war, Italy had turned rapidly into a highly capitalist country, but one with a strong leftist sensibility (hence the quite exceptional stance of the country in the Cold War era) and an important Communist Party—a very “glocalised” one, however, that is, a party that did not blindly follow Moscow’s orders. At the same time, the Italian PC had to make so many compromises that it was soon no longer capable to channel the countercultural and new revolutionary tendencies that emerged in the 60s and further developed in the 70s. Caplan analyzes the position as well as the transformations of Arte Programmata considering this political context, including the way in which the art and technology debate was framed in its relationships to other fields (industry, design, daily life, politics). The book offers, for instance, outstanding new readings of Umberto Eco’s work on the “open work,” the debates on information and cybernetics, and the rapid growth of computer art. This double focus—the internal reflection of freedom versus control in the works and writings themselves, but also in the reactions of the audience and the larger debates that followed; the external comparison with the ideas on freedom versus control in the already very globalized art and science environment—fosters a good understanding of the life and afterlife of Arte Programmata, with for instance a very relevant interpretation of why the group shifted from art to design around 1970 and how this apparent retreat from the art world was the logical prerequisite of a stronger involvement with the political and ideological ambitions of Arte Programmata. Caplan’s book is thus a very welcome contribution to the history of a lesser-known avant-garde and the reflection on the importance of these historical debates for our current thinking on vital notions, such as for instance the “system” as a form of agency and empowerment or as a form of domination. On the one hand, it fills an important historical gap, given that Arte Programmata is quite different from the countercultural 60s as we tend to imagine it, while also underlining the problems of a uniformly structured history that easily tends to become purely global, that is Americanized. On the other hand, it insists on the impossibility of separating art and society—more precisely, art and politics—including politics in the very practical sense of the term, having to do with concrete interventions in the public and individual sphere.
{"title":"Art, Science, and the Politics of Knowledge","authors":"Jacob Thompson-Bell","doi":"10.1162/leon_r_02388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/leon_r_02388","url":null,"abstract":"war, Italy had turned rapidly into a highly capitalist country, but one with a strong leftist sensibility (hence the quite exceptional stance of the country in the Cold War era) and an important Communist Party—a very “glocalised” one, however, that is, a party that did not blindly follow Moscow’s orders. At the same time, the Italian PC had to make so many compromises that it was soon no longer capable to channel the countercultural and new revolutionary tendencies that emerged in the 60s and further developed in the 70s. Caplan analyzes the position as well as the transformations of Arte Programmata considering this political context, including the way in which the art and technology debate was framed in its relationships to other fields (industry, design, daily life, politics). The book offers, for instance, outstanding new readings of Umberto Eco’s work on the “open work,” the debates on information and cybernetics, and the rapid growth of computer art. This double focus—the internal reflection of freedom versus control in the works and writings themselves, but also in the reactions of the audience and the larger debates that followed; the external comparison with the ideas on freedom versus control in the already very globalized art and science environment—fosters a good understanding of the life and afterlife of Arte Programmata, with for instance a very relevant interpretation of why the group shifted from art to design around 1970 and how this apparent retreat from the art world was the logical prerequisite of a stronger involvement with the political and ideological ambitions of Arte Programmata. Caplan’s book is thus a very welcome contribution to the history of a lesser-known avant-garde and the reflection on the importance of these historical debates for our current thinking on vital notions, such as for instance the “system” as a form of agency and empowerment or as a form of domination. On the one hand, it fills an important historical gap, given that Arte Programmata is quite different from the countercultural 60s as we tend to imagine it, while also underlining the problems of a uniformly structured history that easily tends to become purely global, that is Americanized. On the other hand, it insists on the impossibility of separating art and society—more precisely, art and politics—including politics in the very practical sense of the term, having to do with concrete interventions in the public and individual sphere.","PeriodicalId":93330,"journal":{"name":"Leonardo (Oxford, England)","volume":"21 1","pages":"321-322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78149550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The idea of how people connect changes with evolving technology and circumstances under which we interact. Both of these have drastically changed with the onset of the global pandemic. The perception of how people interact and perceive closeness is different from what was pre-pandemic and what is now, during the decline of the pandemic threat. The art installation Cartography of Touch aims to point out the need for human touch and uses digital and physical media of 3D printing and projection mapping of human physiology. It depicts response to touch to simulate the joining of technological age and the need for essential human interaction through physical touch, which cannot be replaced. The physical touch is shown through the plastic human hands with artificial responses.
