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Influence of Crepidula fornicata on suspended particle dynamics in coastal systems: a mesocosm experimental study 圆嘴Crepidula fornicata对海岸系统悬浮粒子动力学的影响:一个中观实验研究
Pub Date : 2020-12-06 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1834884
F. Grasso, A. Carlier, P. Cugier, R. Verney, M. Marzloff
Abstract In coastal environments, strong feedback can exist between benthic fauna and sediment dynamics. Benthic populations can modify sediment dynamics through biofiltration and bioturbation, while hydro- and sediment dynamics directly determine local environmental conditions for benthic organisms. However, these complex feedbacks are difficult to study in situ. Here, we carried out mesocosm experiments to characterize the effects of a benthic species (the gastropod Crepidula fornicata) on mud dynamics under hydrodynamic conditions representative of their natural habitat. Different experimental tests related to the inclusion (or not) of dead or live crepidula reveal that biofiltration can increase particle settling up to 40%. Flocculation, which is strengthened by organic matter enrichment in shell beds, also substantially increases particle settling. Thus, both processes enhance sedimentation above live crepidula habitats. Furthermore, these experiments highlight serious technical, physical and biological challenges that have to be tackled for properly investigating bio-physical interactions.
在沿海环境中,底栖动物与沉积物动态之间存在强反馈。底栖生物种群可以通过生物过滤和生物扰动来改变沉积物动态,而水力和沉积物动态直接决定了底栖生物的当地环境条件。然而,这些复杂的反馈很难在原位进行研究。在这里,我们进行了中生态实验,以表征底栖物种(腹足类Crepidula fornicata)在代表其自然栖息地的水动力条件下对泥浆动力学的影响。不同的实验测试与包埋(或不包埋)死或活的克雷毕藻有关,结果表明生物过滤可使颗粒沉降增加40%。壳层中有机质的富集强化了絮凝作用,也大大增加了颗粒沉降。因此,这两种过程都加强了在活的crepidula栖息地上方的沉积。此外,这些实验突出了为正确研究生物物理相互作用而必须解决的严重的技术、物理和生物挑战。
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引用次数: 3
The bio-hill chart of a Kaplan turbine 卡普兰涡轮的生物山图
Pub Date : 2020-11-20 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1830723
P. Romero-Gomez, M. Lång, S. Weissenberger
Abstract The construction, rehabilitation and re-licensing of hydropower stations must nowadays fulfill strict demands for fish protection, particularly those related to enhanced turbine passage survival rates of downstream migratory species. In an analogy to the efficiency curves of a water turbine represented on a hill chart, the bio-hill chart introduced herein depicts the relationships between the operating conditions (i.e., discharge and head) and the potential survival rate of migratory fish passing through the turbine. The bio-hill chart applies over the entire operating range of the machine, which is a step forward with respect to previous works that determined hydraulic-biological evaluations for only a few operating points. The elaboration of a bio-hill chart involves two steps: (i) the calculation of turbine flows for each operating point and (ii) the corresponding evaluation of fish friendliness. The flow conditions are determined via computational fluid dynamics simulations. The calculation of fish friendliness relies on modelling approaches to determine mortality risks associated with collision on rotating blades and rapid decompression. We thoroughly describe the process to elaborate the bio-hill chart for juvenile salmonid species, as well as its implementation in a Kaplan turbine. The bio-hill chart represents a first approximation for determining those operating conditions that may mitigate fish mortality risks (i.e., maximize fish friendliness) and for quantitatively establishing the inevitable trade-off that exists between the hydraulic and environmental demands of hydropower generation.
