ACS agricultural science & technology最新文献

Seed soaking is a viable solution for reducing cadmium (Cd) levels in wheat, given the limited options for economically controlling it. This study aimed to explore the precise mechanisms behind seed priming to reduce Cd levels in wheat seedlings via plant ionomics, transcriptomics, and high-throughput sequencing technologies. The results showed that seed soaking with Mn²⁺ (100 μM) significantly improved the growth parameters of wheat seedlings. Seed priming with Ag⁺ (1, 2 μM) significantly decreased Cd levels in the roots (32.9 and 40.6%, respectively) and stems (19.4 and 20.3%, respectively), whereas seed priming with Zn²⁺ (10 mM) and Mn²⁺ (20, 100 μM) significantly decreased Cd levels in the leaves (29.4, 15.6, and 33.5%, respectively) compared to that in the control group. These varied reductions of Cd in wheat seedlings induced by seed soaking were attributed to the restructuring of gene transcription involved in Cd absorption and the recruitment of the genus Rhizopus (plant-beneficial fungi tolerant to Cd) in the rhizosphere soil. It shows that seed soaking could effectively control Cd absorption by wheat in a weakly alkaline soil.

The management of residential and golf course environments entails the use of pesticides and raises concerns about human exposure. Previous research demonstrated that exposure to some turfgrass pesticides is at a level that would concern risk assessors (Murphy K.C.; Cooper R.J.; and Clark J.M. Dislodgeable and volatile residues from insecticide-treated turfgrass. In, World Scientific Congress of Golf II. 1995). Using environmental monitoring, dosimetry, and biomonitoring, absorbed pesticide doses, as well as transfer and absorption dynamics, were determined following the play of golf, allowing an estimation of risk. The hands and lower legs received most of the dermal exposure, whereas airborne residues contributed little to exposure. The risk associated with pesticide exposure was determined by the hazard quotient (HQ) and margin of exposure (MOE) methods. HQs > 1.0 or MOEs < 100–300 give rise to a level of concern about possibly unsafe exposures. Dermal HQs ranged from ∼0.0001 (cyfluthrin with irrigation) to ∼0.006 (chlorothalonil without irrigation, 2,4-D, MCPP-p), while MOEs ranged from ∼160,000 (2,4-D) to 1,170,000 (cyfluthrin with irrigation), indicating limited concern from these exposures.

Maize production plays a crucial role in ensuring global food security. However, the utilization of nanozymes in enhancing maize yield and quality has rarely been reported. In this work, for the first time, the preparation and application of carbon dot (CD) nanozymes to improve maize yield and quality are presented. The Michaelis–Menten equation demonstrates that CD nanozymes exhibit excellent enzymatic kinetic characteristics, thereby possessing catalase-like enzyme activity. The enzyme-like activity of CDs effectively mitigates oxidative damage caused by the external environment in maize. Moreover, CDs have the capability to convert solar ultraviolet light into bright blue light, enhancing the levels of essential elements such as Mg, Fe, and Zn in maize. Consequently, this promotes chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis. Furthermore, confocal imaging verifies that CDs can easily penetrate maize cells and subsequently regulate the endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity of maize. This leads to a reduction in peroxidation metabolites of malondialdehyde and an increase in antioxidant small molecule substances such as glutathione and ascorbic acid (VC). The combined effects mentioned above significantly increase maize yield by approximately 20% in planting experiments while also improving its nutritional quality. This study sheds light on the potential application of nanozymes in enhancing the maize yield and quality.

