Pub Date : 2020-01-01Epub Date: 2020-07-02DOI: 10.23880/vij-16000242
Gabriel Borges-Velez, Lester J Rosario-Rodriguez, Julio E Rosado-Philippi, Luz J Cartagena, Luis Garcia-Requena, Andrea Gonzalez, Jean Perez, Loyda M Melendez
The respiratory disease caused by the Coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID19) has spread rapidly since December 2019 in Wuhan, China. This new strain of Coronavirus is similar to the SARS Corona virus and has been termed SARS-CoV-2. Both viruses have emerged from bats and adapted to humans. On March 11, 2020 COVID19 was declared Pandemic by the WHO and as of May 1, 2020 COVID19 disease continues to grow rapidly with 3,400,595 cases and 239,583 deaths world-wide. This review describes the biology of SARSCOV2, Detection, Macrophage-Mediated Pathogenesis and Potential Treatments.
{"title":"SARS-Cov-2: Biology, Detection, Macrophage Mediated Pathogenesis and Potential Treatments.","authors":"Gabriel Borges-Velez, Lester J Rosario-Rodriguez, Julio E Rosado-Philippi, Luz J Cartagena, Luis Garcia-Requena, Andrea Gonzalez, Jean Perez, Loyda M Melendez","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000242","DOIUrl":"10.23880/vij-16000242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The respiratory disease caused by the Coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID19) has spread rapidly since December 2019 in Wuhan, China. This new strain of Coronavirus is similar to the SARS Corona virus and has been termed SARS-CoV-2. Both viruses have emerged from bats and adapted to humans. On March 11, 2020 COVID19 was declared Pandemic by the WHO and as of May 1, 2020 COVID19 disease continues to grow rapidly with 3,400,595 cases and 239,583 deaths world-wide. This review describes the biology of SARSCOV2, Detection, Macrophage-Mediated Pathogenesis and Potential Treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":93395,"journal":{"name":"Virology & immunology journal","volume":"4 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8415769/pdf/nihms-1722414.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39388285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is spherical enveloped RNA virus and belongs to Flaviviridae family , Parenteral exposure to the HCV is the most efficient means of transmission . Often Hepatitis C is diagnosed accidentally so, HCV diagnostic tests should be performed in all patients presenting with increased aminotransferase levels. The number of patients actually HCV RNA positive is estimated to be around 80 to 90% of all HCV-antibody positive persons the Genotype 4 is responsible for >90% of cases ,approximately 3% of the world’s population (roughly 170-200 million people) infected with hepatitis C virus with considerable regional variations.
{"title":"Hepatitis C Virus Pathophysiology and Diagnosis","authors":"A. Abdelmoktader","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000204","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is spherical enveloped RNA virus and belongs to Flaviviridae family , Parenteral exposure to the HCV is the most efficient means of transmission . Often Hepatitis C is diagnosed accidentally so, HCV diagnostic tests should be performed in all patients presenting with increased aminotransferase levels. The number of patients actually HCV RNA positive is estimated to be around 80 to 90% of all HCV-antibody positive persons the Genotype 4 is responsible for >90% of cases ,approximately 3% of the world’s population (roughly 170-200 million people) infected with hepatitis C virus with considerable regional variations.","PeriodicalId":93395,"journal":{"name":"Virology & immunology journal","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68920703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is condition in which ovaries produce increase level of androgen that is a male hormone. PCOS is characterized by oligomenorrhoea, anovulation, infertility, hirsutism, and obesity in young women with enlarged and cystic ovaries. It is common metabolic abnormality in young women causing infertility. It affects 615% of women which are of reproductive age worldwide. It can lead to increased risks of miscarriages, gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and preterm delivery. There are specific diagnostic and treatment guidelines by Endocrine Society for PCOS diagnosis and management. If PCOS is left untreated it can cause infertility in women. In this report the referred case study will be the scenario of 28 years old obese female suffered from the PCOS during pregnancy. She was treated pharmacologically and also given the non-pharmacological therapy, which finally stabilized her pregnancy
{"title":"Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome with Obesity in Pregnancy","authors":"S. Sadeeqa","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000210","url":null,"abstract":"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is condition in which ovaries produce increase level of androgen that is a male hormone. PCOS is characterized by oligomenorrhoea, anovulation, infertility, hirsutism, and obesity in young women with enlarged and cystic ovaries. It is common metabolic abnormality in young women causing infertility. It affects 615% of women which are of reproductive age worldwide. It can lead to increased risks of miscarriages, gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and preterm delivery. There are specific diagnostic and treatment guidelines by Endocrine Society for PCOS diagnosis and management. If PCOS is left untreated it can cause infertility in women. In this report the referred case study will be the scenario of 28 years old obese female suffered from the PCOS during pregnancy. She was treated pharmacologically and also given the non-pharmacological therapy, which finally stabilized her pregnancy","PeriodicalId":93395,"journal":{"name":"Virology & immunology journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68920795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the chromosome 2N was calculated for the somatic cells of the male albino (Albino Wister Rats) obtained from the Animal House at the Faculty of Science, Misurata University. The study also identified some chromosomal stages, such as the metaphase. The results indicated that the chromosome number 2N=42, in addition to measuring the total and relative length of the chromosomes, and then arrange the chromosomes descending on their lengths. The chromosomal abnormalities resulting from colchicine exposure (such as the scattered metaphase, the ring chromosome, the chromatid separation and the chromosomal break) were also shown, while the chromosomal abnormalities caused by the taxol treatment were: agglomerated colchicine metaphase, associated chromosomal endings, chromosomal viscosity, multiple chromosomal group and lack of chromosomal group).