目前,水电站的建设、修复和重新许可必须满足对鱼类保护的严格要求,特别是对提高下游洄游物种的水轮机通道存活率的要求。本文介绍的生物山图,与水轮机效率曲线用山图表示类似,描述了运行工况(即流量和水头)与通过水轮机的洄游鱼类潜在存活率之间的关系。生物山图适用于机器的整个工作范围,这是一个进步,相对于以前的工作,确定水力-生物评价仅为几个工作点。生物山图的制作包括两个步骤:(i)计算每个工作点的涡轮流量和(ii)相应的鱼类友好性评估。通过计算流体动力学模拟确定了流动条件。鱼类友好度的计算依赖于建模方法,以确定与旋转叶片碰撞和快速减压相关的死亡风险。我们详尽地描述了制作幼鲑鱼物种的生物丘图的过程,以及它在卡普兰涡轮中的实施。生物山图代表了确定那些可能减轻鱼类死亡风险的操作条件(即最大限度地提高鱼类友好度)和定量地确定水力发电的水力和环境需求之间不可避免的权衡的第一个近似。
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引用次数: 0
Design of a paired-weir system for experimental manipulation of environmental flows in streams 溪流环境流量实验操纵的成对堰系统设计
Pub Date : 2020-11-19 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1830002
D. Rosero‐López, E. Cowen, M. Walter, B. Bièvre, D. González‐Zeas, A. Flecker, R. Osorio, O. Dangles
Abstract Controlled in-stream flow manipulations are challenging but necessary to implement to assess the consequences of real-world flow alterations on aquatic ecosystems. We designed a double v-notch weir system, which was first prototype-tested in a laboratory flume and then in the field. The device diverted instantaneous flows proportionally in a robust way (e.g., 10% of flow in the stream main channel and 90% of flow into the diversion channel). We tested diversions systematically and evaluated how well flows matched our target flow-percentages. This is one of the first ecohydraulic structures designed and tested to experimentally manipulate environmental flows in small upland streams.
控制流内流量是评估现实世界流量变化对水生生态系统影响的一项挑战。我们设计了一个双v形槽堰系统,首先在实验室水槽中进行了原型测试,然后在现场进行了测试。该装置以稳健的方式按比例分流瞬时流量(例如,10%的流量进入溪流主河道,90%的流量进入导流通道)。我们系统地测试了改道,并评估了井流量与目标流量百分比的匹配程度。这是第一个设计和测试的生态水力结构之一,用于实验控制小型高地溪流的环境流动。
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引用次数: 2
Identifying turbulence features hindering swimming capabilities of grass carp larvae (Ctenopharyngodon idella) through submerged vegetation 确定湍流特征阻碍草鱼幼鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)通过水下植被游泳能力
Pub Date : 2020-11-10 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1835566
R. Tinoco, A. F. Prada, A. George, B. H. Stahlschmidt, P. R. Jackson, D. Chapman
Abstract Aquatic vegetation can provide habitat and refuge for a variety of species in streams. However, the flow features generated by submerged patches of vegetation can also pose a challenge for fish larvae. We conducted a series of experiments with live grass carp larvae (starting ∼50 h post hatch) in a laboratory racetrack flume, using a submerged array of rigid cylinders to mimic vegetation. We used particle image velocimetry to characterize the flow field, and particle tracking velocimetry to obtain position and displacement of the fish. Four speeds and two submergence ratios were investigated. In contrast with previous studies with grass carp eggs, our data showed an active response from larvae to determine their position. Our study shows that: (1) mean velocity by itself is not a reliable predictor, as some larvae will seemingly prefer to be in areas of higher speeds with lower shear and turbulence, (2) turbulence characteristics can be used to identify areas avoided by larvae, (3) turbulence length scales are relevant to determine spatial distribution of larvae and their swimming capabilities within and above vegetated patches and similar roughness elements in streams. These findings can inform the design of monitoring and control strategies in rivers based on turbulence and turbulence scales generated by natural and man-made instream structures.
