Pub Date : 2020-06-16DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1768911
Hattie Zobott, R. Budwig, C. Caudill, M. Keefer, W. Basham
Abstract Typically, fish passage design is informed by a critical velocity model whereby fish are assumed to fail passage if the water velocity is higher than the critical swim speed, an assumption that may not be met when locomoting fish are partially submerged. We applied a drag force model (DFM) approach for use in design of Pacific Lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) Passage Structures (LPS) where lamprey may be partially or fully submerged. Our investigation assessed the dead-drag forces at four levels of static submergence: fully submerged (120 mm), equally submerged (40 mm), partially submerged (15 mm), and skin-flow (5 mm) for a Pacific Lamprey physical model by varying simulated LPS slope and discharge conditions. We then used the results to establish drag force thresholds corresponding to the known critical velocity thresholds of Pacific Lamprey to predict passage success under partial and full submergence conditions. Consideration of drag force in fish passage could be used to improve or create species-specific design recommendations for fishways, or to inform the design of barriers to prevent invasive species passage. The results suggest consideration of drag force in addition to velocity is beneficial to predict Pacific Lamprey passage success under partial submergence conditions.
{"title":"Pacific Lamprey drag force modeling to optimize fishway design","authors":"Hattie Zobott, R. Budwig, C. Caudill, M. Keefer, W. Basham","doi":"10.1080/24705357.2020.1768911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24705357.2020.1768911","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Typically, fish passage design is informed by a critical velocity model whereby fish are assumed to fail passage if the water velocity is higher than the critical swim speed, an assumption that may not be met when locomoting fish are partially submerged. We applied a drag force model (DFM) approach for use in design of Pacific Lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) Passage Structures (LPS) where lamprey may be partially or fully submerged. Our investigation assessed the dead-drag forces at four levels of static submergence: fully submerged (120 mm), equally submerged (40 mm), partially submerged (15 mm), and skin-flow (5 mm) for a Pacific Lamprey physical model by varying simulated LPS slope and discharge conditions. We then used the results to establish drag force thresholds corresponding to the known critical velocity thresholds of Pacific Lamprey to predict passage success under partial and full submergence conditions. Consideration of drag force in fish passage could be used to improve or create species-specific design recommendations for fishways, or to inform the design of barriers to prevent invasive species passage. The results suggest consideration of drag force in addition to velocity is beneficial to predict Pacific Lamprey passage success under partial submergence conditions.","PeriodicalId":93201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecohydraulics","volume":"1 1","pages":"69 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88141226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-19DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1738967
D. Magaju, J. Montgomery, P. Franklin, C. Baker, H. Friedrich
Abstract Increasing interest in fish passage solutions past low-head instream structures has led to the development and implementation of new designs with various types of roughness elements within these structures. We know that roughness elements increase the heterogeneity in water velocity by creating a continuous or discrete low velocity zone, which supports fish passage. However, the effectiveness of these roughness elements for various low-head structures and fish species differs and is often not assessed in detail. This paper highlights three important aspects of assessing roughness elements, namely fish behavior, flow hydrodynamics and passage efficiency. A novel multi-stage framework that can be used for assessing the effectiveness of fish passage solutions is proposed. Initially, we consider the uniqueness of behaviour between species and the hydrodynamics created by roughness elements, as a generalized solution for the size and arrangement of these elements might not work effectively for all species. Then, for effective performance, the link that is required between fish behaviour (both individual and for groups) and hydrodynamics and effectiveness of the roughness elements is discussed for ensuring effective use in low-head structure designs. The proposed framework synthesizes the information required for effective solutions to fish passage through low-head structures.
