Pub Date : 2024-01-29DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1171273
Elizabeth A. Stoll
Cortical neural networks encode information about the environment, combining data across sensory modalities to form predictive models of the world, which in turn drive behavioral output. Cortical population coding is probabilistic, with synchronous firing across the neural network achieved in the context of noisy inputs. The system-wide computational process, which encodes the likely state of the local environment, is achieved at a cost of only 20 Watts, indicating a deep connection between neuronal information processing and energy-efficient computation. This report presents a new framework for modeling non-deterministic computation in cortical neural networks, in terms of thermodynamic laws. Initially, free energy is expended to produce von Neumann entropy, then predictive value is extracted from that thermodynamic quantity of information. The extraction of predictive value during a single computation yields a percept, or a predictive semantical statement about the local environment, and the integration of sequential neural network states yields a temporal sequence of percepts, or a predictive syntactical statement about the cause-effect relationship between perceived events. The amount of predictive value available for computation is limited by the total amount of energy entering the system, and will always be incomplete, due to thermodynamic constraints. This process of thermodynamic computation naturally produces a rival energetic cost function, which minimizes energy expenditure: the system can either explore its local environment to gain potential predictive value, or it can exploit previously-acquired predictive value by triggering a contextually-relevant and thermodynamically-favored sequence of neural network states. The system grows into a more ordered state over time, as it physically encodes the predictive value acquired by interacting with its environment.
{"title":"An energy-efficient process of non-deterministic computation drives the emergence of predictive models and exploratory behavior","authors":"Elizabeth A. Stoll","doi":"10.3389/fcogn.2023.1171273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1171273","url":null,"abstract":"Cortical neural networks encode information about the environment, combining data across sensory modalities to form predictive models of the world, which in turn drive behavioral output. Cortical population coding is probabilistic, with synchronous firing across the neural network achieved in the context of noisy inputs. The system-wide computational process, which encodes the likely state of the local environment, is achieved at a cost of only 20 Watts, indicating a deep connection between neuronal information processing and energy-efficient computation. This report presents a new framework for modeling non-deterministic computation in cortical neural networks, in terms of thermodynamic laws. Initially, free energy is expended to produce von Neumann entropy, then predictive value is extracted from that thermodynamic quantity of information. The extraction of predictive value during a single computation yields a percept, or a predictive semantical statement about the local environment, and the integration of sequential neural network states yields a temporal sequence of percepts, or a predictive syntactical statement about the cause-effect relationship between perceived events. The amount of predictive value available for computation is limited by the total amount of energy entering the system, and will always be incomplete, due to thermodynamic constraints. This process of thermodynamic computation naturally produces a rival energetic cost function, which minimizes energy expenditure: the system can either explore its local environment to gain potential predictive value, or it can exploit previously-acquired predictive value by triggering a contextually-relevant and thermodynamically-favored sequence of neural network states. The system grows into a more ordered state over time, as it physically encodes the predictive value acquired by interacting with its environment.","PeriodicalId":94013,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cognition","volume":"45 33","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140487669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-29DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1325246
Benjamin Chaloupka, Dagmar Zeithamova
Overlap with prior experience facilitates learning in some cases while hindering it in others. As facilitation and interference are typically studied in separate lines of research, using distinct paradigms, it is unclear what key factors drive the opposing behavioral outcomes.In two experiments, we tested whether both effects can be observed within a single task, depending on what overlaps between experiences. Participants completed a novel task in which they learned a grid of object-location associations, followed by a second grid that overlapped with the first in locations and/or objects. We hypothesized that overlap of locations would serve as a spatial schema, facilitating new learning, while overlap of objects would create interference.In line with our hypothesis, we found that location overlap facilitated learning of the second grid, while object overlap hindered learning of the second grid. We replicated these findings in a second experiment, additionally showing that both effects remain largely stable across two distinct grid shapes.These results demonstrate that the effect of overlap can be manipulated within a single task, pinpointing one factor that determines the direction of the effect and highlighting the differential roles of “what” and “where” in the organization of memory.
