Addictive behaviors最新文献

Introduction: We conducted this review to examine the risk of e-cigarette dependence in different populations by updating the review on this topic by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine.

Methods: Six academic databases were searched for studies published between September 2017 and December 2023. We included peer-reviewed human, animal, cell/in vitro original studies examining associations of e-cigarette use and dependence but excluded qualitative studies. Three types of e-cigarette exposure were examined: acute, short-to-medium term, and long-term. Meta-analysis were conducted when possible. Different risk of bias tools were used for assessing quality of the included human studies.

Results: We included 107 studies, of which 34 studies were included in the subgroup analysis. Meta-analyses showed that non-smoker current vapers had no statistically significant difference in level or prevalence of dependence compared to non-vaper current smokers and dual users. However, never smoker current vapers had a lower level of dependence (SMD -0.723, p < 0.01) compared to dual users, which was also supported by ANOVA test. Narrative review findings suggest that nicotine vapers had higher level of dependence than non-nicotine vapers and e-cigarette dependence is positively associated with nicotine concentration, frequency, and duration of use. No strong relationship was found between dependence and product types or features. Socio-demographic factor-based subgroup findings were inconclusive.

Conclusions: The level and prevalence of e-cigarette dependence is similar to cigarette dependence. There was high variability in the definitions and methods used for defining populations and assessing dependence. Further research and monitoring are crucial.

Alcohol use is prevalent among young adults, with significant rates of binge drinking and frequent reports of both positive and negative consequences. The current study investigates how positive drinking consequences influence subsequent incentives ratings and drinking behavior. Utilizing mobile daily diary data from 104 young adults over two weeks (event N = 507), we assessed the impact of event-specific positive consequences on future incentive ratings and drinking quantity. Findings revealed that positive consequences were not consistently associated with higher sensitivity to incentives, opposing hypotheses. Specifically, positive alcohol consequences were associated with a slight decrease in next-event alcohol incentive ratings, contrary to the expected positive feedback loop (b = -0.13, p = 0.03). While previous event experiences did not significantly moderate the relationship between incentive ratings and drinking quantities, within-subject increases in incentive ratings for social/party (IRR = 0.45, p < 0.001) and alcohol (IRR = 0.39, p < 0.001) incentives were linked to changes in drinking quantity. Results underscore the complexity of the relationship between positive consequences and drinking behavior, indicating that individual differences, experienced consequences, and salient rewards (i.e., incentives) may play crucial roles in future drinking behavior. Future research should explore additional mechanisms of learning and diverse populations to expand on these findings and enhance strategies for reducing risky drinking behaviors.

Purpose: Self-reported drinker identity, the extent to which one views oneself as a drinker, is associated with alcohol consumption and related harms in young adults. The current study examined changes in self-reported drinker identity, theoretically relevant factors associated with drinker identity development, and drinker identity's association with changes in drinking and alcohol-related consequences. We hypothesized that drinker identity would increase over time; theoretically relevant factors would be significantly and positively associated with that increase, and increases in drinking identity would be associated with elevated drinking and related consequences.

Method: Participants were 588 heavy-drinking college students (63 % female, 50.5 % White, Mean_age = 19.87, from two universities) reporting recent heavy episodic drinking and experiencing alcohol-related consequences in the previous month. Students completed baseline and follow-up assessments at 1-, 3-, and 6-months related to theoretically relevant factors, drinker identity, and drinking/related consequences.

Results: Using parallel process latent growth curve modeling, we examined changes in drinker identity as a function of initial levels and changes in theoretically relevant factors. We also examined changes in alcohol use and related consequences as a function of changes in drinker identity. Results indicated that a more favorable initial attitude toward heavy drinking and an increase in favorable attitude toward heavy drinking were associated with an increase in drinker identity. Overall, alcohol use and associated consequences diminished over time, but increases in drinker identity were associated with smaller reductions in alcohol outcomes.

Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of attitudes as a potential contributing factor to drinker identity development, particularly among college students who drink heavily. This work further demonstrates a link between changes in drinker identity and changes in drinking and associated consequences. This work can inform future interventions aimed at targeting drinking identity.