{"title":"A new framework for assessing roughness elements in promoting fish passage at low-head instream structures","authors":"D. Magaju, J. Montgomery, P. Franklin, C. Baker, H. Friedrich","doi":"10.1080/24705357.2020.1738967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24705357.2020.1738967","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Increasing interest in fish passage solutions past low-head instream structures has led to the development and implementation of new designs with various types of roughness elements within these structures. We know that roughness elements increase the heterogeneity in water velocity by creating a continuous or discrete low velocity zone, which supports fish passage. However, the effectiveness of these roughness elements for various low-head structures and fish species differs and is often not assessed in detail. This paper highlights three important aspects of assessing roughness elements, namely fish behavior, flow hydrodynamics and passage efficiency. A novel multi-stage framework that can be used for assessing the effectiveness of fish passage solutions is proposed. Initially, we consider the uniqueness of behaviour between species and the hydrodynamics created by roughness elements, as a generalized solution for the size and arrangement of these elements might not work effectively for all species. Then, for effective performance, the link that is required between fish behaviour (both individual and for groups) and hydrodynamics and effectiveness of the roughness elements is discussed for ensuring effective use in low-head structure designs. The proposed framework synthesizes the information required for effective solutions to fish passage through low-head structures.","PeriodicalId":93201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecohydraulics","volume":"26 1","pages":"152 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78231897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-12DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2019.1709102
R. McDonald, J. Nelson
Abstract The migration of larval fish from spawning to rearing habitat in rivers is not well understood. This paper describes a methodology to predict larval drift using a Lagrangian particle-tracking (LPT) model with passive and active behavioural components loosely coupled to a quasi-three-dimensional hydraulic model. In the absence of measured larval drift, a heuristic approach is presented for the larval drift of two species of interest, white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and burbot (Lota lota), in the Kootenai River, Idaho. Previous studies found that many fish species prefer certain vertical zones within the water column; sturgeon tend to be found near the bottom and burbot close to the water surface. Limiting the vertical movement of larvae is incorporated into the active component of the LPT model. The results illustrate a pattern of drift where secondary flow in meander bends and other zones of flow curvature redistributes particles toward the outside of the bend for surface drifters and toward the inside of the bend for bottom drifters. This pattern periodically reinforces the intersection of drifting larvae with channel margins in meander bends. In the absence of measured larval drift data, the model provides a tool for hypothesis testing and a guide to both field and laboratory experiments to further define the role of active behaviour in drifting larvae.
{"title":"A Lagrangian particle-tracking approach to modelling larval drift in rivers","authors":"R. McDonald, J. Nelson","doi":"10.1080/24705357.2019.1709102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24705357.2019.1709102","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The migration of larval fish from spawning to rearing habitat in rivers is not well understood. This paper describes a methodology to predict larval drift using a Lagrangian particle-tracking (LPT) model with passive and active behavioural components loosely coupled to a quasi-three-dimensional hydraulic model. In the absence of measured larval drift, a heuristic approach is presented for the larval drift of two species of interest, white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and burbot (Lota lota), in the Kootenai River, Idaho. Previous studies found that many fish species prefer certain vertical zones within the water column; sturgeon tend to be found near the bottom and burbot close to the water surface. Limiting the vertical movement of larvae is incorporated into the active component of the LPT model. The results illustrate a pattern of drift where secondary flow in meander bends and other zones of flow curvature redistributes particles toward the outside of the bend for surface drifters and toward the inside of the bend for bottom drifters. This pattern periodically reinforces the intersection of drifting larvae with channel margins in meander bends. In the absence of measured larval drift data, the model provides a tool for hypothesis testing and a guide to both field and laboratory experiments to further define the role of active behaviour in drifting larvae.","PeriodicalId":93201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecohydraulics","volume":"24 1","pages":"17 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91225162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-09DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1713918
H. Santos, E. Dupont, Francisco Aracena, Joseph T. Dvorak, A. Pinheiro, Matheus Teotonio, Ablail Paula
Abstract Culvert fishways can improve upstream fish passage in brooks and have been studied in relation to North American and Australian species. Research focusing on fish species from other world regions and, in parallel, effect of baffles on flow turbulence is rare. In this paper we present computational fluid dynamics of a sloped baffle culvert, called “stairs pipe”. We aimed at evaluating if: (1) the flow met the requirements of Neotropical and European species; (2) the flow turbulence was acceptable for fish passage; (3) the flow limited fish movements. The average flow velocities for 5% slope and discharge rates of 5–13 L/s were lower than the prolonged speeds of three Neotropical species, namely, piau (Leporinus reinhardti), mandi (Pimelodus maculatus), and lambari (Piabarchus stramineus) and higher than the sustainable speeds of three European species, namely, dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), barbel (Barbus barbus), and brown trout (Salmo trutta). The turbulence flow characteristics i.e. levels of turbulence kinetic energy were similar to those produced by comparable culverts but higher than those in a fish ladder. The water jet created by baffles at an angle of 30° can limit fish movements, restraining them from jumping. The stairs pipe might improve upstream fish movement in different regions of world; nevertheless, further experimental research should concern the use of different swimming modes in the culvert flow.