{"title":"Differential effects of location and object overlap on new learning","authors":"Benjamin Chaloupka, Dagmar Zeithamova","doi":"10.3389/fcogn.2023.1325246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1325246","url":null,"abstract":"Overlap with prior experience facilitates learning in some cases while hindering it in others. As facilitation and interference are typically studied in separate lines of research, using distinct paradigms, it is unclear what key factors drive the opposing behavioral outcomes.In two experiments, we tested whether both effects can be observed within a single task, depending on what overlaps between experiences. Participants completed a novel task in which they learned a grid of object-location associations, followed by a second grid that overlapped with the first in locations and/or objects. We hypothesized that overlap of locations would serve as a spatial schema, facilitating new learning, while overlap of objects would create interference.In line with our hypothesis, we found that location overlap facilitated learning of the second grid, while object overlap hindered learning of the second grid. We replicated these findings in a second experiment, additionally showing that both effects remain largely stable across two distinct grid shapes.These results demonstrate that the effect of overlap can be manipulated within a single task, pinpointing one factor that determines the direction of the effect and highlighting the differential roles of “what” and “where” in the organization of memory.","PeriodicalId":94013,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cognition","volume":"28 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140487999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-16DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1298371
P. Hofmann, Markus Siebertz, Petra Jansen
This study investigated the relationship between mental rotation ability and postural stability, with a focus on the role of the visuospatial sketchpad of working memory, as it has been found to be correlated with both concepts. A total of 87 healthy young adults completed a postural stability task on a force plate, a mental rotation task, and both spatial and object working memory tasks in a counterbalanced order. Bayesian correlations revealed weak positive correlations between mental rotation and postural stability, as well as a correlation between mental rotation and spatial working memory. A weak association was also observed between mental rotation and object working memory. No correlation was found between the working memory components and postural stability. Furthermore, the results showed that spatial working memory did not play a crucial role in predicting postural stability. We conclude that the visuospatial sketchpad, particularly the spatial working memory component, cannot explain the relationship between mental rotation and postural stability.
{"title":"No role of working memory in the relation between mental rotation and postural stability","authors":"P. Hofmann, Markus Siebertz, Petra Jansen","doi":"10.3389/fcogn.2023.1298371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1298371","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the relationship between mental rotation ability and postural stability, with a focus on the role of the visuospatial sketchpad of working memory, as it has been found to be correlated with both concepts. A total of 87 healthy young adults completed a postural stability task on a force plate, a mental rotation task, and both spatial and object working memory tasks in a counterbalanced order. Bayesian correlations revealed weak positive correlations between mental rotation and postural stability, as well as a correlation between mental rotation and spatial working memory. A weak association was also observed between mental rotation and object working memory. No correlation was found between the working memory components and postural stability. Furthermore, the results showed that spatial working memory did not play a crucial role in predicting postural stability. We conclude that the visuospatial sketchpad, particularly the spatial working memory component, cannot explain the relationship between mental rotation and postural stability.","PeriodicalId":94013,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cognition","volume":"54 45","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139527868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1266404
Atanas Kirjakovski
Undoubtedly, the future of humanity is digital. As we transition into this new technological era, we are confronted with many uncertainties. The digital environment, a relatively recent phenomenon, differs both qualitatively and quantitatively from other natural and social environments. Its ubiquity and rapid evolution, along with the ease of automating and replicating digital code, set the stage for significant impacts on human cognition and perception. This article conceptually explores the general characteristics of the digital environment, highlights its significance and relevance to cognitive science, summarizes a range of recent findings on the effects of digital technology on our cognitive and perceptual processes, and concludes with several hypotheses about the evolution of our minds in the digital future.