Depression and anxiety are often comorbid among adolescents. Adolescent screen time changes over time. This study investigates the association between screen time trajectories and the comorbidity of depression and anxiety from a longitudinal perspective. The data were collected from an ongoing prospective puberty cohort which was established in 2014 from Chongqing, China. 838 participants (52.03 % female; wave 1 mean age = 8.62, SD = 1.15) were followed up from 2014 to 2020. Questions about screen time were administered every six months. Trajectories of screen time were identified using latent class growth analysis. Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) were used to measure depression and anxiety. Latent profile analysis was used to identify the subtypes of comorbidity of depression and anxiety. Logistic regression was used to explore the association between screen time trajectory and the comorbidity of depression and anxiety. Three distinct trajectories of screen time were identified: Group Low (68.26 %) had consistently low screen time, Group High (26.37 %) had high screen time and Group Increasing (5.37 %) was characterized by an increasing screen time. Four subtypes of the comorbidity of depression and anxiety were fitted ("High comorbidity", "Low comorbidity", "Low depression symptoms" and "No symptoms"). Group Increasing and Group High were associated with "Low comorbidity" and "Low depression symptoms". Group Increasing was more likely to be the "high comorbidity" both boys and girls. However, Group High was associated with "high comorbidity" only in girls. The results of this study may inform future research and provide possible intervention targets.

Background: The association between the age of cannabis use (CU) onset and substance use (SU) problems has been extensively studied, yet findings remain inconsistent.

Aims: This systematic review aimed to examine prospective studies on the association between age of CU onset and later SU problems, controlling for key individual, social, and SU-related risk factors.

Methods: PsycINFO, Web of Science and PubMed were searched for studies published between January 2000 and December 2024. Studies were included if they: 1) were prospective; 2) measured CU onset during adolescence; 3) measured CU or SU problems after CU onset, 4) examined whole plant or phytocannabinoids. Studies were excluded if they exclusively focused on high-risk samples. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies-of Interventions tool. The review was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42022332092.

Results: Sixteen studies met eligibility criteria. Earlier age of CU onset was associated with CU disorder (CUD) and CU negative consequences, with mixed findings for other SU problems (e.g., alcohol). CU frequency accounted for a significant portion of the risk for CU negative consequences, but the association with CUD remained independent of frequency. Only one study had low risk of bias, while seven had some concerns, and eight had a high or very high risk of bias.

Conclusions: Findings suggest that early age of CU onset is a specific risk factor in the development of CUD, but not other SU problems. Prevention approaches should aim to delay the onset and reduce the frequency of CU among youth to reduce risk of the development of CUD.

Objectives: To expand the literature documenting that tobacco use inequities persist and continue to increase for minoritized youth populations by exploring patterns of tobacco use across multiple intersections of sexual, gender, racial, and ethnic identities. Studies with this focus are needed to understand the degree to which tobacco use varies across groups who hold multiple minoritized identities.

Methods: The current study used a novel analytical approach- Exhaustive Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection - to examine lifetime cigarette use among a U.S.-based sample of sexual and gender diverse youth collected in 2022. Exhaustive Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection is a data-driven, decision-tree approach that uses successive Chi-square tests to iteratively cycle through all interactions among categorical independent variables, splitting where categories differ significantly with respect to the dependent variable. Participants identified as sexual and/or gender diverse youth, resided in the U.S., and were between 13-18 years of age (N = 9,504).

Results: Several important patterns emerged: The groups with the highest prevalence of cigarette experimentation included transgender boys, cisgender boys, and non-binary youth. These adolescents were likely to also hold minoritized racial and ethnic identities, and identify with plurisexual identities. Some age-related differences in patterns emerged; across grades, transgender boys and Multiracial sexually and gender diverse youth were a part of high prevalence cigarette experimentation groups.

Conclusions: The results highlight the complex patterns of cigarette use differences in heterogenous sexual and gender diverse populations, particularly across gender, sexual, and ethnoracial identities.

