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Hydraulic management of coastal freshwater marsh to conciliate local water needs and fish passage 沿海淡水沼泽的水力管理,以调和当地的用水需求和鱼类通道
Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-09-08 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1792364
L. Guiot, L. Cassan, D. Dorchies, P. Sagnes, G. Belaud
Abstract Water control structures, used to regulate water levels and flow exchange in coastal marshes, act as barriers during fish migration between the ocean and brackish or freshwater ecosystems. Usual fish pass solutions may be unsuitable for obstacles subject to significant water level variations such as tidal range. This study proposes new solutions that were developed, implemented and evaluated on a marsh controlled by a series of hydraulic structures. These solutions were based on soft physical modifications (passive management) of the control gates, and on adaptations of their operation rules (active management). To evaluate the impacts of these adaptations, a hydraulic model of the marsh was built. It solves the one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations and appropriate gate equations. The model was used to identify management rules of control structures in a way to improve fish migration without significantly affecting the initial hydraulic management of the marsh (i.e. targeted seasonal water levels). Fish passability of upstream structures could be improved by managing downstream ones. It was concluded that the combination of active and passive management of water control structures could largely increase the passability of these obstacles during glass eel migration, while limiting seawater intrusion in the marsh and maintaining water levels into a range compatible with marsh management needs.
摘要:水控结构用于调节沿海沼泽的水位和流量交换,是鱼类在海洋和咸淡水或淡水生态系统之间洄游的障碍。通常的鱼类通道解决方案可能不适合受重大水位变化的障碍物,如潮差。这项研究提出了新的解决方案,这些解决方案是在一系列水工设施控制的沼泽上开发、实施和评估的。这些解决方案基于控制门的软物理修改(被动管理),以及对其操作规则的适应(主动管理)。为了评估这些适应的影响,建立了一个沼泽的水力模型。求解了一维Saint-Venant方程和相应的门方程。该模型用于确定控制结构的管理规则,从而在不显著影响沼泽初始水力管理(即目标季节水位)的情况下改善鱼类洄游。通过对下游结构的管理,可以提高上游结构的通鱼性。综上所述,主动和被动相结合的控水结构管理可以在很大程度上增加玻璃鳗洄游过程中这些障碍物的通过性,同时限制海水入侵沼泽,使水位保持在与沼泽管理需求相适应的范围内。
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引用次数: 5
Catchment-scale, high-resolution, hydraulic models and habitat maps – a salmonid's perspective 流域尺度,高分辨率,水力模型和栖息地地图-鲑鱼的视角
Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-07-31 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1768600
A. O'Sullivan, Bernhard Wegscheider, J. Helminen, Joseph G. Cormier, T. Linnansaari, Dale A. Wilson, R. A. Curry
Abstract The advent of remotely-sensed high-resolution imagery has led to the development of methods to map river bathymetry. In this study, we utilized high-resolution imagery to map river depth and quantify hydraulic habitats at the catchment scale (>1000 km2) during low flows. Using 0.3-m airborne multi-spectral imagery (resampled to 0.5 m), we mapped contiguous river depth (124 km) within a well-established Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) river – The Little Southwest Miramichi, New Brunswick. We built image-derived depth maps with and without field data calibration. The model without field calibration data (flow resistance equation‐based imaging of river depths) accurately described river depths (R 2 = 72.7; RMSE = 0.167 m; n = 762); however, it overestimated shallow depths. The field-calibrated model removed shallow depth errors (R 2 = 76.4; RMSE = 0.155 m; n = 762). We mapped velocity using a relationship between river geometry and discharge, and coalesced the field-calibrated depth and velocity maps to create Froude and Reynolds number maps. Finally, we performed an unsupervised classification model to delineate the hydraulically relevant habitat units for salmonids. This approach provides an unprecedented view of catchment-scale hydraulic habitats that will advance both hydrological process research and river resources management.