{"title":"Rethinking perception and cognition in the digital environment","authors":"Atanas Kirjakovski","doi":"10.3389/fcogn.2023.1266404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1266404","url":null,"abstract":"Undoubtedly, the future of humanity is digital. As we transition into this new technological era, we are confronted with many uncertainties. The digital environment, a relatively recent phenomenon, differs both qualitatively and quantitatively from other natural and social environments. Its ubiquity and rapid evolution, along with the ease of automating and replicating digital code, set the stage for significant impacts on human cognition and perception. This article conceptually explores the general characteristics of the digital environment, highlights its significance and relevance to cognitive science, summarizes a range of recent findings on the effects of digital technology on our cognitive and perceptual processes, and concludes with several hypotheses about the evolution of our minds in the digital future.","PeriodicalId":94013,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cognition","volume":" 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138620806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1205618
John G. Nadra, George R. Mangun
Attention is the ability to focus one's awareness on relevant events and objects while ignoring distracting ones. Laboratory studies of top-down voluntary attention commonly use predictive or instructional cues to direct attention. However, in real world scenarios, voluntary attention is not necessarily externally cued, but may be focused by internal, self-generated processes. The voluntary focusing of attention in the absence of external guidance has been referred to as “willed attention,” a term borrowed from the literature on willed motor actions. In a fashion similar to studies of willed (self-initiated) actions, during willed attention, participants are given the freedom to deploy attention based on their own free choices. Electrophysiological studies have shown that during willed attention, ongoing neural activity biases willed attention decisions on a moment-to-moment basis as reflected in transient patterns of brain electrical activity that predict where participants will later choose to focus their attention. Brain imaging studies have revealed that compared to cued attention, willed attention involves additional frontal cortical structures, which interact with the classic attentional control networks of the human brain to produce a modified network organization for willed attention control. In this introduction to willed attention, we briefly review the fields of voluntary attention and self-initiated motor actions, in order to describe willed attention and its neural correlates as they relate to the broader concepts of attention and volition.
{"title":"Placing willed attention in context: a review of attention and free will","authors":"John G. Nadra, George R. Mangun","doi":"10.3389/fcogn.2023.1205618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1205618","url":null,"abstract":"Attention is the ability to focus one's awareness on relevant events and objects while ignoring distracting ones. Laboratory studies of top-down voluntary attention commonly use predictive or instructional cues to direct attention. However, in real world scenarios, voluntary attention is not necessarily externally cued, but may be focused by internal, self-generated processes. The voluntary focusing of attention in the absence of external guidance has been referred to as “willed attention,” a term borrowed from the literature on willed motor actions. In a fashion similar to studies of willed (self-initiated) actions, during willed attention, participants are given the freedom to deploy attention based on their own free choices. Electrophysiological studies have shown that during willed attention, ongoing neural activity biases willed attention decisions on a moment-to-moment basis as reflected in transient patterns of brain electrical activity that predict where participants will later choose to focus their attention. Brain imaging studies have revealed that compared to cued attention, willed attention involves additional frontal cortical structures, which interact with the classic attentional control networks of the human brain to produce a modified network organization for willed attention control. In this introduction to willed attention, we briefly review the fields of voluntary attention and self-initiated motor actions, in order to describe willed attention and its neural correlates as they relate to the broader concepts of attention and volition.","PeriodicalId":94013,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cognition","volume":"29 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135679611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1286844
Alyssa R. Neville, Lori J. Bernstein, Catherine M. Sabiston, Jennifer M. Jones, Linda Trinh
Background Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is a common, persistent quality of life complaint among breast cancer survivors (BCS), however there remain no proven treatments. There is emerging evidence that aerobic exercise and yoga may improve CRCI. There remains limited research on the safety and feasibility of virtually-supervised, remotely-delivered yoga interventions among cancer survivors, and no yoga studies to date have assessed cognitive function as a primary outcome in BCS. The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of an 8-week, remotely-delivered yoga intervention and examine its impact on cognitive function, fatigue, and exercise levels in BCS using a concurrent mixed-methods design. Methods Participants completed objective and self-report cognitive function measures (NIH Toolbox remote cognitive battery, PsyToolkit Task Switch test, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function [FACT-Cog3]); fatigue (Revised-Piper Fatigue Scale); and exercise activity level (modified Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire) before and after the yoga intervention. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted post-intervention to understand participants' experiences with the yoga intervention, CRCI, and fatigue. Results The intervention surpassed a priori feasibility indicators (adherence rate = 83.7%, attrition rate = 5.4%, no adverse events). Participants ( n = 18, M age = 52.2 ± 10.1) had significant improvements in objective memory, fatigue, and weekly minutes of moderate-to-vigorous exercise post-intervention. Qualitative themes indicated that participants found the remote intervention to be enjoyable and beneficial. Conclusions In this small proof-of-concept study, remotely-delivered yoga appears safe and effective at improving CRCI. Future randomized controlled trials examining the impact of remotely-delivered yoga interventions on cognitive function in BCS are warranted.
