Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University最新文献

Aurones, (Z)-2-benzylidenebenzofuran-3(2H)-ones, have proved to be promising bioactive compounds with a broad spectrum of activities including anticancer, antioxidant, antiparasitic and antibacterial activities. Aurones exhibited strong antiproliferative properties against cancer cells by acting on variable targets through different modes of action. Furoaurones, (Z)-2-benzylidenefurano[3,2-f] benzofuran-3(2H)-ones, is a class of semi synthetic compounds derived from naturally furanochromones extracted from of Ammi visnaga (L.) fruits. So, this literature review includes different biological activities of aurones and furoaurones and different methods for their synthesis.

Specific, accurate and precise electrochemical method was developed and validated for the determination of sulfacetamide sodium in presence of its co-formulated drug (prednisolone acetate) and its pharmacopoeial impurities. The method was based on fabrication of membrane sensor. The characteristics of electrochemical response were estimated, and the proposed sensor displayed excellent characteristics for the determination of sulfacetamide sodium in bulk powder, laboratory prepared mixtures, dosage forms and in spiked biological fluid (Rabbit aqueous humor). The sensor was constructed through the use of tetradodecylammonium bromide (TDB) as an anion exchanger and 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) as a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix. The performance characteristics, sensitivity and selectivity were evaluated according to IUPAC guidelines. Linearity was achieved over the concentration range of 1 × 10^−4.5–1 × 10⁻² M with Nernstian slope of 51.086 mV/decade over the pH range of 5–7. The sensor showed a rapid response (10–15 s) and good stability (up to 4 weeks). The obtained results were statistically compared with the official methods and no significant difference was found regarding accuracy and precision.

Malaria disease is caused by the plasmodium organism transmitted into humans by the female anopheles mosquito. The effect of chloroquine, artesunate or Phyllantus amarus alone or combined with vitamins A, B, C or K on male fertility indices has received no attention. Hence this study was designed to investigate the effect of chloroquine, artesunate or seed extract of Phyllanthus amarus with or without vitamins A, B, C or E on testosterone levels, sperm motility, morphology, viability and count in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Four days following inoculation of adult male mice with Plasmodium berghei, the mice were treated with artesunate, chloroquine or Phyllanthus amarus seed extract alone or in combination with vitamins A, B, C or E once daily. Thereafter the mice were sacrificed and semen was collected for the determination of sperm count, motility, morphology and viability and blood sample collected for the determination of serum testosterone level by standardized methods. Treatment with chloroquine, artesunate or Phyllanthus amarus seed extract with or without vitamins A, B, C or E caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum and semen testosterone levels in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Treatment with chloroquine, artesunate or Phyllanthus amarus seed extract also caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in sperm count, motility and viability as well as significant (p < 0.05) restoration of sperm morphology in Plasmodium berghei infected mice compared to untreated Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Results from our study suggest that vitamin supplement with antimalarial could enhance reproductive indices.

Acacia ataxacantha various parts have been reportedly used as herbal remedy for treatment of pains, microbial infections, ulcers, respiratory infection, mineral and vitamins supplements and dysentery. This study was conducted to ascertain the toxicity profile of methanol extract of Acacia ataxacantha in laboratory animals. The acute and chronic toxicity study was conducted according to the method of Lorke (1983) and OECD guidelines (2008) respectively. The oral lethal median dose (LD₅₀) of the extract was estimated to ≥5000 mg/kg. The extract significantly increases (p ≤ 0.05) the liver (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase) and kidney (creatinine, urea and sodium ion) parameters at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight. Histological examination revealed moderate glomerular necrosis and lymphocytes hyperplasia on the kidney (50, 200 and 400 mg/kg), the liver showed hepatocellular necrosis with kupffer cells hyperplasia, while mild mucosa necrosis was observed on stomach tissues. The extract is safe on acute administration, however prolong use may produce harmful effect on the liver, kidney and stomach.

Objective

The present study sought to investigate atherogenicity of alloxan-induced diabetic rats administered single and combinatorial herbal formulations of Acanthus montanus, Asystasia gangetica, Gongronema latifolium and Solanum melongena.

Methods

A single intra-peritoneal (i.p.) injection of 90 mg/kg b.w. of alloxan monohydrate was given to the rats to induce diabetes mellitus (DM). Serum lipid profiles were measured using standard spectrophotometric methods, whereas atherogenicity, serum lipid ratios and atherogenic coefficient/indices were calculated using standard formulae.

Results

Serum total cholesterol (TC) concentrations of experimental rat groups varied between 1.59 ± 0.10 mmol/L and 2.72 ± 0.16 mmol/L (p < 0.05). Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration of untreated DM rat (DM-r) group was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of treated DM-r groups. Atherogenic risk indices (ARIs) of treated DM-r groups were within the range of 0.74 ± 0.03 and 2.64 ± 0.21, whereas ARI of untreated DM-r was 4.04 ± 0.25. The linear regression analysis of atherognic index of plasma (AIP) versus serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations of the experimental rat groups gave a relatively close fitted regression line (R² = 0.8275). Atherogenic protection of herbal extract treated DM-r groups was within the range of 33.4–81.7%.

Conclusion

The present study showed that double herbal formulations (DHFs): A. gangetica + G. latifolium and A. gangetica + A. montanus offered comparatively high protection to DM-r against atherogenic outcomes, which paralleled the capacities of these DHFs to reverse dyslipidemia.

