Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1155031
Q. Vuong, E. Geangu
Body expressions provide important perceptual cues to recognize emotions in others. By adulthood, people are very good at using body expressions for emotion recognition. Thus an important research question is: How does emotion processing of body expressions develop, particularly during the critical first 2-years and into early childhood? To answer this question, we conducted a meta-analysis of developmental studies that use body stimuli to quantity infants' and young children's ability to discriminate and process emotions from body expressions at different ages. The evidence from our review converges on the finding that infants and children can process emotion expressions across a wide variety of body stimuli and experimental paradigms, and that emotion-processing abilities do not vary with age. We discuss limitations and gaps in the literature in relation to a prominent view that infants learn to extract perceptual cues from different sources about people's emotions under different environmental and social contexts, and suggest naturalistic approaches to further advance our understanding of the development of emotion processing of body expressions.
{"title":"The development of emotion processing of body expressions from infancy to early childhood: A meta-analysis","authors":"Q. Vuong, E. Geangu","doi":"10.3389/fcogn.2023.1155031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1155031","url":null,"abstract":"Body expressions provide important perceptual cues to recognize emotions in others. By adulthood, people are very good at using body expressions for emotion recognition. Thus an important research question is: How does emotion processing of body expressions develop, particularly during the critical first 2-years and into early childhood? To answer this question, we conducted a meta-analysis of developmental studies that use body stimuli to quantity infants' and young children's ability to discriminate and process emotions from body expressions at different ages. The evidence from our review converges on the finding that infants and children can process emotion expressions across a wide variety of body stimuli and experimental paradigms, and that emotion-processing abilities do not vary with age. We discuss limitations and gaps in the literature in relation to a prominent view that infants learn to extract perceptual cues from different sources about people's emotions under different environmental and social contexts, and suggest naturalistic approaches to further advance our understanding of the development of emotion processing of body expressions.","PeriodicalId":94013,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cognition","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75639577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1113082
Yang Qu, Zexi Zhou, Taeho Lee
Children and their parents are wired to connect as it provides the foundation for developing children to adapt to an increasingly complex environment. Although extensive studies demonstrate the importance of parent-child dyadic similarity at the behavioral, psychological, and physiological levels in fostering children's learning and psychological wellbeing, little is known about parent-child similarity at the neural level until recently. Drawing on our own work and the work by other scholars, this review summarizes recent advances in empirical research on parent-child neural similarity. Specifically, this review elaborates the theoretical importance of studying parent-child neural similarity and showcases how parent-child neural similarity is assessed using different neuroimaging approaches. We further synthesize empirical evidence about the contextual and individual factors that may contribute to variability in parent-child neural similarity, summarize how such neural similarity is related to different aspects of child adjustment, and highlight important directions for future research. Taken together, we hope that this integrative review can demonstrate cutting-edge research that explores neural similarity in parent-child dyads, and provide researchers with a clear roadmap to examine parent-child neural similarity in order to gain a better understanding of parental socialization process and brain development.
{"title":"Parent-child neural similarity: Measurements, antecedents, and consequences","authors":"Yang Qu, Zexi Zhou, Taeho Lee","doi":"10.3389/fcogn.2023.1113082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1113082","url":null,"abstract":"Children and their parents are wired to connect as it provides the foundation for developing children to adapt to an increasingly complex environment. Although extensive studies demonstrate the importance of parent-child dyadic similarity at the behavioral, psychological, and physiological levels in fostering children's learning and psychological wellbeing, little is known about parent-child similarity at the neural level until recently. Drawing on our own work and the work by other scholars, this review summarizes recent advances in empirical research on parent-child neural similarity. Specifically, this review elaborates the theoretical importance of studying parent-child neural similarity and showcases how parent-child neural similarity is assessed using different neuroimaging approaches. We further synthesize empirical evidence about the contextual and individual factors that may contribute to variability in parent-child neural similarity, summarize how such neural similarity is related to different aspects of child adjustment, and highlight important directions for future research. Taken together, we hope that this integrative review can demonstrate cutting-edge research that explores neural similarity in parent-child dyads, and provide researchers with a clear roadmap to examine parent-child neural similarity in order to gain a better understanding of parental socialization process and brain development.","PeriodicalId":94013,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cognition","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87983152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-23DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1125700
Michèle C. Muhmenthaler, M. Dubravac, B. Meier
In order to cope with cognitive conflicts, attention and knowledge are required. In some conditions, cognitive conflicts can boost subsequent memory and in other conditions, they can attenuate subsequent memory. The goal of the present study is to provide a narrative review of studies from the last decade in which Stroop or flanker conflicts, task switching, perceptual disfluency or semantic incongruence were manipulated at study. We propose an integrative framework considering attentional mechanisms and knowledge structures. Attentional mechanisms can refer to conflict resolution, which is required to explain the memory benefit for incongruent stimuli in Stroop and Flanker paradigms. Attentional mechanisms can also refer to attention allocation, which is required to explain the memory cost for targets and the memory benefit for task-irrelevant distractors in task-switching paradigms. Moreover, attention allocation policies can also account for the inconsistent results for perceptual disfluency manipulations. Prior knowledge is required to explain effects of semantic congruency and incongruency: Information that is expected, or congruent with prior knowledge, is better remembered, namely by pre-existing schemata. Moreover, information that is unexpected or incongruent with prior knowledge attracts attention and is better remembered. The impact of prior knowledge on memory performance thus results in a U-shape function. We integrate the findings according to this framework and suggest directions for future research.