癌症相关认知障碍(CRCI)是乳腺癌幸存者(BCS)中常见的、持续的生活质量抱怨，但目前还没有得到证实的治疗方法。越来越多的证据表明，有氧运动和瑜伽可以改善CRCI。在癌症幸存者中，关于虚拟监督、远程交付瑜伽干预的安全性和可行性的研究仍然有限，迄今为止还没有瑜伽研究将认知功能作为BCS的主要结局进行评估。本研究的目的是探讨为期8周的远程瑜伽干预的可行性，并使用并发混合方法设计检查其对BCS认知功能，疲劳和运动水平的影响。方法参与者完成客观认知功能和自述认知功能测试(NIH工具箱远程认知电池、PsyToolkit任务切换测试、癌症治疗功能评估-认知功能[FACT-Cog3]);疲劳(修订piper疲劳量表);瑜伽干预前后的运动活动水平(修正Godin休闲时间运动问卷)。干预后进行半结构化定性访谈，以了解参与者在瑜伽干预、CRCI和疲劳方面的经历。结果干预优于先验可行性指标(依从率为83.7%，损耗率为5.4%，无不良事件发生)。干预后，参与者(n = 18, M = 52.2±10.1)在客观记忆、疲劳和每周中高强度运动分钟数方面均有显著改善。定性主题表明，参与者发现远程干预是愉快和有益的。在这项小型概念验证研究中，远程瑜伽在改善CRCI方面安全有效。未来有必要进行随机对照试验，研究远程瑜伽干预对BCS认知功能的影响。
{"title":"Feasibility of a remotely-delivered yoga intervention on cognitive function in breast cancer survivors: a mixed-methods study","authors":"Alyssa R. Neville, Lori J. Bernstein, Catherine M. Sabiston, Jennifer M. Jones, Linda Trinh","doi":"10.3389/fcogn.2023.1286844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1286844","url":null,"abstract":"Background Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is a common, persistent quality of life complaint among breast cancer survivors (BCS), however there remain no proven treatments. There is emerging evidence that aerobic exercise and yoga may improve CRCI. There remains limited research on the safety and feasibility of virtually-supervised, remotely-delivered yoga interventions among cancer survivors, and no yoga studies to date have assessed cognitive function as a primary outcome in BCS. The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of an 8-week, remotely-delivered yoga intervention and examine its impact on cognitive function, fatigue, and exercise levels in BCS using a concurrent mixed-methods design. Methods Participants completed objective and self-report cognitive function measures (NIH Toolbox remote cognitive battery, PsyToolkit Task Switch test, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function [FACT-Cog3]); fatigue (Revised-Piper Fatigue Scale); and exercise activity level (modified Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire) before and after the yoga intervention. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted post-intervention to understand participants' experiences with the yoga intervention, CRCI, and fatigue. Results The intervention surpassed a priori feasibility indicators (adherence rate = 83.7%, attrition rate = 5.4%, no adverse events). Participants ( n = 18, M age = 52.2 ± 10.1) had significant improvements in objective memory, fatigue, and weekly minutes of moderate-to-vigorous exercise post-intervention. Qualitative themes indicated that participants found the remote intervention to be enjoyable and beneficial. Conclusions In this small proof-of-concept study, remotely-delivered yoga appears safe and effective at improving CRCI. Future randomized controlled trials examining the impact of remotely-delivered yoga interventions on cognitive function in BCS are warranted.","PeriodicalId":94013,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cognition","volume":"31 20","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135973118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1258955
Stefania R. Ashby, Dagmar Zeithamova
Introduction Is retrieval practice always superior to restudy? In a classic study by Roediger and Karpicke, long-term retention of information contained in prose passages was found to be best when opportunities to restudy were replaced with opportunities to self-test. We were interested whether this striking benefit for repeated testing at the expense of any restudy replicates when study opportunities are brief, akin to a single mention of a fact in an academic lecture. We were also interested in whether restudying after a test would provide any additional benefits compared to restudying before test. Method In the current study, participants encountered academically relevant facts a total of three times; each time either studied (S) or self-tested (T). During study, participants predicted how likely they were to remember each fact in the future. During self-test, participants performed covert cued recall and self-reported their recall success. Final test followed immediately or after a delay (Experiment 1: 2 days, Experiment 2: 7 days). Results Contrary to prior work, long-term memory was superior for facts the were restudied in addition to self-tested (SST > STT = SSS). We further investigated whether restudy after a test (STS) provides additional benefits compared to restudy before test (SST). Restudying after a retrieval attempt provided an additional benefit compared to restudying before a retrieval attempt on an immediate test, but this benefit did not carry over a delay. Finally, exploratory analyses indicated that restudy after test improved the accuracy of participants' subjective predictions of encoding success. Discussion Together, our results qualify prior work on the benefits of repeated testing, indicating that balancing testing with repetition may allow for more information to be learned and retained. These findings offer new insights into the conditions that promote encoding and long-term retention, provide new constraints for existing cognitive theories of testing effects, and have practical implications for education.