遥感高分辨率影像的出现,促进了河流水深测量方法的发展。在本研究中,我们利用高分辨率图像绘制了河流深度图,并量化了低流量期间流域尺度(>1000 km2)的水力栖息地。利用0.3米的机载多光谱图像(重新采样至0.5米),我们绘制了一条成熟的大西洋鲑鱼(Salmo salar)和布鲁克鳟鱼(Salvelinus fontinalis)河流的连续河流深度(124公里),该河流位于新不伦瑞克省的小西南米拉米奇。我们在有和没有现场数据校准的情况下建立了图像衍生的深度图。没有现场校准数据的模型(基于流阻方程的河流深度成像)准确地描述了河流深度(r2 = 72.7;RMSE = 0.167 m;n = 762);然而,它高估了浅层深度。现场标定模型消除了浅层深度误差(r2 = 76.4;RMSE = 0.155 m;n = 762)。我们利用河流几何形状和流量之间的关系绘制流速图,并将现场校准的深度和流速图结合起来,生成弗劳德和雷诺数图。最后,我们执行了一个无监督分类模型来描绘鲑鱼的水力相关栖息地单位。这种方法为流域尺度的水力栖息地提供了前所未有的视角,将促进水文过程研究和河流资源管理。
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引用次数: 24
Do rearing salmonids predictably occupy physical microhabitat? 养殖鲑鱼是否可以预见地占据物理微栖息地?
Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2019.1696717
Peter J. Moniz, G. Pasternack, D. Massa, L. Stearman, P. Bratovich
Abstract Microhabitat suitability models are commonly used to estimate salmonid habitat abundance and quality with unknown accuracy or reliability. When tested, the metrics used to evaluate these models are often limited by the methods used to develop them. More generalized bioverification strategies that transcend methodology are therefore needed in ecohydraulics. This study further developed and applied such a generalized bioverification framework to four approximately 1-m-resolution rearing salmonid microhabitat suitability models. Water depth and velocity habitat suitability criteria (HSC) functions were developed for two size classes of rearing Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and O. mykiss using snorkel survey data collected over three years at seven sites along the lower Yuba River in California, USA. An expert-based cover HSC function was modified from previous studies. HSC functions were applied to previously validated, approximately 1-m-resolution two-dimensional hydrodynamic models and cover maps of the river. Mann–Whitney U tests confirmed that suitability values were significantly higher at utilized locations compared to randomly generated, non-utilized locations for all four models. Bootstrapped forage ratios demonstrated that microhabitat suitability models accurately predicted both preferred and avoided habitat beyond the 95% confidence level. This generalized bioverification framework is recommended for evaluating and comparing the accuracy and reliability of ecohydraulic models used in habitat management worldwide.
微生境适宜性模型通常用于估计鲑鱼生境的丰度和质量,但精度和可靠性尚不清楚。在进行测试时,用于评估这些模型的度量通常受到用于开发这些模型的方法的限制。因此,在生态水力学中需要超越方法论的更广义的生物过度化策略。本研究进一步发展了这种广义的生物过度化框架,并将其应用于四个大约1m分辨率的养殖鲑鱼微生境适宜性模型。利用3年多来在美国加利福尼亚州尤巴河下游7个地点采集的浮潜调查数据,建立了两种大小等级的水蚤(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha和O. mykiss)的水深和流速生境适宜性标准函数。在前人研究的基础上,对基于专家的覆盖HSC函数进行了改进。HSC函数应用于先前验证的,大约1米分辨率的二维水动力模型和河流覆盖图。Mann-Whitney U测试证实,在所有四种模型中,与随机生成的未使用位置相比,已使用位置的适宜性值显着更高。自举草料比表明,微生境适宜性模型准确预测了偏好和避免的生境,置信度超过95%。这个广义的生物过度化框架被推荐用于评价和比较世界范围内用于生境管理的生态水力模型的准确性和可靠性。
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引用次数: 15
A good start – but time for new leadership in the editorship of the Journal of Ecohydraulics 这是一个良好的开端,但是《生态水力学杂志》的编辑需要新的领导
Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1835197
C. Katopodis, P. Kemp
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引用次数: 0
Promoting safe fish passage across barriers: A Special Segment from Fish Passage 2020 促进跨越障碍的安全鱼类通道:《2020年鱼类通道》的特别部分
Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1842039
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引用次数: 0
Ichthyoplankton drift through fishway in large dam: effect of hydrology, seasonal patterns and larvae condition 大型水坝鱼道浮游鱼漂移:水文、季节和幼虫状况的影响
Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1762128
Patricia Sarai da Silva, L. F. Celestino, L. de Assumpção, S. Makrakis, J. P. Dias, E. Kashiwaqui, M. Makrakis
