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Stairs pipe culverts: flow simulations and implications for the passage of European and Neotropical fishes 楼梯管道涵洞:流动模拟和对欧洲和新热带鱼类通过的影响
Pub Date : 2020-03-09 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1713918
H. Santos, E. Dupont, Francisco Aracena, Joseph T. Dvorak, A. Pinheiro, Matheus Teotonio, Ablail Paula
Abstract Culvert fishways can improve upstream fish passage in brooks and have been studied in relation to North American and Australian species. Research focusing on fish species from other world regions and, in parallel, effect of baffles on flow turbulence is rare. In this paper we present computational fluid dynamics of a sloped baffle culvert, called “stairs pipe”. We aimed at evaluating if: (1) the flow met the requirements of Neotropical and European species; (2) the flow turbulence was acceptable for fish passage; (3) the flow limited fish movements. The average flow velocities for 5% slope and discharge rates of 5–13 L/s were lower than the prolonged speeds of three Neotropical species, namely, piau (Leporinus reinhardti), mandi (Pimelodus maculatus), and lambari (Piabarchus stramineus) and higher than the sustainable speeds of three European species, namely, dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), barbel (Barbus barbus), and brown trout (Salmo trutta). The turbulence flow characteristics i.e. levels of turbulence kinetic energy were similar to those produced by comparable culverts but higher than those in a fish ladder. The water jet created by baffles at an angle of 30° can limit fish movements, restraining them from jumping. The stairs pipe might improve upstream fish movement in different regions of world; nevertheless, further experimental research should concern the use of different swimming modes in the culvert flow.
涵洞鱼道可以改善河流上游的鱼类通道,并与北美和澳大利亚的鱼类进行了相关研究。研究集中在其他地区的鱼类,同时,挡板对流动湍流的影响是罕见的。本文介绍了一种称为“阶梯管”的倾斜折流板涵洞的计算流体力学。我们的目的是评估:(1)流量是否满足新热带和欧洲物种的要求;(2)鱼道湍流度可接受;(3)水流限制了鱼类的活动。坡度为5%时的平均流速和流量为5 ~ 13 L/s,低于3种新热带物种piau (Leporinus reinhardti)、mandi (Pimelodus maculatus)和lambarus (Piabarchus stramineus)的持续流速,高于3种欧洲物种dace (Leuciscus Leuciscus)、Barbus (Barbus Barbus)和褐鳟(Salmo trutta)的持续流速。紊流特性,即紊流动能水平与类似涵洞产生的紊流动能水平相似,但高于鱼梯。挡板以30度角产生的水射流可以限制鱼的运动,抑制它们的跳跃。楼梯管道在世界不同地区对上游鱼类运动有改善作用;然而,进一步的实验研究应该关注在涵洞水流中使用不同的游泳模式。
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引用次数: 6
Fish guidance structures: hydraulic performance and fish guidance efficiencies 导鱼结构:水力性能和导鱼效率
Pub Date : 2020-01-08 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2019.1677181
I. Albayrak, R. Boes, C. R. Kriewitz-Byun, A. Peter, B. Tullis
Abstract The hydraulic performance and fish guidance efficiency (FGE) for behaviourally-based mechanical fish guidance structures, i.e. louvers and modified angled bar racks (MBRs), were evaluated experimentally and the results are presented herein. Detailed velocity profiling was conducted to assess the hydraulic performance of the 1:1 Froude-scaled racks in an etho-hydraulic laboratory flume. Guidance efficiencies of the studied rack configurations were evaluated through live-fish tests in the same flume. Tests were conducted with five European fish species, namely, barbel (Barbus barbus), spirlin (Alburnoides bipunctatus), European grayling (Thymallus thymallus), European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and brown trout (Salmo trutta). The results demonstrate that MBRs are advantageous over louvers because of reduced head losses, improved hydraulics and higher FGEs. Furthermore, use of a bottom overlay on the MBRs substantially increased the FGE. The results are discussed and compared with literature data. Recommendations for an optimized and economic MBR design are given. The present findings underpin the follow-up studies for further optimization of MBR design.
