 8
Improving survival: injury and mortality of fish struck by blades with slanted, blunt leading edges 提高生存:伤害和死亡率的鱼与倾斜,钝前缘刀片击中
Pub Date : 2020-06-16 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1768166
S. Amaral, S. Watson, Abraham D. Schneider, Jenna Rackovan, Andrew Baumgartner
Abstract Compact turbines offer potential to reduce hydropower plant construction costs, but conventional turbine blade designs endanger entrained fish due to high blade strike speeds and thin leading edges. We evaluated the potential for combined blade leading edge slant and large leading edge thickness to increase strike survival. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were subjected to strikes with 100 mm thick blade analogues. At 10 m/s, strikes at fish length to blade leading edge thickness ratio (L/t) of 2 resulted in 98% survival at a location along the blade witha 30° slant relative to the tangential direction, compared to 26.8% survival at a location with 90°slant. For L/t 1.14-2, survival was found to be sensitive to location of strike within the mid-body region, determined from high-speed video. Strikes of 200 mm fish at 10 m/s resulted in 68% survival when body strike location was 0.58 (near caudal), and 7.9% when body strike location was 0.36 (near head). These results are consistent with previous trends and indicate opportunities to improve turbine blade design for greater entrained fish survival at higher turbine speeds, at both low head (<30 m) and high head projects.
摘要:紧凑型水轮机提供了降低水电站建设成本的潜力,但传统的水轮机叶片设计由于叶片冲击速度高和前缘薄而危及夹带鱼。我们评估了联合叶片前缘倾斜和大前缘厚度来增加打击存活率的潜力。虹鳟鱼(Oncorhynchus mykiss)受到100毫米厚的叶片类似物的打击。在10 m/s的速度下,鱼长与叶片前缘厚度比(L/t)为2时,在相对于切向倾斜30°的叶片方向上,攻击的存活率为98%,而在相对于切向倾斜90°的位置上,攻击的存活率为26.8%。对于L/t为1.14-2的情况,生存率对中体区域内的打击位置很敏感,这是由高速视频确定的。当身体攻击位置为0.58(近尾)时,以10米/秒的速度攻击200毫米鱼,存活率为68%,当身体攻击位置为0.36(近头)时,存活率为7.9%。这些结果与之前的趋势一致,表明在低水头(<30米)和高水头项目中,有机会改进涡轮叶片设计,以便在更高的涡轮速度下提高被捕鱼的存活率。
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引用次数: 14
Pacific Lamprey drag force modeling to optimize fishway design 太平洋七鳃鳗拖曳力建模优化鱼道设计
Pub Date : 2020-06-16 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1768911
Hattie Zobott, R. Budwig, C. Caudill, M. Keefer, W. Basham
Abstract Typically, fish passage design is informed by a critical velocity model whereby fish are assumed to fail passage if the water velocity is higher than the critical swim speed, an assumption that may not be met when locomoting fish are partially submerged. We applied a drag force model (DFM) approach for use in design of Pacific Lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) Passage Structures (LPS) where lamprey may be partially or fully submerged. Our investigation assessed the dead-drag forces at four levels of static submergence: fully submerged (120 mm), equally submerged (40 mm), partially submerged (15 mm), and skin-flow (5 mm) for a Pacific Lamprey physical model by varying simulated LPS slope and discharge conditions. We then used the results to establish drag force thresholds corresponding to the known critical velocity thresholds of Pacific Lamprey to predict passage success under partial and full submergence conditions. Consideration of drag force in fish passage could be used to improve or create species-specific design recommendations for fishways, or to inform the design of barriers to prevent invasive species passage. The results suggest consideration of drag force in addition to velocity is beneficial to predict Pacific Lamprey passage success under partial submergence conditions.