{"title":"Stairs pipe culverts: flow simulations and implications for the passage of European and Neotropical fishes","authors":"H. Santos, E. Dupont, Francisco Aracena, Joseph T. Dvorak, A. Pinheiro, Matheus Teotonio, Ablail Paula","doi":"10.1080/24705357.2020.1713918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24705357.2020.1713918","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Culvert fishways can improve upstream fish passage in brooks and have been studied in relation to North American and Australian species. Research focusing on fish species from other world regions and, in parallel, effect of baffles on flow turbulence is rare. In this paper we present computational fluid dynamics of a sloped baffle culvert, called “stairs pipe”. We aimed at evaluating if: (1) the flow met the requirements of Neotropical and European species; (2) the flow turbulence was acceptable for fish passage; (3) the flow limited fish movements. The average flow velocities for 5% slope and discharge rates of 5–13 L/s were lower than the prolonged speeds of three Neotropical species, namely, piau (Leporinus reinhardti), mandi (Pimelodus maculatus), and lambari (Piabarchus stramineus) and higher than the sustainable speeds of three European species, namely, dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), barbel (Barbus barbus), and brown trout (Salmo trutta). The turbulence flow characteristics i.e. levels of turbulence kinetic energy were similar to those produced by comparable culverts but higher than those in a fish ladder. The water jet created by baffles at an angle of 30° can limit fish movements, restraining them from jumping. The stairs pipe might improve upstream fish movement in different regions of world; nevertheless, further experimental research should concern the use of different swimming modes in the culvert flow.","PeriodicalId":93201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecohydraulics","volume":"17 1","pages":"36 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83522108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-08DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2019.1677181
I. Albayrak, R. Boes, C. R. Kriewitz-Byun, A. Peter, B. Tullis
Abstract The hydraulic performance and fish guidance efficiency (FGE) for behaviourally-based mechanical fish guidance structures, i.e. louvers and modified angled bar racks (MBRs), were evaluated experimentally and the results are presented herein. Detailed velocity profiling was conducted to assess the hydraulic performance of the 1:1 Froude-scaled racks in an etho-hydraulic laboratory flume. Guidance efficiencies of the studied rack configurations were evaluated through live-fish tests in the same flume. Tests were conducted with five European fish species, namely, barbel (Barbus barbus), spirlin (Alburnoides bipunctatus), European grayling (Thymallus thymallus), European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and brown trout (Salmo trutta). The results demonstrate that MBRs are advantageous over louvers because of reduced head losses, improved hydraulics and higher FGEs. Furthermore, use of a bottom overlay on the MBRs substantially increased the FGE. The results are discussed and compared with literature data. Recommendations for an optimized and economic MBR design are given. The present findings underpin the follow-up studies for further optimization of MBR design.