水生植被可以为河流中多种物种提供栖息地和避难所。然而,被淹没的植被斑块所产生的水流特征也会对鱼类幼虫构成挑战。我们在实验室赛马场水槽中对活草鱼幼虫(孵化后50小时开始)进行了一系列实验,使用水下刚性圆柱体阵列模拟植被。我们使用粒子图像测速技术来表征流场,并使用粒子跟踪测速技术来获取鱼的位置和位移。研究了四种航速和两种淹没比。与之前对草鱼卵的研究相比,我们的数据显示,草鱼幼鱼对确定自己的位置有积极的反应。我们的研究表明:(1)平均速度本身并不是一个可靠的预测指标,因为一些幼虫似乎更喜欢在剪切和湍流较小的较高速度区域,(2)湍流特征可以用来识别幼虫避开的区域,(3)湍流长度尺度与确定幼虫的空间分布及其在植被斑块和河流中类似粗糙度元素内和之上的游泳能力有关。这些发现可以为基于自然和人为河流结构产生的湍流和湍流尺度的河流监测和控制策略的设计提供信息。
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引用次数: 8
Diadromy in a large tropical river, the Mekong: more common than assumed, with greater implications for management 湄公河这条热带大河的生态系统:比想象中更普遍,对管理的影响也更大
Pub Date : 2020-09-29 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1818642
An V. Vu, L. Baumgartner, M. Mallen‐Cooper, J. Howitt, W. Robinson, N. So, I. Cowx
Abstract Diadromous fishes, those that migrate between fresh and marine waters, are among the most vulnerable species to river infrastructural development. These fish need to move between fresh water and the sea, so any obstruction to migration can block access to critical habitat areas. The Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) is experiencing an unprecedented boom in river development, with many dams and irrigation schemes being installed. Although general patterns of fish migration are known in the LMB, there is relatively little information on diadromous fish migration, so the overall impacts of river development on their population status is likely underestimated for many species. In this study, we reviewed the available information for over one thousand Mekong fish species to identify evidence for diadromy. Our results found that diadromy is likely a more common life history trait in the LMB than previously assumed. For instance, 61 of the 1136 Mekong fish species assessed exhibit diadromous traits (44 amphidromous species, 9 anadromous species, and 8 catadromous species). Many of these species are known to migrate relatively long distances, connecting with the Mekong estuary to some extent to complete their life cycles. Based on routine fish catch monitoring data, these suspected diadromous fishes contributed around 3% to the total catch across the basin and included a number of endemic species of significant economic value. Riverine development must therefore proceed in a balanced manner to protect diadromous species diversity and associated fisheries resources, whilst also meeting food and energy demands in the region.
在淡水和海水之间洄游的双溯鱼类是河流基础设施发展中最脆弱的物种之一。这些鱼需要在淡水和海洋之间移动,所以任何对迁徙的阻碍都会阻碍它们进入关键的栖息地。湄公河下游流域(LMB)正在经历前所未有的河流开发热潮,许多水坝和灌溉计划正在建设中。虽然已知LMB中鱼类洄游的一般模式,但关于双产卵鱼类洄游的信息相对较少,因此对许多物种来说,河流开发对其种群状况的总体影响可能被低估了。在这项研究中,我们回顾了超过1000种湄公河鱼类的现有信息,以确定二栖性的证据。我们的研究结果发现,二重性可能是LMB中比以前假设的更常见的生活史特征。例如,在评估的1136种湄公河鱼类中,有61种表现出雌雄同体的特征(44种雌雄同体,9种雌雄同体,8种雌雄同体)。众所周知,这些物种中的许多会迁徙到相对较远的地方,在某种程度上与湄公河河口相连,以完成它们的生命周期。根据常规的鱼类捕捞监测数据,这些疑似双镉鱼类占整个流域总捕捞量的3%左右,其中包括一些具有重要经济价值的特有物种。因此,河流开发必须以平衡的方式进行,以保护二项式物种多样性和相关的渔业资源,同时满足该地区的粮食和能源需求。
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引用次数: 9
How to strengthen interdisciplinarity in ecohydraulics? Outcomes from ISE 2018 如何加强生态水力学的跨学科研究?2018年ISE的结果
Pub Date : 2020-09-25 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1813057
R. Casas‐Mulet, D. Vanzo, Ana Adeva-Bustos, Camille J. Macnaughton, M. Stewardson, G. Pasternack, E. Enders, F. Dyer
Abstract Interdisciplinary approaches are required to tackle complex environmental issues as freshwater ecosystems face unprecedented pressures globally. The emerging Ecohydraulics field of research should, therefore, take steps towards developing true interdisciplinarity to adapt to a continuing changing world. This study contributes to the ongoing discussion on interdisciplinarity in Ecohydraulics and shapes its growth by identifying key actions, actors and implementation strategies that can strengthen it. Based on an online questionnaire and a workshop involving over 150 early and established careers, we present a list of 20 prioritised actions that will help engage the research community towards specific goals and will result in increased interdisciplinary outcomes. While early career researchers (ECRs) have taken the lead on creating this roadmap, its implementation should be a joint responsibility of both ECRs, established career scientists, groups, and institutions within Ecohydraulics. The list of identified actions and assigned responsibility should, therefore, be considered a conversation starter. Continued revision of the here-stated approaches will be required in the future as the field of research and its community progresses. With this contribution, we resume a critical reflection on where the Ecohydraulics field of research and community stand today and suggest where resources should be invested in the long-term to consolidate the inherent interdisciplinarity in Ecohydraulics.
