Archives of epidemiology最新文献

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The FTO Gene rs9939609 Polymorphism and its Association with BAI as Well as Other Adiposity Markers FTO基因rs9939609多态性及其与BAI及其他肥胖标志物的关联

Archives of epidemiology

Pub Date : 2018-12-24 DOI: 10.29011/2577-2252.000026

U. Gupta, Kshetrimayum Surmala Devi, Meenal Dhall, R. Tyagi, S. Kapoor

The FTO Gene rs9939609 Polymorphism and its Association with BAI as Well as Other Adiposity Markers. Abstract Introduction: The Fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) rs9939609 gene polymorphism has been studied in many parts of the world to find its implication on obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objective: The present study is conducted to find out the association of FTO gene polymorphism with adiposity markers among the adult population of North Delhi. Materials and Method: Anthropometric measurements and intravenous blood sample were collected from 247 individuals who were residing in Delhi for more than 15 years. Informed written consent was also taken before conducting the study from each individual. DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) isolation and genotyping were carried out using standard protocol. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 17.0. Results: Maximum mean of waist circumference, body mass index and conicity index are found to be associated with the risk genotype of FTO marker. Conclusion: This study revealed the difference in the prediction of FTO genotypes on different adiposity markers.

FTO基因rs9939609多态性及其与BAI及其他肥胖标志物的关联摘要简介:脂肪质量与肥胖相关(Fat mass and obesity associated, FTO) rs9939609基因多态性在世界许多地区被研究，以发现其与肥胖和2型糖尿病的关系。目的:研究北德里成年人群中FTO基因多态性与肥胖标志物的关系。材料与方法:采集居住在德里15年以上的247人的人体测量数据和静脉血液样本。在进行研究之前，还获得了每个人的知情书面同意。DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)分离和基因分型采用标准方案。采用SPSS 17.0版本进行统计分析。结果:发现腰围、体重指数和圆度指数的最大平均值与FTO标记的危险基因型相关。结论:本研究揭示了FTO基因型在不同肥胖标记上的预测差异。

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引用次数: 0

Status of Humoral Immunity against Newcastle Disease Virus in Commercial Poultry Farms in Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚商业家禽养殖场对新城疫病毒的体液免疫状况

Archives of epidemiology

Pub Date : 2018-11-22 DOI: 10.29011/2577-2252.000025

Asamenew Tesfaye, Rediet Belayneh, A. Sirak, G. Almaw, Tadewos Kassa, H. Chaka, Teshale

Vaccination is the method of choice for control of Newcastle disease in developing countries. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in six commercial poultry farms to assess their immune status against Newcastle disease in Ethiopia. In addition, follow up study was carried out in 210-day old chickens belonging to Rose, Lohmann brown and Sasso breeds to compare their response to HB1 and La Sota vaccines. Blood samples were collected from 75-day-old chickens (25 chickens from each breed) to assess the level of maternally derived antibody titer before vaccine was given. Blood samples were collected fortnightly after the first and booster vaccinations. Haemagglutination inhibition assay was used to assess the level of antibody in serum samples collected. Only two of the six farms investigated maintained good flock immunity (≥85% level of protection) with low percentage geometric coefficient of variation (4.9%-14.4%). The maternally derived antibody titre was significantly higher in Sasso breeds (134.4±1.14) followed by Ross (92.2±1.14) and Lohmann brown (68.6±1.35). The level of anti-Newcastle disease virus antibody after the first vaccination was 24.6±1.2 in Lohmann brown, 29.3±2 in Sasso and 34.5±1.1 in Ross breeds. The antibody titer was 30.9±1.3 in Lohmann brown, 29.4±1.2 in Sasso and 33.1±1.2 in Ross breeds after booster vaccination. In conclusion the maternally derived antibody level was sufficient to protect chickens from infection during early age but the flock immunity and post vaccination antibody level was low suggesting the investigation of alternative vaccination schedules for better prevention and control of Newcastle disease than the current one (day 0, day 7 and day 21).