{"title":"Fish guidance structures: hydraulic performance and fish guidance efficiencies","authors":"I. Albayrak, R. Boes, C. R. Kriewitz-Byun, A. Peter, B. Tullis","doi":"10.1080/24705357.2019.1677181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24705357.2019.1677181","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The hydraulic performance and fish guidance efficiency (FGE) for behaviourally-based mechanical fish guidance structures, i.e. louvers and modified angled bar racks (MBRs), were evaluated experimentally and the results are presented herein. Detailed velocity profiling was conducted to assess the hydraulic performance of the 1:1 Froude-scaled racks in an etho-hydraulic laboratory flume. Guidance efficiencies of the studied rack configurations were evaluated through live-fish tests in the same flume. Tests were conducted with five European fish species, namely, barbel (Barbus barbus), spirlin (Alburnoides bipunctatus), European grayling (Thymallus thymallus), European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and brown trout (Salmo trutta). The results demonstrate that MBRs are advantageous over louvers because of reduced head losses, improved hydraulics and higher FGEs. Furthermore, use of a bottom overlay on the MBRs substantially increased the FGE. The results are discussed and compared with literature data. Recommendations for an optimized and economic MBR design are given. The present findings underpin the follow-up studies for further optimization of MBR design.","PeriodicalId":93201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecohydraulics","volume":"125 1","pages":"113 - 131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75984509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2019.1581102
K. Plesiński, C. Gibbins, A. Radecki-Pawlik
Abstract This paper assesses the extent to which Interlocked Carpet Block Ramps (ICBRs) impede the upstream movement of brown trout Salmon trutta (L. 1758). It presents model simulations of hydraulic conditions across an ICBR of the type used widely for energy dissipation in high gradient rivers. Model simulations were related to published hydraulic suitability criteria for upstream movement of fish to assess the usability of individual routes, connectivity between routes and whether routes were available to allow upstream passage across the whole ramp. Results suggest that connected routes were available at most of the simulated discharges. Nevertheless, higher and lower discharges appeared to impose constraints, due to swimming ability and minimum useable water depths, respectively. Precise patterns of hydraulic suitability and connectivity of potential routes at different discharges varied appreciably between simulations using the different hydraulic criteria.
{"title":"Effects of interlocked carpet ramps on upstream movement of brown trout Salmo trutta in an upland stream","authors":"K. Plesiński, C. Gibbins, A. Radecki-Pawlik","doi":"10.1080/24705357.2019.1581102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24705357.2019.1581102","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper assesses the extent to which Interlocked Carpet Block Ramps (ICBRs) impede the upstream movement of brown trout Salmon trutta (L. 1758). It presents model simulations of hydraulic conditions across an ICBR of the type used widely for energy dissipation in high gradient rivers. Model simulations were related to published hydraulic suitability criteria for upstream movement of fish to assess the usability of individual routes, connectivity between routes and whether routes were available to allow upstream passage across the whole ramp. Results suggest that connected routes were available at most of the simulated discharges. Nevertheless, higher and lower discharges appeared to impose constraints, due to swimming ability and minimum useable water depths, respectively. Precise patterns of hydraulic suitability and connectivity of potential routes at different discharges varied appreciably between simulations using the different hydraulic criteria.","PeriodicalId":93201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecohydraulics","volume":"52 1","pages":"3 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88519257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2019.1669496
D. Vettori, S. Rice
Abstract Submerged freshwater macrophytes are frequently used in hydraulic laboratories to study flow–plant interactions and the role of plants in aquatic ecosystems, but environmental conditions in flume facilities are often suboptimal for plants and can cause plant stress. Physiological responses of plants under stress can trigger modifications in plant biomechanics, which may affect plant–flow interactions and compromise experimental results. In the extreme, dead plants cannot be expected to reveal how live plants interact with flowing water, but stressed plants that are not visibly unhealthy may also affect experimental results. The present work aims to assess if and how environmental conditions typical of flume facilities can impact plant health status and induce variations in plant biomechanics. Using chlorophyll fluorescence analysis, a standard method for assessing plant health, we found that freshwater macrophytes can be significantly stressed under conditions typically found in hydraulic laboratories. Even though the abiotic factors investigated affected different species in different ways, exposure to tap water and low irradiance were the most stressful conditions for freshwater macrophytes. Biomechanical properties with a primary role in flow–plant physical interactions (e.g. flexural rigidity) changed significantly as a result of exposure to stressful conditions. In general, plant stress was associated with a reduction in flexural rigidity at the top of plant stems, suggesting a potential effect on plant hydrodynamics when leaves and petioles are considered. The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, used as proxy of plant health status, was positively correlated with flexural rigidity of plant stems.