随着全球淡水生态系统面临前所未有的压力,需要跨学科的方法来解决复杂的环境问题。因此,新兴的生态水力学研究领域应该采取措施,发展真正的跨学科,以适应不断变化的世界。这项研究有助于正在进行的生态水力学跨学科的讨论,并通过确定可以加强它的关键行动、参与者和实施策略来塑造它的发展。基于一份在线调查问卷和一个涉及150多个早期和成熟职业的研讨会,我们提出了20个优先行动的清单,这些行动将有助于使研究界参与到具体目标中来,并将导致跨学科成果的增加。虽然早期职业研究人员(ecr)率先制定了这一路线图,但其实施应该是ecr、生态水力学领域成熟的职业科学家、团体和机构的共同责任。因此,确定的行动和分配的责任列表应该被视为对话的开始。随着研究领域及其社区的发展,今后将需要继续修订这里所述的方法。有了这一贡献,我们重新开始对生态水力学领域的研究和社区立场进行批判性反思,并建议在长期内应该投入资源以巩固生态水力学固有的跨学科性。
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引用次数: 0
Consistent but secondary influence of hydropeaking on stream fish assemblages in space and time 在空间和时间上,水峰对溪流鱼类群落的影响是一致的,但却是次要的
Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1790047
C. Judes, V. Gouraud, Hervé Capra, Anthony Maire, A. Barillier, Nicolas, Lamouroux
Abstract Hydropeaking corresponds to rapid artificial discharge variations, designed to address sub-daily peaks in electricity demand. It generates rapid changes in physical habitat (e.g., flow velocity and water depth) with potential impacts on stream assemblages. For assessing the generality of hydropeaking effects on fish assemblages, we present an original combination of spatial (among 45 reaches, including six groups of nearby reaches) and temporal (over 3-17 years) analyses of these effects. Our analyses involved descriptions of natural and artificial hydraulic variations in reaches, obtained after translating hourly discharge data into hydraulics. We found that the influence of hydropeaking was secondary compared to well-known spatial variations in fish assemblage structure along longitudinal gradients, and negative influences of floods on annual densities. However, the spatial and temporal analyses consistently suggested that hydropeaking may disfavour fish species typical of medium-sized streams relative to species of headwater streams (Salmo trutta, Phoxinus phoxinus, Cottus gobio). The magnitude of hydropeaking effects observed here, as well as an apparent weaker effect of ramping rates than the frequency of hydropeaks, may be due to lower ramping rates in our data set than in other studies.