Phytochemical study on 80% ethanolic extract of Callistemon viridiflorus Sims fruits (CVF) resulted in isolation of five phenolic compounds 1; Gallic acid, 2; Ellagic acid, 3; Reynoutrin, 4; Methoxy ellagic acid, 5; Quercetin. Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration (POM) analyses predicted that Reynoutrin and Quercetin have interesting potential activities, also Reynoutrin is found to be safer in relation to Quercetin. 80% ethanolic extract of CVF, Reynoutrin and Quercetin displayed remarkable immunomodulatory activity, as increased proliferation of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by 1.48, 1.51 and 1.46 fold respectively. 80% ethanolic extract of the C. viridiflorus fruits showed significant cytotoxic activity against P388 leukemia cells (IC₅₀ = 15.11 µg/ml), followed by Quercetin (IC₅₀ = 21.5 µg/ml) then Reynoutrin (IC₅₀ = 33.32 µg/ml).

The burden of multiple drug resistance towards chronic diseases is rapidly increasing globally at an alarm rate. The present study aims to isolate active principles via bioassay guided fractionation of traditionally used lichen Roccella montagnei for in vitro radical scavenging activity with potential to combat arthritis and inflammation. The results of proximate composition and mineral analysis revealed the presence of essential amount of micro and macro nutrients which are required for secondary metabolite production. Fractions of Roccella montagnei and pure compounds were assessed for its in vitro antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP, OH radical, SOD, CAT, GPX), antiarthritic and antiinflammatory activity. The results indicates that lichen sample and fractions exhibited potent radical scavenger demonstrated in vitro antiarthritic and antiinflammatory activity in dose dependent manner. Bioassay fractionation lead to isolation of two pure compounds ie., Compound I and Compound II which were characterized using spectral data such as FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, DEPT NMR spectroscopy, COSY & HMQC NMR spectroscopy and LC-MS analysis and was identified as Methyl-γ-Orsellinate (C9H10O4) a novel isomer from fractions E2d5a with a molecular weight of 182.2 and Roccellatol (C₁₂H₁₆O₇) from fractions D3d4c with a molecular weight of 272.3. The present findings suggest that the secondary metabolites present in the lichens have direct relation, with biological activities revealing different properties and can be a future novel antioxidant and a potent anti-arthritic agent.

Genus Paramignya belongs to Rutaceae family, with interesting secondary metabolites, comprising main classes of compounds coumarin and coumarin glycosides, acridone alkaloids, tirucallane and tirucallane glycosides, phenols, and flavonoids, as well as several compounds limonoid, lignin glycoside and sterol. Paramignya species has been employing as folk medicines against hepatitis, diabetes, cancer, nose infections. Many bioactive reported such as cytotoxic assay, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiumor cancer, α-glucosidase inhibitory activities indicated either Paramignya extracts, fractions, or isolated compounds to become valuable resources for natural new drug developments. However, no evidences are reported for general view about this genus. In current paper, we exhibit overview almost of isolated components and biological evaluations from this genus. These findings are important to improve the values of these medicinal plants for the health benefit, drug discovery and guideline for future researches.

The tubers of Chlorophytum alismifolium (Liliaceae) are widely used in Nigerian Herbal Medicine to treat diabetes mellitus and their efficacy is widely acclaimed among the rural communities of Northern Nigeria. This study was aimed at investigating the antihyperglycaemic potential of the tuber extract of Chlorophytum alismifolium (CAE) in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemic rats. Phytochemical screening and oral median lethal dose (LD₅₀) estimation of CAE in rats were carried out. Antihyperglycaemic screening of the extract (at oral doses of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg) was performed using normal and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemic rats for 28 days. Fasting blood glucose levels were measured and serum lipids were analyzed. Liver, kidney, heart and pancreatic tissues were examined for histopathological damages using standard histological processing. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, triterpenes and glycosides. Oral LD₅₀ was estimated to be >5000 mg/kg body weight in rats. C. alismifolium extract at all the doses tested showed blood glucose lowering effect. Statistical significant (p < .01) blood glucose lowering effect at 150 mg/kg on day 21, at 300 mg/kg on days 21 and 28 (p < .001 and p < .01 respectively) and 600 mg/kg on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 (p < .05, p < .01, p < .001 and p < .01 respectively) was produced by the extract. The extract also reduced the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein. Histopathological examination of the pancreas showed restoration of pancreatic islet cells at the doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg of the extract. In conclusion, the results obtained suggest the tuber extract of Chlorophytum alismifolium possesses antihyperglycaemic activity.

The infective diabetic foot ulcer was caused by the high microbial infection affecting the surrounding tissue of the foot. The distal region of a foot was affected by the microbial infection in an uncontrolled situation. In this study, the possible efforts were made to prevent the diabetic foot ulcer of a patient. The diabetic foot ulcer, with tissue exposure and microbial infection on the surface of the foot, was treated with several antibiotics and dressings. The revascularization treatment procedure was started. The infection was reduced when compared with the beginning of this treatment. The collagen implant along with Gentamicin sulphate found that collagen was penetrated into the wound and helped the granulation of the tissue formation. The topical gentamicin reduced the bacterial contamination and cicatrization. The infective diabetic foot ulcer was treated by weekly dressings with collagen implant Gentamicin sulphate, Doxycycline, and Vancomycin therapy. It suggests that this combination will accelerate the healing of diabetic foot ulcer.