Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.1162/00c13b77.a913ea43
S. Carr
Disease mapping offers certainty in the face of disease outbreaks. Spatially locating illness lets the average person assess their proximity to risk and appears to tie it to specific environmental conditions. During the cholera and yellow fever epidemics of the mid- to late 1800’s, disease mapping was a major factor in decision-making that shaped our environment. In the early 1900’s when hay fever and pulmonary illness continued to wrack urban environments, narrative medical geographies provided written depictions of healthy rural regions to contrast against congested urban cities with experimental maps linking climate, topography and airflow with emerging medical knowledge of respiratory systems and circulation. However, as germ theory and vaccines decoupled environment and illness, the relationship between the physical qualities of the immediate landscape and outbreaks became less important than its simple locus. In this exploratory essay, I discuss how this decoupling has allowed for the wholesale stigmatization of both places and marginalized populations, particularly in the cases of urban blight and the AIDS epidemic. Although we are currently in an era of abundant personal and spatial data, it has proven difficult to tie contemporary public health issues back to the environment, even in cases like obesity where there are tangible connections to the physical and social characteristics of neighborhoods, due to the way this data is collected and structured. Nuanced shifts in the built environment, social determinants of health, and invisible histories of policy and environmental change have on-the-ground impacts as well, and to better understand the nature of today’s landscape of disease, we must find a way to represent them spatially.
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Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.1162/00c13b77.37642b33
Marc Krupanski, S. Evans
In cities across Latin America, community-based harm reduction and drug policy activists are ushering in a new, broader understanding of harm reduction for drug use, which they place within a banner of a “right to the city.” This new frame of understanding drug use transcends the traditional harm reduction focus on blood-borne infection and discrete medical interventions to one that better encompasses the complexities of their urban geographies, political economic drivers, and drug and health policies. Importantly, this emergent frame reflects their collective praxis to make and hold a claim to the neighborhoods in which they reside by building their own collective political and social power. The groups leading this approach ground themselves in strategies of resistance and social cohesion that try to address the consequences of the war on drugs and to contest the claims of the state to police and organize urban poor neighborhoods. In doing so, this approach calls forth a new harm reduction designed to meet the needs of those communities most impacted by the war on drugs in urban spaces and to safeguard and enhance their health, rights, power, and survival.
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Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.1162/00c13b77.a69a16ab
Laura Arpiainen, J. Lilius
This paper investigates creative, mobile population-based medical solutions with integrated care delivery strategies in two different contexts. British Columbia’s two-truck mobile medical unit operates in both remote and highly urban environments in Canada, serving at-risk Canadian populations in areas ranging from remote First Nations communities to downtown Vancouver homeless people suffering from overdoses in the deadly Fentanyl crisis. The highly adaptable unit can mobilize at a day’s notice and can travel by road or by ferry. The other investigated mobile care solution is located in depopulating South Karelia in Finland, where a highly customized social and healthcare service for seniors has been created as part of the EKSOTE initiative. (EKSOTE stands for Etela-Karjalan sosiaali- ja terveyspiiri – the South Karelia social and health district). The service provides public health services, urgent primary care, mental health services, chronic disease management, psychosocial rehabilitation, life skills training and assessment as well as home health support for seniors, populations at risk and clients in remote communities. Based on interviews with experts (clinical planners, public health managers) and an exploration of statistics and policy documents, we argue that both examples demonstrate different but exceptionally versatile