Background and aims: LGBTQIA2S + populations are believed to be at higher risk of problem gambling due to their elevated rates of mental disorders and substance abuse compared to heterosexual and cisgender populations. However, little is known about these populations regarding their gambling practices in the Canadian context.

Methods: We conducted an online survey among Canadian residents 18 years or older who self-identify as sexually and gender-diverse (i.e., LGBTQIA2S + ) and have gambled at least once in the preceding year (N = 1,519). We used descriptive analysis to portray the sample's gambling habits and a logistic regression model to identify potential factors associated with moderate-to-high-risk gambling.

Results: The prevalence of problematic gambling among our sample was 19.6%. This proportion did not vary according to sex or gender identity. Simultaneously, there was a negative relationship between age group and problematic gambling, and a positive relationship existed with gambling involvement. Logistic regression showed factors associated with higher odds of problematic gambling, including gambling frequency, gambling on slot machines, video lottery machines or poker, presenting other behavioral addictions, and poor mental health. Increasing age, identifying with White ethnicity, higher household income, and identifying as pansexual or queer were inversely correlated factors.

Discussion and conclusions: Sociodemographic factors associated with problematic gambling likely have complex underlying relationships that merit further research. Gambling formats with faster reward responses presented the highest prevalence of problematic gambling. Further analysis by identity subgroups, and research on their experiences with gambling harm, health and social services, and discrimination could provide insight into the needs and challenges of this population.

Individuals who struggle to regulate their gaming involvement, particularly those with gaming disorder, often report strong subjective urges to play games. Desire thinking has been proposed to be an active driver of urge, and therefore disrupting desire thinking processes may reduce urges to play. Detached mindfulness, a meta-cognitive therapy technique, is a candidate option for reducing desire thinking, but the available research in relation to gaming is limited. To address this gap, this pre-registered study employed a 3 (Group: mindfulness, relaxation, control) x 3 (Time: baseline, pre-task, post-task) mixed experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of different techniques to reduce gaming urges. Gamers (N = 337) were recruited via the crowd-sourcing platform Prolific. Participants were administered interactive video-based tasks that induced gaming-related desire thinking and were then randomly delivered one of three techniques. Results showed that the desire thinking exercise significantly increased gaming urge. However, the detached mindfulness technique had no significant effect on urge to play, whereas relaxation significantly reduced urge compared to control. The effect of relaxation on urge was stronger for those with moderate to high impulsivity. These results support the proposed link between desire thinking and gaming urge. Gaming urges may be reliably induced using a brief self-guided protocol, which has applications for interventions involving exposure exercises without the use of physical gaming stimuli. Relaxation techniques may have short-term utility in reducing gaming-related urges. Further research should examine other meta-cognitive therapy-based techniques to support a broader research program on CBT for gaming disorder.

Despite various intervention efforts, college drinking remains a concern, and while personalized normative feedback (PNF) has proven effective, attempts to deliver it in a way that minimizes reactance and maximizes student engagement have been slow to emerge. This study examined the short-term effects of CampusGandr, a mobile gamified PNF intervention for college students. The game took place over 16 weeks (1 round per week) during the fall semester and included weekly PNF on various topics related to college life, including alcohol. Participants (N = 1,143) were recruited from universities in Texas and California and randomized into one of three conditions: no alcohol feedback (NAF), less alcohol feedback (LAF; delivered in 3 rounds), and more alcohol feedback (MAF; delivered in 6 rounds). Number of alcohol and non-alcohol feedback participants viewed was objectively tracked in CampusGandr. Relative to NAF, there were no significant effects for LAF or MAF on descriptive drinking norms or on drinking (any drinks consumed and typical number of drinks per week consumed) one-month post-intervention. However, a significant quadratic effect emerged between the number of alcohol feedbacks viewed and having consumed any drinks, indicating decreased odds of having consumed any alcohol at the follow-up with up to three alcohol feedbacks. Number of alcohol feedbacks viewed was also related to decreases in norms. Thus, despite a lack of evidence for differences in drinking between conditions, findings suggest future research is needed to explore the optimal dosage and timing of alcohol feedback within gamified interventions like CampusGandr.