水力调峰与快速人工放电变化相对应,旨在解决电力需求的次日峰值。它使自然生境(例如流速和水深)发生迅速变化,对河流组合有潜在影响。为了评估水峰效应对鱼类群落的一般性影响,我们对这些影响进行了空间(45条河段,包括6组附近河段)和时间(3-17年)的原始组合分析。我们的分析涉及对河段自然和人工水力变化的描述,这些变化是在将每小时的流量数据转换为水力数据后获得的。我们发现,与众所周知的鱼类组合结构纵向梯度的空间变化和洪水对年密度的负面影响相比,水峰化的影响是次要的。然而,空间和时间分析一致表明,相对于源头河流的物种(Salmo trutta, Phoxinus Phoxinus, Cottus gobio),水力峰值可能不利于中型河流的典型鱼类。这里观察到的水峰效应的大小,以及明显弱于水峰频率的斜坡速率效应,可能是由于我们数据集中的斜坡速率比其他研究中的要低。
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引用次数: 15
Hydraulic management of coastal freshwater marsh to conciliate local water needs and fish passage 沿海淡水沼泽的水力管理,以调和当地的用水需求和鱼类通道
Pub Date : 2020-09-08 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1792364
L. Guiot, L. Cassan, D. Dorchies, P. Sagnes, G. Belaud
Abstract Water control structures, used to regulate water levels and flow exchange in coastal marshes, act as barriers during fish migration between the ocean and brackish or freshwater ecosystems. Usual fish pass solutions may be unsuitable for obstacles subject to significant water level variations such as tidal range. This study proposes new solutions that were developed, implemented and evaluated on a marsh controlled by a series of hydraulic structures. These solutions were based on soft physical modifications (passive management) of the control gates, and on adaptations of their operation rules (active management). To evaluate the impacts of these adaptations, a hydraulic model of the marsh was built. It solves the one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations and appropriate gate equations. The model was used to identify management rules of control structures in a way to improve fish migration without significantly affecting the initial hydraulic management of the marsh (i.e. targeted seasonal water levels). Fish passability of upstream structures could be improved by managing downstream ones. It was concluded that the combination of active and passive management of water control structures could largely increase the passability of these obstacles during glass eel migration, while limiting seawater intrusion in the marsh and maintaining water levels into a range compatible with marsh management needs.
摘要:水控结构用于调节沿海沼泽的水位和流量交换,是鱼类在海洋和咸淡水或淡水生态系统之间洄游的障碍。通常的鱼类通道解决方案可能不适合受重大水位变化的障碍物,如潮差。这项研究提出了新的解决方案,这些解决方案是在一系列水工设施控制的沼泽上开发、实施和评估的。这些解决方案基于控制门的软物理修改(被动管理),以及对其操作规则的适应(主动管理)。为了评估这些适应的影响,建立了一个沼泽的水力模型。求解了一维Saint-Venant方程和相应的门方程。该模型用于确定控制结构的管理规则,从而在不显著影响沼泽初始水力管理(即目标季节水位)的情况下改善鱼类洄游。通过对下游结构的管理,可以提高上游结构的通鱼性。综上所述,主动和被动相结合的控水结构管理可以在很大程度上增加玻璃鳗洄游过程中这些障碍物的通过性,同时限制海水入侵沼泽,使水位保持在与沼泽管理需求相适应的范围内。
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引用次数: 5
Catchment-scale, high-resolution, hydraulic models and habitat maps – a salmonid's perspective 流域尺度,高分辨率,水力模型和栖息地地图-鲑鱼的视角
Pub Date : 2020-07-31 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2020.1768600
A. O'Sullivan, Bernhard Wegscheider, J. Helminen, Joseph G. Cormier, T. Linnansaari, Dale A. Wilson, R. A. Curry
Abstract The advent of remotely-sensed high-resolution imagery has led to the development of methods to map river bathymetry. In this study, we utilized high-resolution imagery to map river depth and quantify hydraulic habitats at the catchment scale (>1000 km2) during low flows. Using 0.3-m airborne multi-spectral imagery (resampled to 0.5 m), we mapped contiguous river depth (124 km) within a well-established Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) river – The Little Southwest Miramichi, New Brunswick. We built image-derived depth maps with and without field data calibration. The model without field calibration data (flow resistance equation‐based imaging of river depths) accurately described river depths (R 2 = 72.7; RMSE = 0.167 m; n = 762); however, it overestimated shallow depths. The field-calibrated model removed shallow depth errors (R 2 = 76.4; RMSE = 0.155 m; n = 762). We mapped velocity using a relationship between river geometry and discharge, and coalesced the field-calibrated depth and velocity maps to create Froude and Reynolds number maps. Finally, we performed an unsupervised classification model to delineate the hydraulically relevant habitat units for salmonids. This approach provides an unprecedented view of catchment-scale hydraulic habitats that will advance both hydrological process research and river resources management.