摘要对基于行为的机械导鱼结构(百叶窗和改进型角度杆架)的水力性能和导鱼效率(FGE)进行了实验评估,并给出了结果。进行了详细的速度剖面,以评估1:1弗劳德比例机架在精神-水力实验室水槽中的水力性能。通过同一水槽的活鱼试验,对所研究的机架结构的导引效率进行了评价。对五种欧洲鱼类进行了试验,即刺鱼(Barbus Barbus)、螺旋鱼(Alburnoides bipunctatus)、欧洲灰鲈(Thymallus Thymallus)、欧洲鳗(Anguilla Anguilla)和褐鳟(Salmo trutta)。结果表明,mbr优于百叶,因为它减少了水头损失,改善了水力学性能,提高了FGEs。此外,在mbr上使用底部覆盖层大大增加了FGE。对所得结果进行了讨论,并与文献数据进行了比较。对MBR的优化和经济设计提出了建议。本研究结果为进一步优化MBR设计的后续研究奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 31
Ecohydraulic flumes: are we taking full advantage of their potential for symmetrical interdisciplinary research? 生态水力水槽:我们是否充分利用了它们在对称跨学科研究中的潜力?
Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1754553
C. Katopodis, P. Kemp
Leading-edge biological research is thriving and so does advanced research on hydraulics, aided by innovations in technology, instrumentation and respective conventional experimental facilities in laboratories or field stations. In long-established fields, such as ecology and biology or hydraulics, hydrology and geomorphology, state-of-the-art research may be self-sufficient in experimental facilities. In newer interdisciplinary fields, like ecohydraulics, the challenge of conducting cuttingedge research necessitates using innovations and advances in more than one field. In addition, experimental facilities, such as ecohydraulic flumes, are needed to allow studies, measurements and integration of biotic and abiotic variables under controlled conditions. The question then becomes what the appropriate balance between “eco” and “hydraulics” is for leadingedge ecohydraulic research. One may posit that research with ecohydraulic flumes is thriving, at least if the rapid growth of relevant publications is indicative. As ecohydraulic researchers though, we are aware that many studies involving ecohydraulic flumes struggle to balance “eco” with “hydraulics,” and only a limited number achieve suitable symmetry. It takes fully engaged interdisciplinary teams, using state-of-the-art technology, instrumentation, experimental facilities, analyses and integration of observations to reach ecohydraulic symmetry with interdisciplinarity as the overriding principle for all research aspects. How frequently does this actually happen? Ecohydraulic flumes, which have a water surface open to air pressure (as opposed to closed chambers with fluid pressure), facilitate research which integrates ecological/biological and hydraulic/morphodynamic aspects. Such flumes may be fixed or mobile, are used in laboratories or field stations, and are designed for the purpose of studying abilities and responses of aquatic flora and fauna to hydraulic/morphodynamic conditions in prototype to avoid scaling effects on biota and their behaviour (Katopodis 2005). Research on flora and fauna under controlled conditions in ecohydraulic flumes, contributes to improved understanding of the complex interactions between biota and hydraulic variables. Although in recent decades ecohydraulic flumes have been used for research on a variety of flora and fauna, different fish species have been the most common biota studied. The Fisheries-Engineering Research Laboratory adjacent to a fishway at Bonneville Dam was one of the first dedicated to ecohydraulic research on fish passage mostly for anadromous Pacific salmon relating to the hydroelectric generating stations on the Columbia River, USA (Collins and Elling 1960). Without fish tagging technology or videography, and simple hydrometric instruments, observations on fish behavioural responses and swimming performance were limited to average values of basic variables such as velocities, rates of fish movement, endurance times and swim distances. Aspec