{"title":"How attention and knowledge modulate memory: The differential impact of cognitive conflicts on subsequent memory—A review of a decade of research","authors":"Michèle C. Muhmenthaler, M. Dubravac, B. Meier","doi":"10.3389/fcogn.2023.1125700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1125700","url":null,"abstract":"In order to cope with cognitive conflicts, attention and knowledge are required. In some conditions, cognitive conflicts can boost subsequent memory and in other conditions, they can attenuate subsequent memory. The goal of the present study is to provide a narrative review of studies from the last decade in which Stroop or flanker conflicts, task switching, perceptual disfluency or semantic incongruence were manipulated at study. We propose an integrative framework considering attentional mechanisms and knowledge structures. Attentional mechanisms can refer to conflict resolution, which is required to explain the memory benefit for incongruent stimuli in Stroop and Flanker paradigms. Attentional mechanisms can also refer to attention allocation, which is required to explain the memory cost for targets and the memory benefit for task-irrelevant distractors in task-switching paradigms. Moreover, attention allocation policies can also account for the inconsistent results for perceptual disfluency manipulations. Prior knowledge is required to explain effects of semantic congruency and incongruency: Information that is expected, or congruent with prior knowledge, is better remembered, namely by pre-existing schemata. Moreover, information that is unexpected or incongruent with prior knowledge attracts attention and is better remembered. The impact of prior knowledge on memory performance thus results in a U-shape function. We integrate the findings according to this framework and suggest directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":94013,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cognition","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77145475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-15DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1145854
R. V. D. Van der Lubbe, Bartłomiej Panek, Ivania Jahangier, Dariusz Asanowicz
Introduction External spatial attention refers to the selection of currently present information at a specific external location, whereas internal spatial attention refers to the selection of stored information in short-term memory initially presented at a specific location. Electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) studies revealed that these two types of selection may involve the same underlying neural mechanism as in both cases a reduction in posterior alpha power was observed. However, the posterior alpha rhythm may consist of different components, which can even be related to opposite behavioral effects. Furthermore, the employed paradigms to study both selection processes are often quite different, which makes a proper comparison cumbersome. Methods In the current EEG experiment, two-stimulus displays were preceded or followed by non-spatial pre-cues and post-cues that specified the target, thereby minimizing procedural differences. Results Results of time-frequency analyses revealed that in both cue conditions the selection of relevant information was associated with an increase of ipsilateral vs. contralateral posterior alpha power. An opposite effect, an increase in contralateral vs. ipsilateral posterior power was observed in the theta-band, but only in the pre-cue condition. This activity was related to stimulus onset and likely reflects target selection. To assess attention-related connectivity, we separated posterior alpha power in a medial-parietal and two parieto-occipital sources and computed alpha phase coherence between these sources. Results revealed that in both cue conditions, increased ipsilateral vs. contralateral connectivity in the alpha band was present between the medial-parietal and parieto-occipital sources. Discussion The results seem to reflect a modulation from parietal to occipital areas, providing support for the view that internal and external spatial attention share a common neural mechanism.