mobile services with integrated care strategies provided by staff with broad-based competencies. Importantly, these units cover services that have been identified as significant gaps in care in rural or hard-to-reach populations that otherwise would remain untreated. Moreover, as accelerating urbanization is resulting in the depopulation of other areas, mobile services are a viable option in areas experiencing migration losses that no longer can support regular clinics. Income polarization and de-industrialization have increased homelessness, disenfranchisement, addictions and misery in urban areas. The approach of mobile services is by definition patient-centered care as the service is physically brought to the service user, and not the service user to the practitioner. The multi-disciplinary care offered automatically shifts towards a holistic direction as opposed to ‘pay for service’ systems where users can be limited on how many issues can be discussed during one consultation. Case management improves as different members of the care teams may all see the user on the same visit. We conclude that as a planning opportunity, by providing platforms and service networks that tie into existing (even diminishing) infrastructures, mobile, integrated care services provide important surge capacity and opportunities for highly customized services for clinics tailored to complex events and populations (refugees, outbreaks, events). Like humanitarian relief organizations such as Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF), local mobile health services are also relevant in response to emergencies, natural disasters and adverse weather events
本文在两种不同的情况下研究了创造性的、基于移动人群的医疗解决方案和综合护理交付策略。不列颠哥伦比亚省的两辆卡车流动医疗队在加拿大的偏远和高度城市化的环境中开展业务，为从偏远的第一民族社区到温哥华市中心等地区的高危加拿大人口提供服务，这些人在致命的芬太尼危机中因过量服用而无家可归。这种适应性很强的部队可以在接到通知后的一天内动员起来，可以通过公路或渡轮运输。另一个研究的移动护理解决方案位于芬兰人口稀少的南卡累利阿，在那里，作为EKSOTE倡议的一部分，为老年人创建了高度定制的社会和医疗保健服务。(EKSOTE代表Etela-Karjalan sosiaali- ja terveyspiiri -南卡累利阿社会和卫生区)。该服务提供公共卫生服务、紧急初级保健、精神卫生服务、慢性病管理、社会心理康复、生活技能培训和评估，以及为老年人、高危人群和偏远社区客户提供家庭保健支助。根据对专家(临床规划人员、公共卫生管理人员)的采访以及对统计数据和政策文件的研究，我们认为，这两个例子都表明，具有广泛能力的工作人员提供的综合护理战略的流动服务不同，但非常通用。重要的是，这些单位涵盖了在农村或难以接触到的人群中被确定存在重大保健差距的服务，否则这些服务将得不到治疗。此外，由于城市化加速导致其他地区人口减少，在经历移徙损失而无法再支持常规诊所的地区，流动服务是一个可行的选择。收入两极化和去工业化加剧了城市地区的无家可归、剥夺公民权、吸毒和痛苦。根据定义，移动服务的方法是以病人为中心的护理，因为服务是实际带给服务用户的，而不是服务用户带给医生的。提供的多学科护理自动转向整体方向，而不是“付费服务”系统，在这种系统中，用户可以在一次咨询中讨论多少问题。病例管理得到改善，因为护理小组的不同成员可能在同一次访问中都看到用户。我们的结论是，作为一个规划机会，通过提供与现有(甚至正在减少的)基础设施相结合的平台和服务网络，移动综合护理服务提供了重要的快速应变能力，并为针对复杂事件和人群(难民、疫情、事件)量身定制的诊所提供了高度定制服务的机会。与无国界医生组织(MSF)等人道主义救济组织一样，地方流动保健服务在应对紧急情况、自然灾害和恶劣天气事件方面也具有重要意义。
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Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.3167/proj.2020.140204
Todd Berliner
Hollywood Aesthetic: Pleasure in American Cinema investigates the Hollywood film industry’s chief artistic accomplishment: providing aesthetic pleasure to mass audiences. Grounded in film history and supported by research in psychology and philosophical aesthetics, the book explains (1) the intrinsic properties characteristic of Hollywood cinema that induce aesthetic pleasure; (2) the cognitive and affective processes, sparked by Hollywood movies, that become engaged during aesthetic pleasure; and (3) the exhilarated aesthetic experiences afforded by an array of persistently entertaining Hollywood movies. Hollywood Aesthetic addresses four fundamental components of Hollywood’s aesthetic design—narrative, style, ideology, and genre—aiming for a comprehensive appraisal of Hollywood cinema’s capacity to excite aesthetic pleasure. This article outlines the book’s main points and themes. As a précis, it is heavy on ideas and light on evidence, which is to be found in the book itself.
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Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.3167/proj.2020.140202
Daniela Schlütz, Daniel Possler, Lucas Golombek
In this study, we empirically investigate the enjoyment-related consequences of the TV trope of breaking the fourth wall (B4W), which is when a fictional character addresses viewers directly. Based on the model of narrative comprehension and engagement, we assume that B4W contributes to viewers’ cognitive and affective enjoyment by intensifying the parasocial interaction experience (EPSI). Alternatively, B4W could reduce enjoyment by disrupting viewers’ transportation into the narrative. We report two experiments with a total of N = 658 participants and three different stimuli based on the TV series House of Cards (HoC) and Malcolm in the Middle (MitM) as well as the movie Deadpool (DP). Analyses revealed that B4W increased the EPSI, which in turn fostered enjoyment.