前沿生物研究正在蓬勃发展,水力学的先进研究也在蓬勃发展,这得益于技术、仪器和实验室或现场站各自的传统实验设施的创新。在历史悠久的领域,如生态学和生物学或水力学、水文学和地貌学,最先进的研究可以在实验设施中自给自足。在较新的跨学科领域,如生态水力学,进行前沿研究的挑战需要在多个领域使用创新和进步。此外,还需要实验设施,如生态水力水槽,以便在受控条件下研究、测量和整合生物和非生物变量。那么问题就变成了如何在“生态”和“液压”之间取得适当的平衡来进行前沿的生态水力研究。如果相关出版物的快速增长是有指示性的,那么人们可能会假设生态水力水槽的研究正在蓬勃发展。作为生态水力研究人员,我们意识到许多涉及生态水力水槽的研究都在努力平衡“生态”与“水力”,只有有限的数量达到了适当的对称性。它需要跨学科团队充分参与,使用最先进的技术、仪器、实验设施、分析和观察的整合,以跨学科为所有研究方面的压倒一切的原则,达到生态水力对称。这种情况发生的频率有多高?生态水力水槽的水面对空气压力是开放的(与流体压力的封闭室相反),促进了生态/生物和水力/形态动力学方面的综合研究。这种水槽可以是固定的,也可以是移动的,用于实验室或实地站,其设计目的是研究水生动植物在原型中对水力/形态动力学条件的能力和反应,以避免对生物群及其行为产生规模效应(Katopodis, 2005年)。对生态水工水槽中受控条件下的动植物群进行研究,有助于更好地理解生物群与水工变量之间复杂的相互作用。虽然近几十年来,生态水力水槽已被用于研究各种动植物,但不同的鱼类是最常见的生物群。渔业工程研究实验室毗邻博纳维尔大坝的一条鱼道,是最早致力于鱼类通道生态水力研究的实验室之一,主要是与美国哥伦比亚河上的水电站有关的溯河太平洋鲑鱼(Collins和Elling, 1960)。由于没有鱼类标记技术或录像技术,以及简单的水文测量仪器,对鱼类行为反应和游泳表现的观察仅限于基本变量的平均值,如速度、鱼类运动速度、耐力时间和游泳距离。鱼道设计的各个方面以及鱼是否会利用它们也进行了测试。随着鱼类标记技术、录像技术和更先进的水文测量方法的发展,人们有机会研究更精细的鱼类运动,并将它们与详细的水力变量(如速度分布和各种湍流特性)联系起来。在加拿大进行了一些在现代化生态水力水槽中利用这种发展的最早研究。随后,在美国马萨诸塞州特纳福尔斯市的S. O. Conte溯河鱼类研究中心、英国南安普敦大学的国际生态水力学研究中心以及葡萄牙里斯本的国家土木工程实验室(LNEC)的水力学与环境部对各种鱼类进行了许多关于生态水力学水槽的研究。逐渐地,生态水力水槽在许多国家成为可用的研究工具,并继续在全球范围内扩展。在世界范围内对动植物进行了大量研究,多次重复对不同物种进行类似的调查,通常是为了为环境缓解措施和实际应用提供信息。不太常见的是,生态水力水槽被用来创新和提出科学问题,促进发现和提高洞察力。近年来,在不同的水动力和形态动力条件下,利用生态水力水槽对各种水生生物进行了研究,取得了一定的进展。生态水力学三部曲的研究包括:(1)水生生物的运动、能力和通道;(2) e流量,即水生动植物的环境、生态或溪流流量;(3)水生生境和生态系统形态动力学的恢复。 尽管在这些研究中,我们有多少次充分利用生态水力水槽提供的潜力,使我们能够实现前沿研究?使用生态水力学水槽将最先进的生物学与基础水力学相结合,反之亦然,限制了研究设计,并允许在解释结果时进行推论而不是直接观察。更全面的生态水力研究仍在不断发展
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引用次数: 2
Effects of interlocked carpet ramps on upstream movement of brown trout Salmo trutta in an upland stream 互锁的地毯坡道对高原溪流中褐鳟上游运动的影响
Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2019.1581102
K. Plesiński, C. Gibbins, A. Radecki-Pawlik
Abstract This paper assesses the extent to which Interlocked Carpet Block Ramps (ICBRs) impede the upstream movement of brown trout Salmon trutta (L. 1758). It presents model simulations of hydraulic conditions across an ICBR of the type used widely for energy dissipation in high gradient rivers. Model simulations were related to published hydraulic suitability criteria for upstream movement of fish to assess the usability of individual routes, connectivity between routes and whether routes were available to allow upstream passage across the whole ramp. Results suggest that connected routes were available at most of the simulated discharges. Nevertheless, higher and lower discharges appeared to impose constraints, due to swimming ability and minimum useable water depths, respectively. Precise patterns of hydraulic suitability and connectivity of potential routes at different discharges varied appreciably between simulations using the different hydraulic criteria.