{"title":"Lateralized connectivity in the alpha band between parietal and occipital sources when spatial attention is externally and internally directed","authors":"R. V. D. Van der Lubbe, Bartłomiej Panek, Ivania Jahangier, Dariusz Asanowicz","doi":"10.3389/fcogn.2023.1145854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1145854","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction External spatial attention refers to the selection of currently present information at a specific external location, whereas internal spatial attention refers to the selection of stored information in short-term memory initially presented at a specific location. Electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) studies revealed that these two types of selection may involve the same underlying neural mechanism as in both cases a reduction in posterior alpha power was observed. However, the posterior alpha rhythm may consist of different components, which can even be related to opposite behavioral effects. Furthermore, the employed paradigms to study both selection processes are often quite different, which makes a proper comparison cumbersome. Methods In the current EEG experiment, two-stimulus displays were preceded or followed by non-spatial pre-cues and post-cues that specified the target, thereby minimizing procedural differences. Results Results of time-frequency analyses revealed that in both cue conditions the selection of relevant information was associated with an increase of ipsilateral vs. contralateral posterior alpha power. An opposite effect, an increase in contralateral vs. ipsilateral posterior power was observed in the theta-band, but only in the pre-cue condition. This activity was related to stimulus onset and likely reflects target selection. To assess attention-related connectivity, we separated posterior alpha power in a medial-parietal and two parieto-occipital sources and computed alpha phase coherence between these sources. Results revealed that in both cue conditions, increased ipsilateral vs. contralateral connectivity in the alpha band was present between the medial-parietal and parieto-occipital sources. Discussion The results seem to reflect a modulation from parietal to occipital areas, providing support for the view that internal and external spatial attention share a common neural mechanism.","PeriodicalId":94013,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cognition","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80998655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-13DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1128442
F. G. Luna, María Julieta Aguirre, E. Martín-Arévalo, A. Ibanez, J. Lupiáñez, P. Barttfeld
Introduction Vigilance is the challenging ability to maintain attention during long periods. When performing prolonged tasks, vigilance failures are often observed, reflecting a decrease in performance. Previous research has shown that changes in oscillatory rhythms are associated with states of vigilance loss. The present study aimed to investigate whether changes in different oscillatory rhythms anticipate failures in two vigilance components: (a) executive vigilance –necessary to detect infrequent critical signals– and (b) arousal vigilance –necessary to maintain a fast reaction to environmental stimuli without much control–. Methods 37 young adults (age: M = 25.86; SD = 4.99) completed two experimental sessions in which high-density electroencephalography signal was recorded while they performed the Attentional Networks Test for Interactions and Vigilance – executive and arousal components, a task that simultaneously measures executive and arousal vigilance along with others attentional functions. Changes in delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma power before target onset were analyzed at the trial level in the executive and the arousal vigilance subtasks and as a function of the behavioral response. Results Changes in different oscillatory rhythms were observed prior to failures in executive and arousal vigilance. While increased alpha power in left occipital regions anticipated misses in the executive vigilance subtask, increased delta power in frontal-central regions anticipated very slow responses in the arousal vigilance subtask. Discussion The present results further support an empirical dissociation at the neural level between executive and arousal vigilance. Changes in alpha –in left occipital regions– and delta –in frontal-central regions– power might be identified as different brain states associated with loss in vigilance components when performing prolonged tasks.
{"title":"Different oscillatory rhythms anticipate failures in executive and arousal vigilance","authors":"F. G. Luna, María Julieta Aguirre, E. Martín-Arévalo, A. Ibanez, J. Lupiáñez, P. Barttfeld","doi":"10.3389/fcogn.2023.1128442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1128442","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Vigilance is the challenging ability to maintain attention during long periods. When performing prolonged tasks, vigilance failures are often observed, reflecting a decrease in performance. Previous research has shown that changes in oscillatory rhythms are associated with states of vigilance loss. The present study aimed to investigate whether changes in different oscillatory rhythms anticipate failures in two vigilance components: (a) executive vigilance –necessary to detect infrequent critical signals– and (b) arousal vigilance –necessary to maintain a fast reaction to environmental stimuli without much control–. Methods 37 young adults (age: M = 25.86; SD = 4.99) completed two experimental sessions in which high-density electroencephalography signal was recorded while they performed the Attentional Networks Test for Interactions and Vigilance – executive and arousal components, a task that simultaneously measures executive and arousal vigilance along with others attentional functions. Changes in delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma power before target onset were analyzed at the trial level in the executive and the arousal vigilance subtasks and as a function of the behavioral response. Results Changes in different oscillatory rhythms were observed prior to failures in executive and arousal vigilance. While increased alpha power in left occipital regions anticipated misses in the executive vigilance subtask, increased delta power in frontal-central regions anticipated very slow responses in the arousal vigilance subtask. Discussion The present results further support an empirical dissociation at the neural level between executive and arousal vigilance. Changes in alpha –in left occipital regions– and delta –in frontal-central regions– power might be identified as different brain states associated with loss in vigilance components when performing prolonged tasks.","PeriodicalId":94013,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cognition","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73637258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-08DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1124286
Siyi Chen, Zhuanghua Shi, Gizem Vural, H. Müller, T. Geyer
In search tasks, reaction times become faster when the target is repeatedly encountered at a fixed position within a consistent spatial arrangement of distractor items, compared to random arrangements. Such “contextual cueing” is also obtained when the predictive distractor context is provided by a non-target modality. Thus, in tactile search, finding a target defined by a deviant vibro-tactile pattern (delivered to one fingertip) from the patterns at other, distractor (fingertip) locations is facilitated not only when the configuration of tactile distractors is predictive of the target location, but also when a configuration of (collocated) visual distractors is predictive—where intramodal-tactile cueing is mediated by a somatotopic and crossmodal-visuotactile cueing by a spatiotopic reference frame. This raises the question of whether redundant multisensory, tactile-plus-visual contexts would enhance contextual cueing of tactile search over and above the level attained by unisensory contexts alone. To address this, we implemented a tactile search task in which, in 50% of the trials in a “multisensory” phase, the tactile target location was predicted by both the tactile and the visual distractor context; in the other 50%, as well as a “unisensory” phase, the target location was solely predicted by the tactile context. We observed no redundancy gains by multisensory-visuotactile contexts, compared to unisensory-tactile contexts. This argues that the reference frame for contextual learning is determined by the task-critical modality (somatotopic coordinates for tactile search). And whether redundant predictive contexts from another modality (vision) can enhance contextual cueing depends on the availability of the corresponding spatial (spatiotopic-visual to somatotopic-tactile) remapping routines.