The rapid growth of human population and frequent changes in environmental conditions pose challenges in providing nutrient-rich food to the current population. The demand for poultry products is increasing exponentially as they are a good source of low-cost proteins. Ensuring the well-being of birds and delivering nutritious poultry products is essential for both current and future food security needs and sustainable agriculture. This article is motivated by the potential of emerging digital technologies in agriculture to provide innovative solutions to challenges faced by farmers, particularly in poultry farming. It aims to shed light on various issues encountered by farmers like diseases on poultry farms and offers valuable insights for researchers seeking to address these challenges using the advancements in digital technologies. Precision farming in poultry involves leveraging technologies such as the internet of things, artificial intelligence, and edge computing to enhance animal health management. A smart poultry farm maintains the farm environment and detects diseases at early stage in the chickens. The farm resources are utilized optimally in the smart poultry farm. This research work provides a systematic literature review of intelligent systems designed for (i) poultry birds’ health and welfare management using technologies like the internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and edge computing and (ii) early disease detection, estimation of weight, and feeding behavior of birds with the use of computer vision and vocalization analysis. This article also explores various sensors employed in the development of IoT infrastructure. It has been demonstrated in the literature that modern digital technologies automate the management operations of poultry farms. As a result, the farmer’s income increases, and high-quality food products are available to people at low cost.

This study aimed to establish two methods, namely, indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) and colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strips, for detecting prometryn residues in various agricultural samples, such as corn, pumpkin, lotus root, rice, and brown rice. Monoclonal antibodies specific for prometryn were utilized in both methods. The ic-ELISA method demonstrated a maximum half-inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) of 2.4 ng/mL and a lower limit of detection of 0.5 ng/mL. When used in conjunction with a card reader, the colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip exhibited an IC₅₀ of 18.6 ng/mL for prometryn detection. The recovery rates of both methods were found to be consistent with those of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. This consistency indicated the suitability of both methods for detecting prometryn in five different agricultural samples, suggesting that this is a convenient and practical approach for screening prometryn in agricultural products.

Quantifying redox-driven changes in iron chemistry in irrigated semiarid to arid soils and their relevance for the availability of nutrients and contaminants is critical for global food security. Data across three growing seasons and two different soil types in semiarid to arid climates indicate site-independent peaks of reactive iron in soil aligned with peaks in irrigation events. The reactive iron formed during irrigation was short-lived, and the concentration was back at baseline during harvest. The significant (p < 0.01) increase of reactive iron ranging from 1589.0 ± 172.3 to 1898.0 ± 201.1 μg g^–1 over the growing season triggered by reducing conditions due to transient water infiltration resulted in the mobilization of organic soil carbon and affected the mobility and plant availability of nitrogen, uranium, and arsenic. Porewater samples collected during irrigation events demonstrated increasing iron concentrations over time and positively correlated (p < 0.05) with arsenic and uranium levels. Geogenic arsenic mobilization into soil porewater during peak irrigation events contained significantly (p < 0.01) higher (∼90%) reduced inorganic arsenic species. Crop tissue analysis indicated that roots contained the highest concentrations of trace elements, followed by shoots and grains. Coupled (bio)geochemical redox cycles of iron, nutrients, and contaminants seem to play a critical but so far less recognized role for crop production in irrigated agroecosystems of semiarid to arid systems.

The two main types of cholinesterases, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), share similar structures and functions and are commonly present in biological environments. The activity of cholinesterase is closely related to pesticide residues; it is crucial to develop enzyme-inhibition-based fluorescent probes for pesticide residue detection. However, the discovery of a fluorescent probe that selectively targets one of these is consistently a formidable challenge. In this study, two kinds of fluorescent probes, HBT-A and HBT-B, were developed with 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) benzothiazole (HBT) as the fluorophore, which can selectively distinguish AChE and BChE, respectively. Our probes (HBT-A for AChE and HBT-B for BChE) exhibited high sensitivity and specificity toward their respective analytes in cells and zebrafish. Finally, we used HBT-B as an example and demonstrated that it can be an effective tool for visualizing pesticide residues in living organisms, highlighting the potential application of the developed probes in environmental monitoring and food safety.