摘要本文评估了互锁地毯块坡道(ICBRs)阻碍褐鳟鱼洄游的程度(L. 1758)。本文介绍了在高梯度河流中广泛用于消能的ICBR的水力条件的模型模拟。模型模拟与公布的鱼类上游运动的水力适宜性标准相关,以评估单个路线的可用性,路线之间的连通性以及路线是否允许上游通过整个坡道。结果表明,在大多数模拟放电中,存在连通路径。然而,由于游泳能力和最小可用水深的限制,较高和较低的流量似乎施加了限制。在使用不同水力标准的模拟中,不同泄洪条件下的水力适宜性和潜在路径连通性的精确模式有明显差异。
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引用次数: 14
Implications of environmental conditions for health status and biomechanics of freshwater macrophytes in hydraulic laboratories 环境条件对水工实验室淡水大型植物健康状况和生物力学的影响
Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2019.1669496
D. Vettori, S. Rice
Abstract Submerged freshwater macrophytes are frequently used in hydraulic laboratories to study flow–plant interactions and the role of plants in aquatic ecosystems, but environmental conditions in flume facilities are often suboptimal for plants and can cause plant stress. Physiological responses of plants under stress can trigger modifications in plant biomechanics, which may affect plant–flow interactions and compromise experimental results. In the extreme, dead plants cannot be expected to reveal how live plants interact with flowing water, but stressed plants that are not visibly unhealthy may also affect experimental results. The present work aims to assess if and how environmental conditions typical of flume facilities can impact plant health status and induce variations in plant biomechanics. Using chlorophyll fluorescence analysis, a standard method for assessing plant health, we found that freshwater macrophytes can be significantly stressed under conditions typically found in hydraulic laboratories. Even though the abiotic factors investigated affected different species in different ways, exposure to tap water and low irradiance were the most stressful conditions for freshwater macrophytes. Biomechanical properties with a primary role in flow–plant physical interactions (e.g. flexural rigidity) changed significantly as a result of exposure to stressful conditions. In general, plant stress was associated with a reduction in flexural rigidity at the top of plant stems, suggesting a potential effect on plant hydrodynamics when leaves and petioles are considered. The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, used as proxy of plant health status, was positively correlated with flexural rigidity of plant stems.