接种疫苗是发展中国家控制新城疫的首选方法。在埃塞俄比亚，对六个商业家禽养殖场进行了横断面调查，以评估它们对新城疫的免疫状况。此外，对属于Rose、Lohmann-brown和Sasso品种的210日龄鸡进行了随访研究，以比较它们对HB1和La Sota疫苗的反应。在接种疫苗前，从75天大的鸡（每个品种25只鸡）身上采集血样，以评估母系抗体滴度的水平。第一次和加强针接种后每两周采集一次血样。血凝抑制试验用于评估采集的血清样品中的抗体水平。在调查的六个农场中，只有两个农场保持了良好的群体免疫力（≥85%的保护水平），几何变异系数较低（4.9%-14.4%）。Sasso品种的母系抗体滴度显著较高（134.4±1.14），其次是Ross（92.2±114）和Lohmann-brown（68.6±1.35）Lohmann-brown品种的疫苗接种率为24.6±1.2，Sasso品种为29.3±2，Ross品种为34.5±1.1。接种加强针后，Lohmann-brown的抗体滴度为30.9±1.3，Sasso为29.4±1.2，Ross为33.1±1.2。总之，母体来源的抗体水平足以保护鸡在早期免受感染，但鸡群免疫力和疫苗接种后的抗体水平较低，这表明研究替代疫苗接种计划可以比目前的计划（第0天、第7天和第21天）更好地预防和控制新城疫。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing Knowledge of Sickle Cell Trait/Disease Inheritance in Metropolitan Detroit 评估大都会底特律镰状细胞特征/疾病遗传的知识

Archives of epidemiology

Pub Date : 2018-10-24 DOI: 10.29011/2577-2252.000023

引用次数: 1

Barriers to Optimal Breastfeeding in Rural Indonesia 印度尼西亚农村最佳母乳喂养的障碍

Archives of epidemiology

Pub Date : 2018-10-11 DOI: 10.29011/2577-2252.000024

Lindsay M. Belvedere, Rebecca Andreasen, Rilee Smith, Kendra Thomas, T. Sever, A. Syafiq, S. Fikawati, Iwan Hasan, S. Torres, M. Linehan, C. Bennett, K. Dearden, J. West, Cougar Hall, B. Crookston

Background: Despite its importance, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life in Indonesia was only 42% as recently as 2012. Objective: This study examines determinants of breastfeeding behaviors in rural Indonesia. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 2086 women 14-55 years of age, living in seven regions of Indonesia. Results: Participating mothers had an average age of 28 years old and had 1.9 children on average. Girls (64% vs. 58.2%) were more likely to be breastfed in the first hour of birth than boys (OR=1.268; 95% CI 1.062-1.515). Boys breastfed for an average of 6.4 months, compared to 9.2 months for girls. Nearly half (48.9%, 500/1023) of boys received foods other than breastmilk within the first three days of life, compared to 40.0% (425/1063) of girls. The belief that boys need better nutrition than girls (OR=0.706; 95% CI 0.572-0.872) was associated with lack of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 3 days of life. Conclusions: Our findings indicate differential exclusive breastfeeding behaviors for male and female children. Health communication strategies promoting optimal breastfeeding behaviors, attitudes and beliefs related to gender and breastfeeding are needed. Addressing cultural practices that contribute to non-exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life is essential for stainable behavior change.

背景：尽管母乳喂养很重要，但截至2012年，印尼前6个月的纯母乳喂养率仅为42%。目的：本研究考察了印尼农村地区母乳喂养行为的决定因素。方法：我们对居住在印度尼西亚七个地区的2086名14-55岁的女性进行了横断面调查。结果：参与的母亲平均年龄为28岁，平均有1.9个孩子。女孩（64%对58.2%）在出生第一个小时比男孩更有可能母乳喂养（OR=1.268；95%CI 1.062-1.515）。男孩平均母乳喂养6.4个月，而女孩为9.2个月。近一半（48.9%，500/1023）的男孩在出生的头三天内接受了母乳以外的食物，而女孩的这一比例为40.0%（425/1063）。认为男孩比女孩需要更好的营养（OR=0.706；95%CI 0.572-0.872）与出生前3天缺乏纯母乳喂养有关。结论：我们的研究结果表明，男性和女性儿童的纯母乳喂养行为存在差异。需要制定健康沟通策略，促进与性别和母乳喂养相关的最佳母乳喂养行为、态度和信念。解决有助于在生命的前6个月进行非纯母乳喂养的文化习俗对于可持续的行为改变至关重要。

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引用次数: 1

Prescription Claims According to Wellness Program Participation for an Insurance Company in the United States 美国一家保险公司参与健康计划的处方索赔