{"title":"“Is He Talking to Me?”","authors":"Daniela Schlütz, Daniel Possler, Lucas Golombek","doi":"10.3167/proj.2020.140202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/proj.2020.140202","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we empirically investigate the enjoyment-related consequences of the TV trope of breaking the fourth wall (B4W), which is when a fictional character addresses viewers directly. Based on the model of narrative comprehension and engagement, we assume that B4W contributes to viewers’ cognitive and affective enjoyment by intensifying the parasocial interaction experience (EPSI). Alternatively, B4W could reduce enjoyment by disrupting viewers’ transportation into the narrative. We report two experiments with a total of N = 658 participants and three different stimuli based on the TV series House of Cards (HoC) and Malcolm in the Middle (MitM) as well as the movie Deadpool (DP). Analyses revealed that B4W increased the EPSI, which in turn fostered enjoyment.","PeriodicalId":93495,"journal":{"name":"Projections (New York, N.Y.)","volume":"134 1","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88901147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.3167/proj.2020.140208
P. Keating
In this article, I offer a response to Todd Berliner’s splendid book Hollywood Aesthetic. Although the book is an innovative and well-crafted contribution to the study of Hollywood cinema, I argue that it underestimates the extent to which unity and coherence contribute to the aesthetic value of a film.
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Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.3167/proj.2020.140207
J. Staiger
Todd Berliner’s Hollywood Aesthetic: Pleasure in American Cinema (2017) offers useful broad theoretical arguments about how to understand our pleasures in viewing cinema. Yet, moving to individual cases requires recognizing the historical conditions of spectatorship including contemporaneous ideological issues, levels and types of knowledges, and cooperation (or non-cooperation) by a spectator.
{"title":"Speculating about Spectatorship","authors":"J. Staiger","doi":"10.3167/proj.2020.140207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/proj.2020.140207","url":null,"abstract":"Todd Berliner’s Hollywood Aesthetic: Pleasure in American Cinema (2017) offers useful broad theoretical arguments about how to understand our pleasures in viewing cinema. Yet, moving to individual cases requires recognizing the historical conditions of spectatorship including contemporaneous ideological issues, levels and types of knowledges, and cooperation (or non-cooperation) by a spectator.","PeriodicalId":93495,"journal":{"name":"Projections (New York, N.Y.)","volume":"14 1","pages":"75-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78960512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.3167/proj.2020.140206
J. Cutting
Much of aesthetics is based in psychological responses. Yet seldom have such responses—couched in empirically based psychological terms—played a central role in the discussion of movie aesthetics. Happily, Todd Berliner’s Hollywood Aesthetic: Pleasure in American Cinema does just that. This commentary discusses some history and some twists and turns behind Berliner’s analysis.
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Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.3167/proj.2020.140205
Murray Smith
Todd Berliner’s Hollywood Aesthetic advances an original perspective on Hollywood filmmaking by insisting on its fundamentally aesthetic character, and exploring its particular aesthetic features with the tools of neoformalist film analysis, cognitive psychology, and the philosophy of art. I focus on two of the book’s most ambitious claims: a) that appreciation of the style of Hollywood films can play an important role in our experience of them, over and above its role in representing and expressively dramatizing narrative elements; and b) that the ideological dimension of Hollywood filmmaking serves its aesthetic purposes, rather than vice versa. I conclude by noting a common root to the resistance likely to greet Berliner’s two bold inversions of conventional wisdom on narrative, style, aesthetics, and ideology.
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Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.3167/proj.2020.140203
Maarten Coëgnarts
This article provides an embodied study of the film style of the French filmmaker Éric Rohmer. Drawing on insights from cognitive linguistics, I first show how dynamic patterns of containment shape human thinking about relationships, a concept central to Rohmer’s cinema. Second, I consider the question of how film might elicit this spatial thinking through the use of such cinematic devices as mobile framing and fixed-frame movement. Third, using Rohmer’s Comedies and Proverbs series as a case study, I demonstrate how the filmmaker applies these devices—and with them the spatial thinking they initiate—systemically to shape the relationships of his films visually. Lastly, I use the results of this analysis to provide discussion and suggestions for future research.
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