{"title":"Implications of environmental conditions for health status and biomechanics of freshwater macrophytes in hydraulic laboratories","authors":"D. Vettori, S. Rice","doi":"10.1080/24705357.2019.1669496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24705357.2019.1669496","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Submerged freshwater macrophytes are frequently used in hydraulic laboratories to study flow–plant interactions and the role of plants in aquatic ecosystems, but environmental conditions in flume facilities are often suboptimal for plants and can cause plant stress. Physiological responses of plants under stress can trigger modifications in plant biomechanics, which may affect plant–flow interactions and compromise experimental results. In the extreme, dead plants cannot be expected to reveal how live plants interact with flowing water, but stressed plants that are not visibly unhealthy may also affect experimental results. The present work aims to assess if and how environmental conditions typical of flume facilities can impact plant health status and induce variations in plant biomechanics. Using chlorophyll fluorescence analysis, a standard method for assessing plant health, we found that freshwater macrophytes can be significantly stressed under conditions typically found in hydraulic laboratories. Even though the abiotic factors investigated affected different species in different ways, exposure to tap water and low irradiance were the most stressful conditions for freshwater macrophytes. Biomechanical properties with a primary role in flow–plant physical interactions (e.g. flexural rigidity) changed significantly as a result of exposure to stressful conditions. In general, plant stress was associated with a reduction in flexural rigidity at the top of plant stems, suggesting a potential effect on plant hydrodynamics when leaves and petioles are considered. The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, used as proxy of plant health status, was positively correlated with flexural rigidity of plant stems.","PeriodicalId":93201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecohydraulics","volume":"36 1","pages":"71 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73571707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1754553
C. Katopodis, P. Kemp
Leading-edge biological research is thriving and so does advanced research on hydraulics, aided by innovations in technology, instrumentation and respective conventional experimental facilities in laboratories or field stations. In long-established fields, such as ecology and biology or hydraulics, hydrology and geomorphology, state-of-the-art research may be self-sufficient in experimental facilities. In newer interdisciplinary fields, like ecohydraulics, the challenge of conducting cuttingedge research necessitates using innovations and advances in more than one field. In addition, experimental facilities, such as ecohydraulic flumes, are needed to allow studies, measurements and integration of biotic and abiotic variables under controlled conditions. The question then becomes what the appropriate balance between “eco” and “hydraulics” is for leadingedge ecohydraulic research. One may posit that research with ecohydraulic flumes is thriving, at least if the rapid growth of relevant publications is indicative. As ecohydraulic researchers though, we are aware that many studies involving ecohydraulic flumes struggle to balance “eco” with “hydraulics,” and only a limited number achieve suitable symmetry. It takes fully engaged interdisciplinary teams, using state-of-the-art technology, instrumentation, experimental facilities, analyses and integration of observations to reach ecohydraulic symmetry with interdisciplinarity as the overriding principle for all research aspects. How frequently does this actually happen? Ecohydraulic flumes, which have a water surface open to air