{"title":"Study of Karyotyping and the Genotoxic Effects of Taxol Drug on the Somatic Bone Marrow Cells of Albino Wister Rats","authors":"Alhemmali Em","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000221","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the chromosome 2N was calculated for the somatic cells of the male albino (Albino Wister Rats) obtained from the Animal House at the Faculty of Science, Misurata University. The study also identified some chromosomal stages, such as the metaphase. The results indicated that the chromosome number 2N=42, in addition to measuring the total and relative length of the chromosomes, and then arrange the chromosomes descending on their lengths. The chromosomal abnormalities resulting from colchicine exposure (such as the scattered metaphase, the ring chromosome, the chromatid separation and the chromosomal break) were also shown, while the chromosomal abnormalities caused by the taxol treatment were: agglomerated colchicine metaphase, associated chromosomal endings, chromosomal viscosity, multiple chromosomal group and lack of chromosomal group).","PeriodicalId":93395,"journal":{"name":"Virology & immunology journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68921133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Male genital tract infections are one of the most major causes of infertility worldwide. It is expected that about 15% of male infertility is due to genital tract infections. These infections may contribute to deterioration of various sperm parameters, especially in infertile men. The negative effects of many bacteria on human spermatozoa have been widely reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Escherichia coli on the semen of infertile men and their effect on sperm quality. Sixty seven semen samples of infertile males were investigated by standard bacterial culture methods. WHO guidelines were followed to perform standard semen analysis. We found that E. coli was present in infertile males and there was a relation between E. coli infection and semen quality.
{"title":"Effect of Escherichia coli on Semen Quality of Infertile Human Male","authors":"Vijay Kumar","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000214","url":null,"abstract":"Male genital tract infections are one of the most major causes of infertility worldwide. It is expected that about 15% of male infertility is due to genital tract infections. These infections may contribute to deterioration of various sperm parameters, especially in infertile men. The negative effects of many bacteria on human spermatozoa have been widely reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Escherichia coli on the semen of infertile men and their effect on sperm quality. Sixty seven semen samples of infertile males were investigated by standard bacterial culture methods. WHO guidelines were followed to perform standard semen analysis. We found that E. coli was present in infertile males and there was a relation between E. coli infection and semen quality.","PeriodicalId":93395,"journal":{"name":"Virology & immunology journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68921429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In contemporary society the main reasons for mortality have been dramatically changed as compared with previous civilizations. Nowadays diseases which are not driven by infections and viruses account for the majority of deaths. There's a widespread opinion that most threats to human health result of changed lifestyle and behavior. As pointed by Betlejewski [1] “Lifestyle diseases are different from other diseases because they are potentially preventable and can be lowered with changes in diet, lifestyle and environment”. So, it is presumed that people are responsible for their own health. But this point of view has been revised recently by numerous studies.