Abstract The seasonal pattern and the composition of downstream drift of fish eggs and larvae through the fish ladder of the Porto Primavera dam, located in the Upper Paraná River, Brazil, were studied. Additionally, the condition of individual larvae with regard to injuries was examined. Samples were collected monthly over three reproductive seasons at upper and lower pools at the twilight (nightfall and dawn). Ichthyoplankton densities were low, especially for eggs, and the downstream passage of fish eggs and larvae through the fish ladder was negatively correlated to water residence time of the reservoir. Highest larvae densities occurred between December and March, with highest densities in February. The ichthyoplankton abundance was similar between sites and times of day, with the predominance of partially damaged larvae (60%). Seventeen taxa were identified, especially non-migratory species. Long-distance migratory species represented less than 1% of the total. Since many migratory species have found favorable habitats for spawning and development in the tributaries of Porto Primavera Reservoir, the dispersion of larvae from these free-flowing tributaries located far from dam through reservoir may not be beneficial for their survival. At the same time, despite the low density and diversity of migratory species larvae drifting downstream from the dam, this fish ladder may have dispersive potential as long as the reservoir displays a shorter water residence time.
摘要研究了巴西上帕拉纳河Primavera港大坝鱼卵和幼虫通过鱼梯向下游漂移的季节格局和组成。此外,还观察了个体幼虫的受伤情况。在三个繁殖季节的黄昏(黄昏和黎明),每月在上下池采集样本。浮游鱼密度较低,尤其是鱼卵,鱼卵和幼虫通过鱼梯的下游通道与水库的水停留时间呈负相关。幼虫密度在12月至3月间最高,2月密度最高。不同地点、不同时段的浮游鱼丰度相似,均以部分受损的幼虫为主(60%)。共鉴定出17个分类群,以非迁徙种为主。长途迁徙物种所占比例不到1%。由于许多迁徙物种在Porto Primavera水库的支流中找到了产卵和发育的有利栖息地,这些远离大坝的自由流动支流的幼虫分散到水库可能不利于它们的生存。同时,尽管洄游物种的幼虫密度低、多样性差,但只要水库停留时间较短,这种鱼梯就可能具有扩散潜力。
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引用次数: 7
Development and evaluation of an empirical equation for the screening effect of bar racks 酒吧架筛分效果经验方程的建立与评价
Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-06-29 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1770135
Elena-Maria Klopries, A. Wilmink, E. Pummer, Imke Böckmann, A. Hoffmann, H. Schüttrumpf
Abstract Passage through hydropower plants can cause severe injuries for downstream migrating fish. Bar racks and bypass systems can help to protect fish from turbine-induced mortality if they are designed correctly following guidelines. Currently, it is not possible to assess how effective bar racks are that do not meet design criteria for fish protection. We introduced the screening effect as a performance parameter for bar racks and developed an equation for determining the screening effect of bar racks for silver eels based on an empirical approach. We compared the equation for eels with the results of behavioural laboratory studies with European eels (Anguilla anguilla), roach (Rutilus rutilus) and Atlantic salmon smolts (Salmo salar). We showed that the equation is not applicable for roach and Atlantic salmon smolts. Using univariate statistics, we identified a significant influence of the bar rack spacing on the screening effect for eels for the guidance system with (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.002) and without a bypass (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.0220) and for salmon without a bypass (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.001) for a significance level of 0.05. The screening effect was significantly different between the fish species tested for a bar rack without bypass and 20 mm bar rack spacing (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.003) and 40 mm (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.001) as well as a bar rack with a bypass and either 40 mm bar rack spacing (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.014) or 60 mm (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.001). The results can help to perform biological evaluations and plan retrofitting measures of non-optimal bar racks.