{"title":"Statistical context learning in tactile search: Crossmodally redundant, visuo-tactile contexts fail to enhance contextual cueing","authors":"Siyi Chen, Zhuanghua Shi, Gizem Vural, H. Müller, T. Geyer","doi":"10.3389/fcogn.2023.1124286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1124286","url":null,"abstract":"In search tasks, reaction times become faster when the target is repeatedly encountered at a fixed position within a consistent spatial arrangement of distractor items, compared to random arrangements. Such “contextual cueing” is also obtained when the predictive distractor context is provided by a non-target modality. Thus, in tactile search, finding a target defined by a deviant vibro-tactile pattern (delivered to one fingertip) from the patterns at other, distractor (fingertip) locations is facilitated not only when the configuration of tactile distractors is predictive of the target location, but also when a configuration of (collocated) visual distractors is predictive—where intramodal-tactile cueing is mediated by a somatotopic and crossmodal-visuotactile cueing by a spatiotopic reference frame. This raises the question of whether redundant multisensory, tactile-plus-visual contexts would enhance contextual cueing of tactile search over and above the level attained by unisensory contexts alone. To address this, we implemented a tactile search task in which, in 50% of the trials in a “multisensory” phase, the tactile target location was predicted by both the tactile and the visual distractor context; in the other 50%, as well as a “unisensory” phase, the target location was solely predicted by the tactile context. We observed no redundancy gains by multisensory-visuotactile contexts, compared to unisensory-tactile contexts. This argues that the reference frame for contextual learning is determined by the task-critical modality (somatotopic coordinates for tactile search). And whether redundant predictive contexts from another modality (vision) can enhance contextual cueing depends on the availability of the corresponding spatial (spatiotopic-visual to somatotopic-tactile) remapping routines.","PeriodicalId":94013,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cognition","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89614522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-02DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1027259
Sarah A. Sauvé, Praveena Satkunarajah, B. Zendel
Introduction The tonal hierarchy is a perceived musical structure implicitly learned through exposure. Previous studies have demonstrated that new grammars, for example based on the Bohlen-Pierce scale, can be learned in as little as 20 minutes. Methods In this study, we created two grammars derived from the Bohlen-Pierce scale similar in complexity to the western tonal hierarchy. Participants rated the goodness-of-fit of all Bohlen-Pierce scale notes in a probe tone paradigm before and after 30 minutes of exposure to one of the two grammars. Participants were then asked about their experience in a short interview. Results Results do not support the learning of the artificial grammar: correlations between goodness-of-fit ratings and pitch frequency distribution of a grammar were no different before and after exposure to a grammar. Interviews suggest that participants are bad at identifying the strategy they used to complete the task. Testing the strategies reported on the data revealed that ratings decreased with increasing distance of the probe tone from the tonic. Discussion This is consistent with early brain responses to chromatic pitches of the tonal hierarchy. We suggest that longer exposure time is necessary to learn more complex grammars.