pressure (as opposed to closed chambers with fluid pressure), facilitate research which integrates ecological/biological and hydraulic/morphodynamic aspects. Such flumes may be fixed or mobile, are used in laboratories or field stations, and are designed for the purpose of studying abilities and responses of aquatic flora and fauna to hydraulic/morphodynamic conditions in prototype to avoid scaling effects on biota and their behaviour (Katopodis 2005). Research on flora and fauna under controlled conditions in ecohydraulic flumes, contributes to improved understanding of the complex interactions between biota and hydraulic variables. Although in recent decades ecohydraulic flumes have been used for research on a variety of flora and fauna, different fish species have been the most common biota studied. The Fisheries-Engineering Research Laboratory adjacent to a fishway at Bonneville Dam was one of the first dedicated to ecohydraulic research on fish passage mostly for anadromous Pacific salmon relating to the hydroelectric generating stations on the Columbia River, USA (Collins and Elling 1960). Without fish tagging technology or videography, and simple hydrometric instruments, observations on fish behavioural responses and swimming performance were limited to average values of basic variables such as velocities, rates of fish movement, endurance times and swim distances. Aspec
前沿生物研究正在蓬勃发展，水力学的先进研究也在蓬勃发展，这得益于技术、仪器和实验室或现场站各自的传统实验设施的创新。在历史悠久的领域，如生态学和生物学或水力学、水文学和地貌学，最先进的研究可以在实验设施中自给自足。在较新的跨学科领域，如生态水力学，进行前沿研究的挑战需要在多个领域使用创新和进步。此外，还需要实验设施，如生态水力水槽，以便在受控条件下研究、测量和整合生物和非生物变量。那么问题就变成了如何在“生态”和“液压”之间取得适当的平衡来进行前沿的生态水力研究。如果相关出版物的快速增长是有指示性的，那么人们可能会假设生态水力水槽的研究正在蓬勃发展。作为生态水力研究人员，我们意识到许多涉及生态水力水槽的研究都在努力平衡“生态”与“水力”，只有有限的数量达到了适当的对称性。它需要跨学科团队充分参与，使用最先进的技术、仪器、实验设施、分析和观察的整合，以跨学科为所有研究方面的压倒一切的原则，达到生态水力对称。这种情况发生的频率有多高?生态水力水槽的水面对空气压力是开放的(与流体压力的封闭室相反)，促进了生态/生物和水力/形态动力学方面的综合研究。这种水槽可以是固定的，也可以是移动的，用于实验室或实地站，其设计目的是研究水生动植物在原型中对水力/形态动力学条件的能力和反应，以避免对生物群及其行为产生规模效应(Katopodis, 2005年)。对生态水工水槽中受控条件下的动植物群进行研究，有助于更好地理解生物群与水工变量之间复杂的相互作用。虽然近几十年来，生态水力水槽已被用于研究各种动植物，但不同的鱼类是最常见的生物群。渔业工程研究实验室毗邻博纳维尔大坝的一条鱼道，是最早致力于鱼类通道生态水力研究的实验室之一，主要是与美国哥伦比亚河上的水电站有关的溯河太平洋鲑鱼(Collins和Elling, 1960)。由于没有鱼类标记技术或录像技术，以及简单的水文测量仪器，对鱼类行为反应和游泳表现的观察仅限于基本变量的平均值，如速度、鱼类运动速度、耐力时间和游泳距离。鱼道设计的各个方面以及鱼是否会利用它们也进行了测试。随着鱼类标记技术、录像技术和更先进的水文测量方法的发展，人们有机会研究更精细的鱼类运动，并将它们与详细的水力变量(如速度分布和各种湍流特性)联系起来。在加拿大进行了一些在现代化生态水力水槽中利用这种发展的最早研究。随后，在美国马萨诸塞州特纳福尔斯市的S. O. Conte溯河鱼类研究中心、英国南安普敦大学的国际生态水力学研究中心以及葡萄牙里斯本的国家土木工程实验室(LNEC)的水力学与环境部对各种鱼类进行了许多关于生态水力学水槽的研究。逐渐地，生态水力水槽在许多国家成为可用的研究工具，并继续在全球范围内扩展。在世界范围内对动植物进行了大量研究，多次重复对不同物种进行类似的调查，通常是为了为环境缓解措施和实际应用提供信息。不太常见的是，生态水力水槽被用来创新和提出科学问题，促进发现和提高洞察力。近年来，在不同的水动力和形态动力条件下，利用生态水力水槽对各种水生生物进行了研究，取得了一定的进展。生态水力学三部曲的研究包括:(1)水生生物的运动、能力和通道;(2) e流量，即水生动植物的环境、生态或溪流流量;(3)水生生境和生态系统形态动力学的恢复。 尽管在这些研究中，我们有多少次充分利用生态水力水槽提供的潜力，使我们能够实现前沿研究?使用生态水力学水槽将最先进的生物学与基础水力学相结合，反之亦然，限制了研究设计，并允许在解释结果时进行推论而不是直接观察。更全面的生态水力研究仍在不断发展
{"title":"Ecohydraulic flumes: are we taking full advantage of their potential for symmetrical interdisciplinary research?","authors":"C. Katopodis, P. Kemp","doi":"10.1080/24705357.2020.1754553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24705357.2020.1754553","url":null,"abstract":"Leading-edge biological research is thriving and so does advanced research on hydraulics, aided by innovations in technology, instrumentation and respective conventional experimental facilities in laboratories or field stations. In long-established fields, such as ecology and biology or hydraulics, hydrology and geomorphology, state-of-the-art research may be self-sufficient in experimental facilities. In newer interdisciplinary fields, like ecohydraulics, the challenge of conducting cuttingedge research necessitates using innovations and advances in more than one field. In addition, experimental facilities, such as ecohydraulic flumes, are needed to allow studies, measurements and integration of biotic and abiotic variables under controlled conditions. The question then becomes