Archives of epidemiology

Pub Date : 2018-09-04 DOI: 10.29011/2577-2252.000002

R. Merrill

Objective: To identify the number and total cost of prescription claims for a US insurance company by wellness program participation, baseline health, age, and sex. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 2250 individuals continuously employed from 2014 through 2016. Results: In 2014, ages ranged from 22 to 85 (M = 48.7, SD = 11.2), with 71.5% women. Program participation was 20.8% in 2014, 12% in 2015, and 27.5% in 2016, 37.2% overall. Participation was inversely related to age and greater in women (41.4% vs. 25.7%). Employees in the best and worst health at baseline went on to earn the fewest number of wellness participation points. The percent of employees filing one or more pharmacy claim was 79.9% in 2014, 82.4% in 2015, and 83.1% in 2016. Those filing a pharmacy claim were significantly older and more likely women. Number of claims and total cost of claims increased with increasing baseline medical costs. Change in the number of claims and the total cost of claims is positive, increasingly so with poorer baseline medical costs. Age, sex, and wellness program points earned are not significant in the models. Conclusion: Wellness program participation decreases with age, is higher in women, and is greatest among those with moderate baseline medical costs. Number and cost of pharmacy claims is not associated with program participation. Change in number and cost of pharmacy claims is not associated with program participation.

目的:通过健康计划参与、基线健康状况、年龄和性别来确定美国一家保险公司处方索赔的数量和总费用。方法:对2014 - 2016年连续就业的2250人进行回顾性分析。结果:2014年患者年龄22 ~ 85岁(M = 48.7, SD = 11.2)，女性占71.5%。项目参与率2014年为20.8%，2015年为12%，2016年为27.5%，总体为37.2%。参与率与年龄成反比，女性参与率更高(41.4%对25.7%)。在基线中，健康状况最好和最差的员工获得的健康参与积分最少。2014年，员工提出一项或多项药房索赔的比例为79.9%，2015年为82.4%，2016年为83.1%。那些向药房提出索赔的人明显年龄较大，而且更有可能是女性。随着基线医疗费用的增加，索赔数量和索赔总额也在增加。索赔数量和索赔总费用的变化是正的，随着基线医疗费用的降低，这种变化越来越大。年龄、性别和获得的健康计划积分在模型中并不重要。结论:健康计划的参与率随着年龄的增长而下降，女性参与率更高，在基线医疗费用适中的人群中参与率最高。药房索赔的数量和费用与项目参与无关。药房索赔数量和费用的变化与项目参与无关。

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引用次数: 1

Sample Size Planning for Estimating Prevalence of Sensitive Attributes Using a Non-Randomized Response Model 使用非随机响应模型估计敏感属性流行率的样本量规划

Archives of epidemiology

Pub Date : 2018-08-20 DOI: 10.29011/2577-2252.000019

G. Zou

It is well known that prevalence of a sensitive attribute may be underestimated based on direct inquiry of subjects. A non-randomized response model has thus been proposed and shown to be efficient in estimating the prevalence of sensitive attributes in surveys. Since most surveys are conducted to obtain precise estimates, herein we derive a sample size formula for this model based on confidence interval estimation rather than hypothesis testing as estimation is of most relevance in this context. In contrast to the conventional approach to sample size estimation, which does not explicitly consider the chance of achieving the precision, we incorporate an assurance probability into the formula by treating confidence interval width as random. Exact evaluation demonstrates that our formula performs well.

众所周知，基于对受试者的直接询问，可能会低估敏感属性的流行程度。因此，提出了一种非随机响应模型，并证明该模型在估计调查中敏感属性的流行率方面是有效的。由于大多数调查都是为了获得精确的估计而进行的，因此我们在此推导出基于置信区间估计而不是假设检验的该模型的样本量公式，因为估计在此背景下最相关。与传统的样本量估计方法不同，该方法没有明确考虑达到精度的机会，我们通过将置信区间宽度视为随机，将保证概率纳入公式。精确的计算表明我们的公式性能良好。

引用次数: 0

Drinking Arsenic Water May Contribute to Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection 饮用含砷水可能导致溃疡分枝杆菌感染

Archives of epidemiology

Pub Date : 2018-08-15 DOI: 10.29011/2577-2252.000022

A. Duker, S. Ndur, E. M. O. Jnr., Isaac Awuku Acheampong, Gloria Afua Apedo

Drinking water sources can be contaminated by toxic metals and metalloids such As arsenic (s), which occurs naturally in the earth’s crust. Exposure to high levels of arsenic may cause adverse health effects because it provides a favourable environment for harmful microorganisms to grow. Buruli ulcer (Bu), a skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans MU infection is common in the Bomfa sub-district Ashanti region, Ghana. This study investigated the possible link between Buruli ulcer incidence and drinking water arsenic in the Bomfa subdistrict of Ghana. Drinking water sources in the study area were sampled and analyzed for arsenic. Surface map of arsenic concentration overlaid with locality map of BU incidents show localities with high incidents falling into regions of relatively high arsenic concentration. The exposure response relationship model showed a positive relationship between BU and drinking water arsenic. (i.e. R2=0.54, p=0.1). Statistical analysis of the data reveal that a high proportion of settlements with high BU prevalence utilize arsenic contaminated water sources. It was therefore concluded that arsenic likely contributes to MU infections in the study area.