{"title":"Cartography of Touch: Transformation of touch through anatomical projections","authors":"Hana Pokojna","doi":"10.1162/leon_a_02403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_02403","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The idea of how people connect changes with evolving technology and circumstances under which we interact. Both of these have drastically changed with the onset of the global pandemic. The perception of how people interact and perceive closeness is different from what was pre-pandemic and what is now, during the decline of the pandemic threat. The art installation Cartography of Touch aims to point out the need for human touch and uses digital and physical media of 3D printing and projection mapping of human physiology. It depicts response to touch to simulate the joining of technological age and the need for essential human interaction through physical touch, which cannot be replaced. The physical touch is shown through the plastic human hands with artificial responses.","PeriodicalId":93330,"journal":{"name":"Leonardo (Oxford, England)","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88606495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction to Special Section: Disremembering the Harrisons","authors":"Janeil Engelstad","doi":"10.1162/leon_a_02378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_02378","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93330,"journal":{"name":"Leonardo (Oxford, England)","volume":"49 1","pages":"299-299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91258494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tending to the Life Web","authors":"D. McConville, D. Danby","doi":"10.1162/leon_a_02383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_02383","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93330,"journal":{"name":"Leonardo (Oxford, England)","volume":"1 1","pages":"308-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82914495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
but whose bodies can be butchered as meat. Animal suffering, even on small farms, has become a commodity to be sold. The result is revenue at the expense of painfully ending individual life. Their point is that philosophical theories (e.g. utilitarianism as an aspect of consequentialism) distract us from the reality of the emotional, social, and intellectual lives of the animals we eat. For a consequentialist, value is based on the best outcome. For a utilitarian, value is placed on function or pleasure over pain. There’s human worth and then animal worth, an inequality that is proportioned unfairly. Results matter for the utilitarian, not the individual; that’s moral irrelevancy. Behavioral intelligence related to environs, predators, prey, etc. is shown at the beginning of Chapter 4 on minds and octopi. This gets to the authors’ thesis: normative considerations and meaning are not, as in academia, separated from reality. Animals are not lab subjects or philosophical abstractions; they and their world, the earth we share, are in crisis, with extinction along with habitat loss. These are moral concerns, since many animals have consciousness, affective states, minds that experience physical suffering and emotional deprivation. The authors discuss animal empathy, especially in rats (Chapter 5), and ask, How do we consider the “moral significance” (p. 82) of rats? Like many people, rats are forced into constrained, crowded human places that make us label them pests. To resolve this dilemma, especially for animal advocates, would be to gravitate away from human-constructed hierarchies and point to the inherent dignity of animals. Rats, for example, as shown from experiments in the late 1950s, have demonstrated sympathy for conspecifics in trouble and should not be categorically shunned as vermin. Likewise, the authors relate, animals are ridiculed in circuses or treated as food for humans. It’s not hard to see the ethical crisis here: many social structures across countries similarly demean and demoralize people. Building away from Kant’s emphasis on human reason, the authors explain through contemporary philosophers like Martha Nussbaum and Judith Butler that animals possess capabilities to live well. Humans are not supreme creatures but live in a community of species, all of whom are “vulnerable” (p. 89) to the present danger of climate crisis. Crary and Gruen confirm that the equation of capitalism includes disdain for and oppression of animals as well as people, especially women, marginalized persons, and those of color. The authors see problems in the emphasis on humanity as separate from animals. While a broader discussion could be made about illegal poaching and trading of animals, hastening their extinction, the authors focus on parrots in Chapter 6. Animals should not be considered commodities to be bought and sold. Colorful birds in faraway places of the Amazon fetch sizeable sums of cash, opening an irresistible temptation for poor people.