what the appropriate balance between “eco” and “hydraulics” is for leadingedge ecohydraulic research. One may posit that research with ecohydraulic flumes is thriving, at least if the rapid growth of relevant publications is indicative. As ecohydraulic researchers though, we are aware that many studies involving ecohydraulic flumes struggle to balance “eco” with “hydraulics,” and only a limited number achieve suitable symmetry. It takes fully engaged interdisciplinary teams, using state-of-the-art technology, instrumentation, experimental facilities, analyses and integration of observations to reach ecohydraulic symmetry with interdisciplinarity as the overriding principle for all research aspects. How frequently does this actually happen? Ecohydraulic flumes, which have a water surface open to air pressure (as opposed to closed chambers with fluid pressure), facilitate research which integrates ecological/biological and hydraulic/morphodynamic aspects. Such flumes may be fixed or mobile, are used in laboratories or field stations, and are designed for the purpose of studying abilities and responses of aquatic flora and fauna to hydraulic/morphodynamic conditions in prototype to avoid scaling effects on biota and their behaviour (Katopodis 2005). Research on flora and fauna under controlled conditions in ecohydraulic flumes, contributes to improved understanding of the complex interactions between biota and hydraulic variables. Although in recent decades ecohydraulic flumes have been used for research on a variety of flora and fauna, different fish species have been the most common biota studied. The Fisheries-Engineering Research Laboratory adjacent to a fishway at Bonneville Dam was one of the first dedicated to ecohydraulic research on fish passage mostly for anadromous Pacific salmon relating to the hydroelectric generating stations on the Columbia River, USA (Collins and Elling 1960). Without fish tagging technology or videography, and simple hydrometric instruments, observations on fish behavioural responses and swimming performance were limited to average values of basic variables such as velocities, rates of fish movement, endurance times and swim distances. Aspec","PeriodicalId":93201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecohydraulics","volume":"2016 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86158283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2019.1673673
J. Harris, W. Peirson, B. Mefford, R. Kingsford, S. Felder
Abstract Effective fishways are required for restoring fish migrations and reversing worldwide declines in freshwater fish while making sustainable use of water resources. Mitigation of barrier effects at high-head dams and weirs is often impeded by poor fishway performance and high costs. Improved and less-costly designs are urgently needed. Our innovative tube fishway concept combines established fishways techniques with aquaculture’s pumping methods and fish-behaviour insights for safe upstream fish passage. We experimented with scaled-down fishway designs using juvenile Australian bass (Percalates novemaculeata). An experimental horizontal-cylinder design successfully combined volitional-passage functions of existing fishways with non-volitional transfer using pumped water. Three key principles of fish behaviour in fishways led to design improvements: disturbed fish often seek refuge at depth; fishes’ escape reactions strongly motivate swimming into flows; and curved structures can reduce delays. In nine trials of the best fishway design, 44 of 45 Australian bass passed within 50 min. cycles. The tube fishway concept offers potential for effective upstream fish passage at new and existing barriers >∼2 m high, with low construction and operation costs and capacity to operate in variable flow regimes. Further development is proceeding with larger-scale laboratory trials, an innovative pumping system and more species.