饮用水源可能受到有毒金属和类金属的污染，如自然存在于地壳中的砷。暴露于高水平的砷可能会对健康造成不利影响，因为它为有害微生物的生长提供了有利的环境。布鲁里溃疡（Bu）是一种由溃疡分枝杆菌MU感染引起的皮肤病，在加纳阿散蒂地区的Bomfa街道很常见。本研究调查了加纳博姆法分区布鲁里溃疡发病率与饮用水砷之间的可能联系。对研究区域的饮用水源进行了砷采样和分析。砷浓度的地表图与BU事件的位置图重叠显示了高事件的地区落入砷浓度相对较高的区域。暴露-反应关系模型显示BU与饮水砷呈正相关。（即R2=0.54，p=0.1）。对数据的统计分析表明，BU患病率高的定居点中有很大一部分利用了砷污染的水源。因此得出结论，在研究区域，砷可能导致MU感染。

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引用次数: 0

Epidemiological Characteristics of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Yangpu District of Shanghai, China, 2006-2015 2006-2015年上海市杨浦区肺结核流行病学特征分析

Archives of epidemiology

Pub Date : 2018-08-02 DOI: 10.29011/2577-2252.000018

Jiluo Liu, Shuo Wang, Aime Ebengo, Rong Zhang, C. He, Xue Han, G. Cao

Results: A total of 4,408 tuberculosis cases were reported during 2006-2015, with an average annual crude incidence rate of 40.59/105 and an Age-Adjusted Incidence Rate (ASIRW) of 28.64/105. The incidence was highest in 2008, with a crude incidence rate of 99.04/105. The crude incidence rate in males was 56.13/105, which was significantly higher than that in female (24.59/105, P<0.001). Annual percentage change model showed a general decrease trend in the incidence during this period, with 2 join points observed in 2008 and 2011. The average age of death and onset of the disease were 71.86±13.22 and 50.15±19.63 years, respectively. The proportion of tuberculosis was higher in retired and unemployed populations than in other groups.

结果：2006-2015年间，共报告了4408例结核病病例，年均粗发病率为40.59/105，年龄调整后发病率（ASIRW）为28.64/105。2008年发病率最高，粗发病率为99.04/105。男性的粗发病率为56.13/105，显著高于女性（24.59/105，P<0.001）。年百分比变化模型显示，这一时期的发病率总体呈下降趋势，2008年和2011年观察到2个连接点。死亡和发病的平均年龄分别为71.86±13.22和50.15±19.63岁。退休和失业人口中结核病的比例高于其他群体。

引用次数: 0

The Functional Status and Quality of Life of Patients with Post-Stroke Depression with a Review on their Cognitive and Neurological Status 脑卒中后抑郁患者的功能状态和生活质量及其认知和神经功能状况的研究进展

Archives of epidemiology

Pub Date : 2018-07-31 DOI: 10.29011/2577-2252.000017

Rabi Žikić Tamara, M. Zikic

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of depression on the functional status and quality of life of patients with stroke, with a review on their cognitive and neurological status. Prospective study included 60 patients treated for the first stroke events, of which 30 patients with diagnosed Post-Stroke Depression (PSD) and 30 patients without depression. Tests were conducted two and six weeks after a stroke. Depression was diagnosed by Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV diagnostic criteria), the severity of depression quantified by Hamilton’s Depression Scale (HDRS), the functional status was assessed by the Barthel Index (BI), quality of life was assessed by the Short Form 36 questionnaires (SF-36), cognitive status is evaluated by the Mini Mental State Examination (MINI), and neurological status of the record Stroke scales of the National Institute of Health, USA (NIH). Although the potential for functional recovery in depressive patients is not less, more severe neurological deficit, and so significantly more severe functional disability, was registered in the group of patients with post-stroke depression, initially, as well as after completion rehabilitation treatment. The mean scores on all quality of life domains were higher in patients without post-stroke depression. These differences were statistically highly significant except for the domain of bodily pain. Patients with post-stroke depression have significantly more severe cognitive impairment in relative to non-depressant patients.