淹没淡水大型植物经常用于水工实验室研究流-植物相互作用和植物在水生生态系统中的作用,但水槽设施的环境条件往往不适合植物,并可能导致植物应激。植物在逆境下的生理反应会引发植物生物力学的改变,从而影响植物与水的相互作用,影响实验结果。在极端情况下,不能指望死去的植物揭示活的植物如何与流动的水相互作用,但没有明显不健康的受胁迫植物也可能影响实验结果。本研究旨在评估典型水槽设施的环境条件是否以及如何影响植物健康状况并诱导植物生物力学的变化。利用叶绿素荧光分析(一种评估植物健康的标准方法),我们发现淡水大型植物在通常在水力实验室中发现的条件下会受到显著的胁迫。尽管所调查的非生物因素以不同的方式影响不同的物种,但暴露于自来水和低辐照度是淡水大型植物最紧张的条件。在植物与植物的物理相互作用中起主要作用的生物力学特性(如弯曲刚度)由于暴露于压力条件而发生了显著变化。一般来说,植物胁迫与植物茎顶弯曲刚度的降低有关,当考虑到叶片和叶柄时,这表明对植物流体动力学的潜在影响。光系统II的最大量子产率与植物茎秆抗弯刚度呈正相关,可作为植物健康状况的指标。
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引用次数: 5
Laboratory testing of an innovative tube fishway concept 一个创新的管鱼道概念的实验室测试
Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2019.1673673
J. Harris, W. Peirson, B. Mefford, R. Kingsford, S. Felder
Abstract Effective fishways are required for restoring fish migrations and reversing worldwide declines in freshwater fish while making sustainable use of water resources. Mitigation of barrier effects at high-head dams and weirs is often impeded by poor fishway performance and high costs. Improved and less-costly designs are urgently needed. Our innovative tube fishway concept combines established fishways techniques with aquaculture’s pumping methods and fish-behaviour insights for safe upstream fish passage. We experimented with scaled-down fishway designs using juvenile Australian bass (Percalates novemaculeata). An experimental horizontal-cylinder design successfully combined volitional-passage functions of existing fishways with non-volitional transfer using pumped water. Three key principles of fish behaviour in fishways led to design improvements: disturbed fish often seek refuge at depth; fishes’ escape reactions strongly motivate swimming into flows; and curved structures can reduce delays. In nine trials of the best fishway design, 44 of 45 Australian bass passed within 50 min. cycles. The tube fishway concept offers potential for effective upstream fish passage at new and existing barriers >∼2 m high, with low construction and operation costs and capacity to operate in variable flow regimes. Further development is proceeding with larger-scale laboratory trials, an innovative pumping system and more species.
有效的鱼道是恢复鱼类洄游和扭转全球淡水鱼数量下降的必要条件,同时实现水资源的可持续利用。由于鱼道性能差和成本高,高水头水坝和堰的屏障效应的缓解常常受到阻碍。迫切需要改进和低成本的设计。我们创新的管式鱼道概念将现有的鱼道技术与水产养殖的泵送方法和鱼类行为见解相结合,以确保上游鱼类通道的安全。我们用澳大利亚鲈鱼幼鱼(Percalates novemaculeata)试验了按比例缩小的鱼道设计。一种试验性的水平圆柱体设计成功地将现有鱼道的自愿通道功能与抽水的非自愿转移结合起来。鱼道中鱼类行为的三个关键原则导致了设计的改进:受干扰的鱼类经常在深处寻求庇护;鱼类的逃逸反应强烈地促使它们游向水流;弯曲的结构可以减少延误。在对最佳鱼道设计的九次试验中,45条澳大利亚鲈鱼中有44条在50分钟内通过。周期。管状鱼道的概念提供了在新的和现有的> ~ 2米高的障碍上有效的上游鱼类通道的潜力,具有较低的建设和运营成本,并且能够在可变流量下运行。进一步的开发正在进行中,包括更大规模的实验室试验、创新的抽水系统和更多的品种。
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引用次数: 9
The effect of instream logs on bank erosion potential: a flume study with multiple logs 河流对数对河岸侵蚀潜力的影响:多对数水槽研究
Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2019.1669495
N. Zhang, I. Rutherfurd, M. Ghisalberti
Abstract Riparian trees can reduce bank erosion rates, but once a tree falls into a river it can increase local bank erosion. However, the influence of multiple logs, that hydraulically interact, on near-bank velocities has not been investigated. This paper reports flume experiments of the near-bank velocity changes and water level changes produced by multiple in-stream logs with equal and unequal spacing. The results suggest that the near-bank velocity increase caused by a single log can be reduced, and even reversed, by multiple logs. This reduced near-bank velocity mainly results from wake interference between the logs, rather than from the effect of backwater, and it varies systematically with the spacing between the logs. Bank erosion potential can be reduced where logs are spaced under 17 root-plate diameters and where the root-plate is located close to the bank. By contrast, the logs are likely to increase bank erosion when they are within an intermediate distance from the bank and are closely spaced (under 3.3 root-plate diameters apart). The flume results allow us to explore the temporal changes of the potential bank erosion in a reach with various log distributions.