{"title":"About “Lifestyle Diseases” and “Social Determinants of Health”","authors":"A. Dragoeva","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000209","url":null,"abstract":"In contemporary society the main reasons for mortality have been dramatically changed as compared with previous civilizations. Nowadays diseases which are not driven by infections and viruses account for the majority of deaths. There's a widespread opinion that most threats to human health result of changed lifestyle and behavior. As pointed by Betlejewski [1] “Lifestyle diseases are different from other diseases because they are potentially preventable and can be lowered with changes in diet, lifestyle and environment”. So, it is presumed that people are responsible for their own health. But this point of view has been revised recently by numerous studies.","PeriodicalId":93395,"journal":{"name":"Virology & immunology journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68920785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death around the world. Cancer cells display uncontrolled cell division and often times the ability to metastasize through the body. Cancer cells tend to possess genetic mutations that result in evasion of the cell cycle arrest system, inhibition of tumor suppressor genes, activation of oncogenes, and evasion of the body’s immune system. Although a range of cancer treatments have been developed, they often harm healthy cells and can damage the immune system of the patient. Based on the fact that the immune system does have mechanisms for recognizing and eliminating tumor cells , many modern anti-cancer therapies, collectively referred to as immunotherapy, involve manipulating the cancer patient’s own immune system to more effectively attack tumor cells. Some of these new immunotherapy-based strategies include the engineering of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, administration of tumor specific monoclonal antibodies to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), administration of monoclonal antibodies that interfere with T cell checkpoints, and administration or in vivo expression of tumor specific neoantigens to activate tumor antigen-specific T cells. These techniques have their problems, but clinical trials have demonstrated promising results in many patients, and in general are significantly less hazardous to the patients undergoing treatment than traditional chemoand radiation-based therapies.
{"title":"Advances in immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment","authors":"M. C. Hanna","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000216","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is one of the leading causes of death around the world. Cancer cells display uncontrolled cell division and often times the ability to metastasize through the body. Cancer cells tend to possess genetic mutations that result in evasion of the cell cycle arrest system, inhibition of tumor suppressor genes, activation of oncogenes, and evasion of the body’s immune system. Although a range of cancer treatments have been developed, they often harm healthy cells and can damage the immune system of the patient. Based on the fact that the immune system does have mechanisms for recognizing and eliminating tumor cells , many modern anti-cancer therapies, collectively referred to as immunotherapy, involve manipulating the cancer patient’s own immune system to more effectively attack tumor cells. Some of these new immunotherapy-based strategies include the engineering of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, administration of tumor specific monoclonal antibodies to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), administration of monoclonal antibodies that interfere with T cell checkpoints, and administration or in vivo expression of tumor specific neoantigens to activate tumor antigen-specific T cells. These techniques have their problems, but clinical trials have demonstrated promising results in many patients, and in general are significantly less hazardous to the patients undergoing treatment than traditional chemoand radiation-based therapies.","PeriodicalId":93395,"journal":{"name":"Virology & immunology journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68920998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Clinical Assessment of Pharmacotherapeutic Plan for Virologic Response of Hepatitis C Virus","authors":"Faizan Naeem","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000220","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93395,"journal":{"name":"Virology & immunology journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68921124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Risk Assessment of Enteric Virus in the Food Supply Chain: A Critical Review","authors":"M. Shaheen","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000206","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93395,"journal":{"name":"Virology & immunology journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68920741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fungal infections, including the Candida, species, are increasingly becoming problematic over the last two decades particularly in immunocompromised individuals. While there are over 150 different species only a few are pathogenic. The Candida species can evade the immune system and become pathogenic by a variety of factors including morphology, escaping phagocytosis, expression of adhesins and invasins, biofilm production due to contact sensing and thigmotropism, inhibition of the cytokine, interleukin 17, and production by the host. Candida infections produce both non-life, and life threatening manifestations and certain risk factors make infections more likely. Clinical manifestations include oral, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous candidiasis. Diagnosis of candidiasis can be problematic, however antigen testing, agar growth, and microscopic examination are available. Treatment of candidiasis rely on three principal antifungal agents; azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. These three drug classes have specific drug target.
{"title":"Clinical Manifestations of Candidiasis: Beyond Candida albicans","authors":"M. C. Hanna","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000219","url":null,"abstract":"Fungal infections, including the Candida, species, are increasingly becoming problematic over the last two decades particularly in immunocompromised individuals. While there are over 150 different species only a few are pathogenic. The Candida species can evade the immune system and become pathogenic by a variety of factors including morphology, escaping phagocytosis, expression of adhesins and invasins, biofilm production due to contact sensing and thigmotropism, inhibition of the cytokine, interleukin 17, and production by the host. Candida infections produce both non-life, and life threatening manifestations and certain risk factors make infections more likely. Clinical manifestations include oral, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous candidiasis. Diagnosis of candidiasis can be problematic, however antigen testing, agar growth, and microscopic examination are available. Treatment of candidiasis rely on three principal antifungal agents; azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. These three drug classes have specific drug target.","PeriodicalId":93395,"journal":{"name":"Virology & immunology journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68921077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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