{"title":"A combination of restudy and retrieval practice maximizes retention of briefly encountered facts","authors":"Stefania R. Ashby, Dagmar Zeithamova","doi":"10.3389/fcogn.2023.1258955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1258955","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Is retrieval practice always superior to restudy? In a classic study by Roediger and Karpicke, long-term retention of information contained in prose passages was found to be best when opportunities to restudy were replaced with opportunities to self-test. We were interested whether this striking benefit for repeated testing at the expense of any restudy replicates when study opportunities are brief, akin to a single mention of a fact in an academic lecture. We were also interested in whether restudying after a test would provide any additional benefits compared to restudying before test. Method In the current study, participants encountered academically relevant facts a total of three times; each time either studied (S) or self-tested (T). During study, participants predicted how likely they were to remember each fact in the future. During self-test, participants performed covert cued recall and self-reported their recall success. Final test followed immediately or after a delay (Experiment 1: 2 days, Experiment 2: 7 days). Results Contrary to prior work, long-term memory was superior for facts the were restudied in addition to self-tested (SST > STT = SSS). We further investigated whether restudy after a test (STS) provides additional benefits compared to restudy before test (SST). Restudying after a retrieval attempt provided an additional benefit compared to restudying before a retrieval attempt on an immediate test, but this benefit did not carry over a delay. Finally, exploratory analyses indicated that restudy after test improved the accuracy of participants' subjective predictions of encoding success. Discussion Together, our results qualify prior work on the benefits of repeated testing, indicating that balancing testing with repetition may allow for more information to be learned and retained. These findings offer new insights into the conditions that promote encoding and long-term retention, provide new constraints for existing cognitive theories of testing effects, and have practical implications for education.","PeriodicalId":94013,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cognition","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136013517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1216459
Andrea Dissegna, W. Gerbino, C. Fantoni
In the Gerbino illusion a regular but coincidentally occluded polygon appears distorted. Such a display represents a critical condition for amodal completion (AC), in which the smooth continuations of contour fragments—however small—conflict with their possible monotonic interpolation. Smoothness and monotonicity are considered the fundamental constraints of AC at the contour level. To account for the Gerbino illusion we contrasted two models derived from alternative AC frameworks: visual interpolation, based on the literal representation of contour fragments, vs. visual approximation, which tolerates a small misorientation of contour fragments, compatible with smoothness and monotonicity constraints. To measure the perceived misorientation of sides of coincidentally occluded angles we introduced a novel technique for analyzing data from a multiple probe adjustment task. An unsupervised cluster analysis of errors in extrapolation and tilt adjustments revealed that the distortion observed in the Gerbino illusion is consistent with visual approximation and, in particular, with the concatenation of misoriented and locally shrinked amodally completed angles. Implications of our technique and obtained results shed new light on visual completion processes.