A strategy for constructing an α-hydroxyl-α-acetonyl moiety was described for the total synthesis of guignardin A (1), 8-deoxypalmarumycin B₉ (2), and palmarumycin B₉ (3) via 7-, 8-, and 11-step reactions in 14.9, 1.5, and 0.4% overall yields from 5-methoxy-1-tetralone (1a), chroman-4-one (2a), and 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (3a) as the starting materials, respectively. The key steps included AlCl₃- or NaSEt-mediated demethylation, Davis oxidation, and Wacker oxidation. Their structures were characterized by ¹H and ¹³C NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and X-ray diffraction data. A series of spiromamakone A monobenzo derivatives were designed and synthesized by three diallyl-substituted byproducts via olefin metathesis as the key step. The antifungal investigation indicated that compounds 1l and 2n exhibited excellent inhibitory activities against phytopathogen Rhizoctonia solani with EC₅₀ values of 8.68 and 5.25 μg/mL, respectively. Compound 2n had the destructive and inhibitory effects on the morphology and growth of the hyphae of R. solani.

Rice is an important staple food crop, but in many countries, average rice yields are much lower than their yield potential. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phenotypic performance of diverse rice genotypes (310) for yield traits, identify high-yielding early-duration genotypes with greater partitioning efficiency, and classify the best and worst genotypes based on their performance in the 2019–20 growing season under randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The analysis of variance showed significant differences for all the traits between genotypes (p ≤ 0.001). Correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between grain yield plant^–1 and flag leaf area, panicle grain weight, panicle length, number of spikelets panicle^–1, spikelet fertility, number of grains panicle^–1, 1000 grain weight, grain length, net photosynthesis, and water use efficiency. Principal component analysis indicated genetic variation between all genotypes. The cumulative genetic variation in the first two principal components (PCs) was 69.18% (PC₁: 57.74% and PC₂: 11.44%). PC₁ added more toward yield and related traits to the separation of rice genotypes and contributed to the variability for 1000 grain weight (7.74%), spikelet fertility (7.56%), number of spikelets panicle^–1 (7.54%), flag leaf area (7.41%), and shoot dry weight (7.13%). Projection in biplot analysis confirmed that all the best genotypes were opposite to only the worst genotype G-19 and all others were positively associated with each other. Thus, the selection of these traits which are positively related to grain yield and the selection of best genotypes in rice would be useful for improving yield. Diversity and association of physiological and yield-related traits could be useful to improve the crop through the selection of useful traits to increase productivity and meet the demand of the growing population.

Biochar has been widely used to improve the properties of acidic soil properties. However, the effectiveness of biochar in acidic soil properties was debated and has been less focused on in previous reviews. The present meta-analysis aimed to determine the importance of the biochar pyrolysis temperature (BPT) and the effect of biochar properties on acidic soil properties. The Pearson correlation and a meta-analysis involving the data obtained from 50 peer-reviewed publications showed that BPT has a significant positive correlation with biochar pH (BpH), biochar total carbon, biochar ash (BAs), and the biochar carbon to nitrogen ratio (BC/N), and a significant negative correlation with biochar total nitrogen (BN). The biochar feedstock straw was more effective in increasing the acidic soil pH (SpH), soil electrical conductivity (SEC), soil available phosphorus (SAP), and soil organic matter (SOM). The biochar application rates ≥ 80 t ha^–1 significantly increased the acidic SpH, soil available nitrogen (SAN), soil available potassium (SAK), and SOM. The BpH ≥ 10 increased all the observed acidic soil properties except SEC. The BC/N 30–45 significantly increased SAN, SAP, and SOM, while the BC/N ≤ 30 was more effective at increasing SpH and SAK. The relationship of BN, biochar total phosphorus, and biochar total potassium with soil properties was inconsistent except that BN ≥ 1% not only increased the SAN but also increased the SAP and SAK. Except for SAK, BAs ≤ 15 significantly increased all observed soil properties. According to the PLS-SEM, BPT affects biochar properties and then affects soil properties (P < 0.05). Generally, the application of biochar in acidic soil increases all the observed soil properties according to the grand mean total effect size. This article gives us a clear image that if the SpH < 7, then BPT ≥ 800, BF straw, and BpH > 10 can be used to improve the acidic soil properties.