遥感高分辨率影像的出现,促进了河流水深测量方法的发展。在本研究中,我们利用高分辨率图像绘制了河流深度图,并量化了低流量期间流域尺度(>1000 km2)的水力栖息地。利用0.3米的机载多光谱图像(重新采样至0.5米),我们绘制了一条成熟的大西洋鲑鱼(Salmo salar)和布鲁克鳟鱼(Salvelinus fontinalis)河流的连续河流深度(124公里),该河流位于新不伦瑞克省的小西南米拉米奇。我们在有和没有现场数据校准的情况下建立了图像衍生的深度图。没有现场校准数据的模型(基于流阻方程的河流深度成像)准确地描述了河流深度(r2 = 72.7;RMSE = 0.167 m;n = 762);然而,它高估了浅层深度。现场标定模型消除了浅层深度误差(r2 = 76.4;RMSE = 0.155 m;n = 762)。我们利用河流几何形状和流量之间的关系绘制流速图,并将现场校准的深度和流速图结合起来,生成弗劳德和雷诺数图。最后,我们执行了一个无监督分类模型来描绘鲑鱼的水力相关栖息地单位。这种方法为流域尺度的水力栖息地提供了前所未有的视角,将促进水文过程研究和河流资源管理。
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引用次数: 24
Do rearing salmonids predictably occupy physical microhabitat? 养殖鲑鱼是否可以预见地占据物理微栖息地?
Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/24705357.2019.1696717
Peter J. Moniz, G. Pasternack, D. Massa, L. Stearman, P. Bratovich
Abstract Microhabitat suitability models are commonly used to estimate salmonid habitat abundance and quality with unknown accuracy or reliability. When tested, the metrics used to evaluate these models are often limited by the methods used to develop them. More generalized bioverification strategies that transcend methodology are therefore needed in ecohydraulics. This study further developed and applied such a generalized bioverification framework to four approximately 1-m-resolution rearing salmonid microhabitat suitability models. Water depth and velocity habitat suitability criteria (HSC) functions were developed for two size classes of rearing Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and O. mykiss using snorkel survey data collected over three years at seven sites along the lower Yuba River in California, USA. An expert-based cover HSC function was modified from previous studies. HSC functions were applied to previously validated, approximately 1-m-resolution two-dimensional hydrodynamic models and cover maps of the river. Mann–Whitney U tests confirmed that suitability values were significantly higher at utilized locations compared to randomly generated, non-utilized locations for all four models. Bootstrapped forage ratios demonstrated that microhabitat suitability models accurately predicted both preferred and avoided habitat beyond the 95% confidence level. This generalized bioverification framework is recommended for evaluating and comparing the accuracy and reliability of ecohydraulic models used in habitat management worldwide.
微生境适宜性模型通常用于估计鲑鱼生境的丰度和质量,但精度和可靠性尚不清楚。在进行测试时,用于评估这些模型的度量通常受到用于开发这些模型的方法的限制。因此,在生态水力学中需要超越方法论的更广义的生物过度化策略。本研究进一步发展了这种广义的生物过度化框架,并将其应用于四个大约1m分辨率的养殖鲑鱼微生境适宜性模型。利用3年多来在美国加利福尼亚州尤巴河下游7个地点采集的浮潜调查数据,建立了两种大小等级的水蚤(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha和O. mykiss)的水深和流速生境适宜性标准函数。在前人研究的基础上,对基于专家的覆盖HSC函数进行了改进。HSC函数应用于先前验证的,大约1米分辨率的二维水动力模型和河流覆盖图。Mann-Whitney U测试证实,在所有四种模型中,与随机生成的未使用位置相比,已使用位置的适宜性值显着更高。自举草料比表明,微生境适宜性模型准确预测了偏好和避免的生境,置信度超过95%。这个广义的生物过度化框架被推荐用于评价和比较世界范围内用于生境管理的生态水力模型的准确性和可靠性。
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引用次数: 15
期刊
Journal of ecohydraulics
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