本研究的目的是确定抑郁症对中风患者功能状态和生活质量的影响，并对他们的认知和神经状态进行综述。前瞻性研究包括60名接受首次中风事件治疗的患者，其中30名患者被诊断为中风后抑郁症（PSD），30名患者没有抑郁症。测试是在中风后两周和六周进行的。抑郁症通过迷你国际神经精神访谈、《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第四版（DSM-IV诊断标准）进行诊断，抑郁症的严重程度通过汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HDRS）进行量化，功能状态通过Barthel指数（BI）进行评估，生活质量通过简式36问卷（SF-36）进行评估，认知状态通过迷你精神状态检查（Mini）和美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）记录的中风量表的神经状态进行评估。尽管抑郁症患者的功能恢复潜力并不小，但在卒中后抑郁症患者组中，最初以及完成康复治疗后，都记录了更严重的神经系统缺陷，以及更严重的功能残疾。在没有脑卒中后抑郁的患者中，所有生活质量领域的平均得分都较高。除身体疼痛外，这些差异在统计学上具有高度显著性。与非抑郁症患者相比，脑卒中后抑郁症患者的认知障碍明显更严重。

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引用次数: 1

Physical Activity, Weight Control, and Biomarkers of Prognosis and Survival among Breast Cancer Survivors. 癌症乳腺癌幸存者的体力活动、体重控制和预后和生存的生物标志物。

Archives of epidemiology

Pub Date : 2018-01-01 Epub Date: 2018-12-26 DOI: 10.29011/2257-2252.100027

Steven Scott Coughlin, Gaston Kapuku

Physical inactivity and obesity may increase risk of poor prognosis in breast cancer through effects on insulin or insulin-like growth factors or their binding proteins, insulin resistance, glucose metabolism, sex hormones, leptin and other adipokines, immunologic or inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage or repair capacity. The present review is based upon bibliographic searches in PubMed and relevant search terms. Articles published in English from January 1, 1980 through October 1, 2018 were identified using the following MeSH search terms and Boolean algebra commands: breast cancer survivors AND (insulin-like growth factor OR insulin resistance OR glucose metabolism OR sex hormones OR leptin OR adipokines OR immunologic OR inflammatory factors OR oxidative stress OR DNA repair capacity). After screening the abstracts or full texts of these articles and reviewing the references of previous review articles, a total of 66 studies met the eligibility criteria. Based upon published studies, it is difficult to determine the type or dose of exercise that affects inflammatory markers among breast cancer survivors. The optimal type of exercise, dose, and timing of physical activity needed to improve the inflammatory profile following a breast cancer diagnosis is unknown. Studies have used a range of physical activity types including aerobic, resistance training, yoga, and Tai Chi. A further issue is that existing studies of physical activity and biomarkers have included a range of disease stages. There is a need for a better understanding of the biological pathways through which physical activity and weight management increase survival in order to design targeted weight loss and exercise interventions for breast cancer survivors.

缺乏运动和肥胖可能会通过对胰岛素或胰岛素样生长因子或其结合蛋白、胰岛素抵抗、葡萄糖代谢、性激素、瘦素和其他脂肪因子、免疫或炎症因子、氧化应激和脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）损伤或修复能力的影响，增加癌症预后不良的风险。本综述基于PubMed中的书目检索和相关检索术语。1980年1月1日至2018年10月1日以英语发表的文章使用以下MeSH搜索词和布尔代数命令进行了鉴定：乳腺癌症幸存者和（胰岛素样生长因子或胰岛素抵抗或葡萄糖代谢或性激素或瘦素或脂肪因子或免疫或炎症因子或氧化应激或DNA修复能力）。在筛选了这些文章的摘要或全文并查阅了以前综述文章的参考文献后，共有66项研究符合资格标准。根据已发表的研究，很难确定影响癌症幸存者炎症标志物的运动类型或剂量。诊断为乳腺癌症后，改善炎症状况所需的最佳运动类型、剂量和体育活动时间尚不清楚。研究使用了一系列的体育活动类型，包括有氧运动、阻力训练、瑜伽和太极。另一个问题是，现有的身体活动和生物标志物研究包括了一系列疾病阶段。需要更好地了解体育活动和体重管理提高存活率的生物学途径，以便为癌症幸存者设计有针对性的减肥和运动干预措施。

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