通过水电站会对下游洄游鱼类造成严重伤害。如果按照指导原则正确设计,杆架和旁路系统可以帮助保护鱼类免受涡轮机引起的死亡。目前,不可能评估不符合鱼类保护设计标准的酒吧架的效果。本文将筛选效果作为酒吧架的性能参数,并基于经验方法建立了确定酒吧架对银鳗筛选效果的公式。我们将鳗鱼的方程与欧洲鳗鱼(Anguilla Anguilla)、蟑螂(Rutilus Rutilus)和大西洋鲑鱼幼鱼(Salmo salar)的行为实验室研究结果进行了比较。我们证明,这个等式不适用于蟑螂和大西洋鲑鱼幼崽。使用单变量统计,我们发现了杆架间距对引导系统筛选效果的显著影响,包括有(Kruskal-Wallis检验,p = 0.002)和没有旁路(Kruskal-Wallis检验,p = 0.0220)的鳗鱼和没有旁路的鲑鱼(Kruskal-Wallis检验,p = 0.001),显著性水平为0.05。在不搭桥的杆架和间距为20 mm (Kruskal-Wallis试验,p = 0.003)、40 mm (Kruskal-Wallis试验,p < 0.001)以及有搭桥的杆架和间距为40 mm (Kruskal-Wallis试验,p = 0.014)、60 mm (Kruskal-Wallis试验,p = 0.001)的杆架试验中,对鱼种的筛选效果有显著差异。研究结果有助于对非最佳酒吧架进行生物学评价和规划改造措施。
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引用次数: 3
Flow and parameter optimization of tapered vane 锥形叶片的流动及参数优化
Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-06-23 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1771223
Karan Solanki, H. Sharma, N. Joshi
Abstract Submerged vanes are the hydrofoils which generate the helical currents in the flow due to the difference in pressure between the approaching flow side and the downstream side of vanes and are placed obliquely with the flow, with angles ranging from 10° to 40°. Previous studies have been done on the rectangular shaped submerged vanes but only a few studies have been reported for the submerged vanes with non-rectangular shapes. The present study aims to optimize the parameters of tapered vanes and their effect on flow structure around the vanes through numerical modelling. Numerical modelling for the present study was done in ANSYS-CFX software using the K-ω turbulence closure model to simulate the vortical flow. It was observed that maximum strength of secondary currents was obtained for angle of attack, sweep angle and relative vane height (ratio of vane height to depth of flow) of 17°, 10° and 0.48, respectively. It was also observed that in the proximity of the tapered vane, secondary currents are dominated by vortex-lift while in far-reaches, potential lift prevails. It was observed that transverse velocity was maximum for a sweep angle of 10°. Comparing the optimal rectangular vane (with angle of attack of 30) with the tapered vane (with angle of attack of 17), it was observed that the rectangular vane has a tendency to generate higher transverse velocities and hence may act as a sediment diverter to counter sediment movement while the tapered vane has a tendency to generate vortical structures over a larger distance, hence may act as a sediment managing device.
摘要水下叶型是指在水流中,由于临近流侧与下游侧的压力差而产生螺旋状水流的水翼,并与水流倾斜放置,角度从10°到40°不等。以往对矩形水下叶片的研究较多,但对非矩形水下叶片的研究较少。本研究旨在通过数值模拟优化锥形叶片的参数及其对叶片周围流动结构的影响。本研究在ANSYS-CFX软件中进行数值模拟,采用K-ω湍流闭合模型模拟涡旋流动。观察到攻角、掠角和相对叶片高度(叶片高度与流深之比)分别为17°、10°和0.48时,二次流强度最大。还观察到,在锥形叶片附近,二次流以涡升力为主,而在远端,则以势升力为主。观察到,当掠角为10°时,横向速度最大。将最佳矩形叶片(迎角为30)与锥形叶片(迎角为17)进行比较,可以观察到,矩形叶片倾向于产生更高的横向速度,因此可以作为泥沙分流器来对抗泥沙运动,而锥形叶片倾向于在更大的距离上产生涡状结构,因此可以作为泥沙管理装置。
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引用次数: 4
Adult sea lamprey respond to induced turbulence in a low current system 成年海七鳃鳗对低流系统中诱导湍流的反应
Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-06-19 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1775504
Daniel P Zielinski, S. Miehls, Gordon C. Burns, Charles C. Coutant
Abstract Manipulation of water velocities and turbulence using pumps, propellers, or jets is a promising alternative to physical water control structures to guide fish towards traps or fishways. Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) are a species of concern in much of their native and invasive ranges, and their improved guidance could benefit management actions for both conservation and control. The flow velocity enhancement system (FVES), an emergent technology that uses a Venturi pump to generate a plume of turbulence, has shown promise guiding downstream migrating fish in slow-moving or static water conditions formed by large reservoirs, but is untested for guidance of upstream swimming fish in low current environments. The FVES had minimal impact on depth averaged velocity profiles, but produced elevated levels of turbulence. Changes in spatial distribution and number of turns suggest sea lamprey detect and are mildly attracted to turbulence induced by the FVES. These results demonstrate the potential of induced turbulence as a guidance mechanism for upstream migrating sea lamprey, but more extensive testing is needed to show the full utility of this approach.