{"title":"Amodal completion of coincidentally occluded angles: a matter of visual approximation","authors":"Andrea Dissegna, W. Gerbino, C. Fantoni","doi":"10.3389/fcogn.2023.1216459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1216459","url":null,"abstract":"In the Gerbino illusion a regular but coincidentally occluded polygon appears distorted. Such a display represents a critical condition for amodal completion (AC), in which the smooth continuations of contour fragments—however small—conflict with their possible monotonic interpolation. Smoothness and monotonicity are considered the fundamental constraints of AC at the contour level. To account for the Gerbino illusion we contrasted two models derived from alternative AC frameworks: visual interpolation, based on the literal representation of contour fragments, vs. visual approximation, which tolerates a small misorientation of contour fragments, compatible with smoothness and monotonicity constraints. To measure the perceived misorientation of sides of coincidentally occluded angles we introduced a novel technique for analyzing data from a multiple probe adjustment task. An unsupervised cluster analysis of errors in extrapolation and tilt adjustments revealed that the distortion observed in the Gerbino illusion is consistent with visual approximation and, in particular, with the concatenation of misoriented and locally shrinked amodally completed angles. Implications of our technique and obtained results shed new light on visual completion processes.","PeriodicalId":94013,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cognition","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73443202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1100911
N. V. Gredin, Joseph L. Thomas, David P. Broadbent, B. Fawver, A. M. Williams
We examined skilled-based differences in the impact of exposure to an opponent with action tendencies that were either independent of, dependent on, or both independent of and dependent on evolving environmental information during anticipation.A video-based two-vs.-two soccer task was employed, where 14 expert and 14 novice soccer players had to predict an attacking opponent's imminent actions, before and after exposure to the preceding actions of the opponent.Anticipation accuracy, number of responses congruent with the opponent's action tendencies, response confidence, and visual dwell time on the opponent in possession increased following opponent exposure, both in experts and novices. When compared to novices, experts demonstrated higher anticipation accuracy, more congruent responses, and greater response confidence. Novices performed at their best when the opponent exhibited action tendencies that were independent of the environment, whereas experts demonstrated their highest performance when the opponent had action tendencies that were both independent of and dependent on unfolding environmental information.Our findings provide novel insights into the role of context-environment dependency and support the notion that experts are superior to novices in detecting and utilizing opponents' action tendencies and integrating this information with unfolding environmental information during anticipation.
{"title":"Skill-based differences in the impact of opponent exposure during anticipation: the role of context-environment dependency","authors":"N. V. Gredin, Joseph L. Thomas, David P. Broadbent, B. Fawver, A. M. Williams","doi":"10.3389/fcogn.2023.1100911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1100911","url":null,"abstract":"We examined skilled-based differences in the impact of exposure to an opponent with action tendencies that were either independent of, dependent on, or both independent of and dependent on evolving environmental information during anticipation.A video-based two-vs.-two soccer task was employed, where 14 expert and 14 novice soccer players had to predict an attacking opponent's imminent actions, before and after exposure to the preceding actions of the opponent.Anticipation accuracy, number of responses congruent with the opponent's action tendencies, response confidence, and visual dwell time on the opponent in possession increased following opponent exposure, both in experts and novices. When compared to novices, experts demonstrated higher anticipation accuracy, more congruent responses, and greater response confidence. Novices performed at their best when the opponent exhibited action tendencies that were independent of the environment, whereas experts demonstrated their highest performance when the opponent had action tendencies that were both independent of and dependent on unfolding environmental information.Our findings provide novel insights into the role of context-environment dependency and support the notion that experts are superior to novices in detecting and utilizing opponents' action tendencies and integrating this information with unfolding environmental information during anticipation.","PeriodicalId":94013,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cognition","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91159603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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