河岸树木可以降低河岸侵蚀率,但一旦树木落入河中,就会增加当地的河岸侵蚀。然而,水力相互作用的多个测井曲线对近岸速度的影响尚未得到研究。本文报道了等距和不等距多段入流测井对近岸流速变化和水位变化的水槽试验。结果表明,单次测井引起的近岸速度增加可以通过多次测井来减小甚至逆转。近岸速度的降低主要是由于测井曲线之间的尾流干扰,而不是由于回水的影响,并且随着测井曲线之间的间距有系统的变化。如果原木间距小于17根板直径,并且根板靠近河岸,则可以减少侵蚀河岸的可能性。相比之下,当原木与河岸处于中间距离且间距较近(根板直径小于3.3)时,可能会增加对河岸的侵蚀。水槽的结果使我们能够探索具有不同对数分布的河段潜在河岸侵蚀的时间变化。
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引用次数: 10
Swimming performance of Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus Pallas) in an open-channel flume 北极灰鲑(thyymallus arcticus Pallas)在明渠水槽中的游泳表现
Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2019.1599306
David R. Dockery, Erin Ryan, K. Kappenman, Matt Blank
Abstract Installing effective fish passage structures that provide connectivity for Arctic grayling is a promising conservation strategy for imperiled populations. The swimming abilities and behaviour of age 1+ adfluvial grayling from Montana were examined in an open-channel flume to provide design information for passage structures. Swimming behaviours and distance of ascent (Dmax) in a 12.25 m section was measured at four velocities (0.49, 1.04, 1.43, 2.26 m/s) at an average temperature of 11.3 °C (SD = 0.7); effects of fish length and time of day were also examined. Median Dmax was equal to 12.25 m for all treatments except the 2.26 m/s treatment, where it dropped to 4.5 m. Average fish swimming velocities increased from 0.85 to 2.97 m/s from the lowest to the highest velocity treatments and the maximum velocity observed was 4.03 m/s. Survival model parameterization allowed prediction of the proportion passing relative to distance for covariate values within the range tested. There was strong evidence Dmax was related to water velocity (p < 0.001) and an 82% decrease in Dmax is estimated for every 1 m/s increase in water velocity. There was no evidence for relationships among distance of ascent and fish length (p = 0.91) or time of day (p = 0.81).
安装有效的鱼类通道结构,为北极灰鲑提供连通性是一种有前途的濒危种群保护策略。在蒙大拿州的一个明渠水槽中测试了1岁以上的河流灰鲑的游泳能力和行为,为通道结构的设计提供了信息。在平均温度11.3°C (SD = 0.7)下,以4种速度(0.49、1.04、1.43、2.26 m/s)测量12.25 m段的游泳行为和上升距离(Dmax);还研究了鱼的长度和一天的时间的影响。除2.26 m/s处理外,所有处理的中位Dmax均为12.25 m,降至4.5 m。从最低速度到最高速度处理,鱼的平均游泳速度从0.85增加到2.97 m/s,最大速度为4.03 m/s。生存模型参数化允许预测协变量值在测试范围内相对于距离的通过比例。有强有力的证据表明Dmax与水流速度有关(p < 0.001),估计水流速度每增加1 m/s, Dmax降低82%。上升距离与鱼的长度(p = 0.91)或时间(p = 0.81)之间没有关系。
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引用次数: 7
Hydraulic design aspects of rock-weir fishways with notch for habitat connectivity 带槽口的岩堰鱼道的水力设计
Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2019.1652706
A. Baki, D. Zhu, A. Harwood, A. Lewis, Katie Healey
Abstract Nature-like fishways have been installed at many migration barriers in recent years to mitigate the effects of human development and habitat fragmentation on fish. The design of these fishways determines the flow characteristics and ultimately the success of these passage facilities. This study numerically investigates the hydraulic properties associated with small passage openings (notch) that are provided in rock-weir-type fishways. Two distinct flow regimes, weir and transitional, were identified. The rock-weir with notch ensured suitable hydraulics for fish migration and sufficient fish resting areas in weir pools. A dimensionless weir coefficient was introduced to existing depth–discharge relationships to compute the weir flow more accurately. A reduction factor for the maximum velocity was also proposed as a function of discharge. This study optimized the design of rock-weir fishways considering passage notches based on fish resting zones, volumetric dissipated power, and performance for upstream fish migration.