利用泵、螺旋桨或射流操纵水流速度和湍流是一种有希望的替代物理水控制结构,以引导鱼类走向陷阱或鱼道。海七鳃鳗(Petromyzon marinus)在其许多本地和入侵范围内都是一个令人关注的物种,它们的改进指导可以有利于保护和控制的管理行动。流速增强系统(FVES)是一项新兴技术,它使用文丘里泵来产生湍流羽流,在大型水库形成的缓慢移动或静态水条件下,它有望引导下游洄游的鱼类,但在低流环境下,它还没有被用于引导上游游动的鱼类。FVES对深度平均速度剖面的影响很小,但会导致湍流水平升高。空间分布和旋转次数的变化表明,海七鳃鳗对FVES引起的湍流有轻微的吸引力。这些结果证明了诱导湍流作为一种引导七鳃鳗上游迁移的机制的潜力,但需要更广泛的测试来显示这种方法的全部效用。
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引用次数: 8
Improving survival: injury and mortality of fish struck by blades with slanted, blunt leading edges 提高生存:伤害和死亡率的鱼与倾斜,钝前缘刀片击中
Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-06-16 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1768166
S. Amaral, S. Watson, Abraham D. Schneider, Jenna Rackovan, Andrew Baumgartner
Abstract Compact turbines offer potential to reduce hydropower plant construction costs, but conventional turbine blade designs endanger entrained fish due to high blade strike speeds and thin leading edges. We evaluated the potential for combined blade leading edge slant and large leading edge thickness to increase strike survival. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were subjected to strikes with 100 mm thick blade analogues. At 10 m/s, strikes at fish length to blade leading edge thickness ratio (L/t) of 2 resulted in 98% survival at a location along the blade witha 30° slant relative to the tangential direction, compared to 26.8% survival at a location with 90°slant. For L/t 1.14-2, survival was found to be sensitive to location of strike within the mid-body region, determined from high-speed video. Strikes of 200 mm fish at 10 m/s resulted in 68% survival when body strike location was 0.58 (near caudal), and 7.9% when body strike location was 0.36 (near head). These results are consistent with previous trends and indicate opportunities to improve turbine blade design for greater entrained fish survival at higher turbine speeds, at both low head (<30 m) and high head projects.
摘要:紧凑型水轮机提供了降低水电站建设成本的潜力,但传统的水轮机叶片设计由于叶片冲击速度高和前缘薄而危及夹带鱼。我们评估了联合叶片前缘倾斜和大前缘厚度来增加打击存活率的潜力。虹鳟鱼(Oncorhynchus mykiss)受到100毫米厚的叶片类似物的打击。在10 m/s的速度下,鱼长与叶片前缘厚度比(L/t)为2时,在相对于切向倾斜30°的叶片方向上,攻击的存活率为98%,而在相对于切向倾斜90°的位置上,攻击的存活率为26.8%。对于L/t为1.14-2的情况,生存率对中体区域内的打击位置很敏感,这是由高速视频确定的。当身体攻击位置为0.58(近尾)时,以10米/秒的速度攻击200毫米鱼,存活率为68%,当身体攻击位置为0.36(近头)时,存活率为7.9%。这些结果与之前的趋势一致,表明在低水头(<30米)和高水头项目中,有机会改进涡轮叶片设计,以便在更高的涡轮速度下提高被捕鱼的存活率。
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引用次数: 14
期刊
Journal of ecohydraulics
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