{"title":"Laboratory testing of an innovative tube fishway concept","authors":"J. Harris, W. Peirson, B. Mefford, R. Kingsford, S. Felder","doi":"10.1080/24705357.2019.1673673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24705357.2019.1673673","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Effective fishways are required for restoring fish migrations and reversing worldwide declines in freshwater fish while making sustainable use of water resources. Mitigation of barrier effects at high-head dams and weirs is often impeded by poor fishway performance and high costs. Improved and less-costly designs are urgently needed. Our innovative tube fishway concept combines established fishways techniques with aquaculture’s pumping methods and fish-behaviour insights for safe upstream fish passage. We experimented with scaled-down fishway designs using juvenile Australian bass (Percalates novemaculeata). An experimental horizontal-cylinder design successfully combined volitional-passage functions of existing fishways with non-volitional transfer using pumped water. Three key principles of fish behaviour in fishways led to design improvements: disturbed fish often seek refuge at depth; fishes’ escape reactions strongly motivate swimming into flows; and curved structures can reduce delays. In nine trials of the best fishway design, 44 of 45 Australian bass passed within 50 min. cycles. The tube fishway concept offers potential for effective upstream fish passage at new and existing barriers >∼2 m high, with low construction and operation costs and capacity to operate in variable flow regimes. Further development is proceeding with larger-scale laboratory trials, an innovative pumping system and more species.","PeriodicalId":93201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecohydraulics","volume":"03 1","pages":"84 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86001011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2019.1669495
N. Zhang, I. Rutherfurd, M. Ghisalberti
Abstract Riparian trees can reduce bank erosion rates, but once a tree falls into a river it can increase local bank erosion. However, the influence of multiple logs, that hydraulically interact, on near-bank velocities has not been investigated. This paper reports flume experiments of the near-bank velocity changes and water level changes produced by multiple in-stream logs with equal and unequal spacing. The results suggest that the near-bank velocity increase caused by a single log can be reduced, and even reversed, by multiple logs. This reduced near-bank velocity mainly results from wake interference between the logs, rather than from the effect of backwater, and it varies systematically with the spacing between the logs. Bank erosion potential can be reduced where logs are spaced under 17 root-plate diameters and where the root-plate is located close to the bank. By contrast, the logs are likely to increase bank erosion when they are within an intermediate distance from the bank and are closely spaced (under 3.3 root-plate diameters apart). The flume results allow us to explore the temporal changes of the potential bank erosion in a reach with various log distributions.
{"title":"The effect of instream logs on bank erosion potential: a flume study with multiple logs","authors":"N. Zhang, I. Rutherfurd, M. Ghisalberti","doi":"10.1080/24705357.2019.1669495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24705357.2019.1669495","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Riparian trees can reduce bank erosion rates, but once a tree falls into a river it can increase local bank erosion. However, the influence of multiple logs, that hydraulically interact, on near-bank velocities has not been investigated. This paper reports flume experiments of the near-bank velocity changes and water level changes produced by multiple in-stream logs with equal and unequal spacing. The results suggest that the near-bank velocity increase caused by a single log can be reduced, and even reversed, by multiple logs. This reduced near-bank velocity mainly results from wake interference between the logs, rather than from the effect of backwater, and it varies systematically with the spacing between the logs. Bank erosion potential can be reduced where logs are spaced under 17 root-plate diameters and where the root-plate is located close to the bank. By contrast, the logs are likely to increase bank erosion when they are within an intermediate distance from the bank and are closely spaced (under 3.3 root-plate diameters apart). The flume results allow us to explore the temporal changes of the potential bank erosion in a reach with various log distributions.","PeriodicalId":93201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecohydraulics","volume":"44 1","pages":"57 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83185576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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