近年来,为了减轻人类发展和栖息地破碎化对鱼类的影响,在许多洄游屏障上设置了类似自然的鱼道。这些鱼道的设计决定了这些通道设施的流动特性,并最终决定了这些通道设施的成功。本研究用数值方法研究了岩石堰型鱼道中与小通道开口(缺口)相关的水力特性。确定了两种不同的流动形式,堰式和过渡式。带缺口的岩堰确保了适合鱼类洄游的水力和堰池中足够的鱼类休息区域。在已有的深度-流量关系中引入无因次堰系数,以便更准确地计算堰流量。提出了最大流速的折减系数作为流量的函数。基于鱼类休止区、体积耗散功率和上游鱼类洄游性能,优化了岩堰鱼道的通道缺口设计。
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引用次数: 9
Effect of instream logs on bank erosion potential: a flume study with a single log 河流原木对河岸侵蚀潜力的影响:用单个原木进行的水槽研究
Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2019.1634499
Nuosha Zhang, I. Rutherfurd, M. Ghisalberti
Abstract It is well established that riparian trees reduce bank erosion. However, fallen trees can increase bank erosion as the flow is deflected and accelerated between the log and its root-plate and the bank face, increasing the boundary shear stress and eroding the bank. This erosion contributes to hydraulic variability but can also be a concern in restoring wood loads in rivers. In this first quantitative study into this phenomenon, we develop a theoretical hydraulic model to estimate the near-bank velocity around a single log using principles of continuity and energy loss for a range of log characteristics (morphology, angle, distance from the bank) and flow characteristics. Flume experiments support the theoretical model and suggest that a single log can almost double the near-bank velocity. The fractional channel area taken up by the log (blockage ratio) and the distance between the log and the bank are key factors governing the near-bank velocity. The smaller the angle of the log with the bank the lower the erosion rate, but also the further downstream the erosion extends. As the morphology of the log changes after falling into the channel, bank erosion potentially develops quickly, but slows over time; and migrates downstream.
摘要河岸树木减少了河岸侵蚀,这是公认的。然而,倒下的树木会增加河岸侵蚀,因为水流在原木及其根板和河岸之间发生偏转和加速,增加了边界剪应力,侵蚀了河岸。这种侵蚀导致水力变化,但也可能是恢复河流木材负荷的一个问题。在对这一现象的首次定量研究中,我们开发了一个理论水力模型,根据一系列测井特征(形态、角度、与河岸的距离)和流动特征,利用连续性和能量损失原理来估计单个测井曲线附近的近岸速度。水槽实验支持理论模型,并表明单个原木几乎可以使近岸速度增加一倍。测井曲线所占的分流通道面积(堵塞比)和测井曲线与河岸之间的距离是控制近岸流速的关键因素。原木与河岸的夹角越小,侵蚀速率越低,而且侵蚀向下游延伸越远。随着原木落入河道后形态的变化,岸坡侵蚀可能会迅速发展,但随着时间的推移会减慢;并向下游迁移。
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引用次数: 9
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Journal of ecohydraulics
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