通常,鱼类通道设计是由一个临界速度模型提供信息的,该模型假设如果水流速度高于临界游动速度,鱼类就无法通过,当游动的鱼类部分淹没时,这一假设可能不成立。本研究将阻力模型(DFM)用于设计太平洋七鳃鳗(Entosphenus tridentatus)通道结构(LPS),其中七鳃鳗可能部分或完全被淹没。我们的研究通过不同的模拟LPS坡度和排放条件,评估了太平洋七鳃鳗物理模型在四个静态淹没水平下的死阻力:完全淹没(120毫米)、完全淹没(40毫米)、部分淹没(15毫米)和皮肤流动(5毫米)。然后,我们利用结果建立了与已知的太平洋七鳃鳗临界速度阈值相对应的阻力阈值,以预测部分和完全淹没条件下的通过成功。考虑鱼道阻力可用于改进或创建特定物种的鱼道设计建议,或为防止入侵物种通过的屏障设计提供信息。结果表明,在部分淹没条件下,除考虑速度外,还考虑阻力有利于预测太平洋七鳃鳗通过成功。
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引用次数: 4
A new framework for assessing roughness elements in promoting fish passage at low-head instream structures 一种评估低水头溪流结构促进鱼类通过的粗糙度因素的新框架
Pub Date : 2020-05-19 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1738967
D. Magaju, J. Montgomery, P. Franklin, C. Baker, H. Friedrich
Abstract Increasing interest in fish passage solutions past low-head instream structures has led to the development and implementation of new designs with various types of roughness elements within these structures. We know that roughness elements increase the heterogeneity in water velocity by creating a continuous or discrete low velocity zone, which supports fish passage. However, the effectiveness of these roughness elements for various low-head structures and fish species differs and is often not assessed in detail. This paper highlights three important aspects of assessing roughness elements, namely fish behavior, flow hydrodynamics and passage efficiency. A novel multi-stage framework that can be used for assessing the effectiveness of fish passage solutions is proposed. Initially, we consider the uniqueness of behaviour between species and the hydrodynamics created by roughness elements, as a generalized solution for the size and arrangement of these elements might not work effectively for all species. Then, for effective performance, the link that is required between fish behaviour (both individual and for groups) and hydrodynamics and effectiveness of the roughness elements is discussed for ensuring effective use in low-head structure designs. The proposed framework synthesizes the information required for effective solutions to fish passage through low-head structures.
摘要:人们对低水头溪流结构的鱼类通道解决方案越来越感兴趣,这导致了在这些结构中使用各种类型的粗糙度元素的新设计的开发和实施。我们知道,粗糙元素通过创建连续或离散的低速区来增加水流的非均匀性,从而支持鱼类通过。然而,这些粗糙度元素对各种低头结构和鱼类的有效性是不同的,而且往往没有详细评估。本文强调了评估粗糙度要素的三个重要方面,即鱼的行为、流体动力学和通道效率。提出了一种新的多阶段框架,可用于评估鱼类通道解决方案的有效性。最初,我们考虑了物种之间行为的独特性和由粗糙度元素产生的流体动力学,因为这些元素的大小和排列的广义解决方案可能不适用于所有物种。然后,为了有效的性能,为了确保在低水头结构设计中有效使用,讨论了鱼的行为(个体和群体)与流体动力学和粗糙度元素的有效性之间所需的联系。提出的框架综合了有效解决鱼类通过低水头结构所需的信息。
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引用次数: 7
A Lagrangian particle-tracking approach to modelling larval drift in rivers 拉格朗日粒子跟踪方法模拟河流中幼虫漂移
Pub Date : 2020-05-12 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2019.1709102
R. McDonald, J. Nelson
Abstract The migration of larval fish from spawning to rearing habitat in rivers is not well understood. This paper describes a methodology to predict larval drift using a Lagrangian particle-tracking (LPT) model with passive and active behavioural components loosely coupled to a quasi-three-dimensional hydraulic model. In the absence of measured larval drift, a heuristic approach is presented for the larval drift of two species of interest, white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and burbot (Lota lota), in the Kootenai River, Idaho. Previous studies found that many fish species prefer certain vertical zones within the water column; sturgeon tend to be found near the bottom and burbot close to the water surface. Limiting the vertical movement of larvae is incorporated into the active component of the LPT model. The results illustrate a pattern of drift where secondary flow in meander bends and other zones of flow curvature redistributes particles toward the outside of the bend for surface drifters and toward the inside of the bend for bottom drifters. This pattern periodically reinforces the intersection of drifting larvae with channel margins in meander bends. In the absence of measured larval drift data, the model provides a tool for hypothesis testing and a guide to both field and laboratory experiments to further define the role of active behaviour in drifting larvae.
摘要河流中幼鱼从产卵地到饲养地的洄游尚不清楚。本文描述了一种使用拉格朗日粒子跟踪(LPT)模型预测幼虫漂移的方法,该模型具有被动和主动行为成分松散耦合到准三维水力模型。在没有测量幼虫漂移的情况下,提出了一种启发式方法,用于两种感兴趣的物种,白鲟(acpenser transmontanus)和白鲟(Lota Lota),在库特奈河,爱达荷州。先前的研究发现,许多鱼类更喜欢水柱内的某些垂直区域;鲟鱼往往在靠近水底的地方被发现,而白颊鳕则靠近水面。限制幼虫垂直运动被纳入LPT模型的主动成分。结果表明了一种漂移模式,即曲流弯道和其他流动曲率区域的二次流将颗粒重新分配给表面漂浮者的弯道外侧,以及底部漂浮者的弯道内侧。这种模式周期性地加强了漂流的幼虫在曲流弯曲处与河道边缘的相交。在没有测量到的幼虫漂移数据的情况下,该模型为假设检验提供了工具,并为现场和实验室实验提供了指导,以进一步确定主动行为在漂流幼虫中的作用。
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引用次数: 11
期刊
Journal of ecohydraulics
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