{"title":"Endless Intervals: Cinema, Psychology, and Semiotechnics Around 1900","authors":"Michael Punt","doi":"10.1162/leon_r_02392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/leon_r_02392","url":null,"abstract":"but whose bodies can be butchered as meat. Animal suffering, even on small farms, has become a commodity to be sold. The result is revenue at the expense of painfully ending individual life. Their point is that philosophical theories (e.g. utilitarianism as an aspect of consequentialism) distract us from the reality of the emotional, social, and intellectual lives of the animals we eat. For a consequentialist, value is based on the best outcome. For a utilitarian, value is placed on function or pleasure over pain. There’s human worth and then animal worth, an inequality that is proportioned unfairly. Results matter for the utilitarian, not the individual; that’s moral irrelevancy. Behavioral intelligence related to environs, predators, prey, etc. is shown at the beginning of Chapter 4 on minds and octopi. This gets to the authors’ thesis: normative considerations and meaning are not, as in academia, separated from reality. Animals are not lab subjects or philosophical abstractions; they and their world, the earth we share, are in crisis, with extinction along with habitat loss. These are moral concerns, since many animals have consciousness, affective states, minds that experience physical suffering and emotional deprivation. The authors discuss animal empathy, especially in rats (Chapter 5), and ask, How do we consider the “moral significance” (p. 82) of rats? Like many people, rats are forced into constrained, crowded human places that make us label them pests. To resolve this dilemma, especially for animal advocates, would be to gravitate away from human-constructed hierarchies and point to the inherent dignity of animals. Rats, for example, as shown from experiments in the late 1950s, have demonstrated sympathy for conspecifics in trouble and should not be categorically shunned as vermin. Likewise, the authors relate, animals are ridiculed in circuses or treated as food for humans. It’s not hard to see the ethical crisis here: many social structures across countries similarly demean and demoralize people. Building away from Kant’s emphasis on human reason, the authors explain through contemporary philosophers like Martha Nussbaum and Judith Butler that animals possess capabilities to live well. Humans are not supreme creatures but live in a community of species, all of whom are “vulnerable” (p. 89) to the present danger of climate crisis. Crary and Gruen confirm that the equation of capitalism includes disdain for and oppression of animals as well as people, especially women, marginalized persons, and those of color. The authors see problems in the emphasis on humanity as separate from animals. While a broader discussion could be made about illegal poaching and trading of animals, hastening their extinction, the authors focus on parrots in Chapter 6. Animals should not be considered commodities to be bought and sold. Colorful birds in faraway places of the Amazon fetch sizeable sums of cash, opening an irresistible temptation for poor people.","PeriodicalId":93330,"journal":{"name":"Leonardo (Oxford, England)","volume":"9 1","pages":"327-328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82629754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tipping the Scales: The Harrisons and the Force Majeure","authors":"E. Shanken","doi":"10.1162/leon_a_02385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_02385","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93330,"journal":{"name":"Leonardo (Oxford, England)","volume":"14 1","pages":"310-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81807117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Passing of Newton Harrison","authors":"Barbara L. Benish","doi":"10.1162/leon_a_02380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_02380","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93330,"journal":{"name":"Leonardo (Oxford, England)","volume":"78 1","pages":"302-302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77190629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Newton Harrison and the Trial by Fire","authors":"L. Bon","doi":"10.1162/leon_a_02381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_02381","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93330,"journal":{"name":"Leonardo (Oxford, England)","volume":"5 1","pages":"303-303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76369864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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