{"title":"Tracking the emergence of a pitch hierarchy using an artificial grammar requires extended exposure","authors":"Sarah A. Sauvé, Praveena Satkunarajah, B. Zendel","doi":"10.3389/fcogn.2023.1027259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1027259","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction The tonal hierarchy is a perceived musical structure implicitly learned through exposure. Previous studies have demonstrated that new grammars, for example based on the Bohlen-Pierce scale, can be learned in as little as 20 minutes. Methods In this study, we created two grammars derived from the Bohlen-Pierce scale similar in complexity to the western tonal hierarchy. Participants rated the goodness-of-fit of all Bohlen-Pierce scale notes in a probe tone paradigm before and after 30 minutes of exposure to one of the two grammars. Participants were then asked about their experience in a short interview. Results Results do not support the learning of the artificial grammar: correlations between goodness-of-fit ratings and pitch frequency distribution of a grammar were no different before and after exposure to a grammar. Interviews suggest that participants are bad at identifying the strategy they used to complete the task. Testing the strategies reported on the data revealed that ratings decreased with increasing distance of the probe tone from the tonic. Discussion This is consistent with early brain responses to chromatic pitches of the tonal hierarchy. We suggest that longer exposure time is necessary to learn more complex grammars.","PeriodicalId":94013,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cognition","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86746586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1125145
J. Ortiz-Tudela, L. Jiménez, J. Lupiáñez
Visual processes are assumed to be affected by scene-object semantics throughout the stream of processing, from the earliest processes of conscious object detection to the later stages of object identification and memory encoding. However, very few studies have jointly explored these processes in a unified setting. In this study, we build upon a change detection task to assess the influence of semantic congruity between scenes and objects across three processing stages, as indexed through measures of conscious detection, object identification, and delayed recognition. Across four experiments, we show that semantically incongruent targets are easier to detect than their congruent counterparts, but that the latter are better identified and recognized in a surprise memory test. In addition, we used eye-tracking measures, in conjunction with these three behavioral indexes, to further understand the locus of the advantage observed in each case. The results indicate that (i) competition with other congruent objects modulates the effects of congruity on target detection, but it does not affect identification nor recognition memory, (ii) the detection cost of scene-congruent targets is mediated by earlier fixations on incongruent targets, (iii) neither fixation times, dwell times, nor pupil dilatation are related to the effects obtained in identification and recognition; and (iv) even though congruent targets are both better identified and remembered, the recognition benefit does not depend on the identification demands. The transversal approach taken in this study represents a challenging but exciting perspective that holds the potential to build bridges over the seemingly different but related fields of conscious detection, semantic identification, and episodic memory.
{"title":"Scene-object semantic incongruity across stages of processing: From detection to identification and episodic encoding","authors":"J. Ortiz-Tudela, L. Jiménez, J. Lupiáñez","doi":"10.3389/fcogn.2023.1125145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1125145","url":null,"abstract":"Visual processes are assumed to be affected by scene-object semantics throughout the stream of processing, from the earliest processes of conscious object detection to the later stages of object identification and memory encoding. However, very few studies have jointly explored these processes in a unified setting. In this study, we build upon a change detection task to assess the influence of semantic congruity between scenes and objects across three processing stages, as indexed through measures of conscious detection, object identification, and delayed recognition. Across four experiments, we show that semantically incongruent targets are easier to detect than their congruent counterparts, but that the latter are better identified and recognized in a surprise memory test. In addition, we used eye-tracking measures, in conjunction with these three behavioral indexes, to further understand the locus of the advantage observed in each case. The results indicate that (i) competition with other congruent objects modulates the effects of congruity on target detection, but it does not affect identification nor recognition memory, (ii) the detection cost of scene-congruent targets is mediated by earlier fixations on incongruent targets, (iii) neither fixation times, dwell times, nor pupil dilatation are related to the effects obtained in identification and recognition; and (iv) even though congruent targets are both better identified and remembered, the recognition benefit does not depend on the identification demands. The transversal approach taken in this study represents a challenging but exciting perspective that holds the potential to build bridges over the seemingly different but related fields of conscious detection, semantic identification, and episodic memory.","PeriodicalId":94013,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cognition","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89229041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-23DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1018096
Kaitlin M. Lewin, Dar Meshi, Fashina Aladé, Erica Lescht, Caryn Herring, Dhatri S. Devaraju, Amanda Hampton Wray
Children's screentime has been linked with a variety of behavioral consequences, including decreased inhibitory control. While children's screentime is associated with distinct functional brain differences, the links between screentime and neural markers of inhibitory control are unknown. Therefore, we examined these relationships in a pilot study using a Go/No-Go task (N = 20). After controlling for age, increased child screentime was significantly correlated with reduced P2 and P3 amplitudes elicited by No-Go trials. No significant relationships were observed with behavioral accuracy or response time. These findings indicate that children with greater screentime exhibit less robust neural processes for inhibitory control. Limitations and future directions are discussed within these preliminary findings.
{"title":"Children's screentime is associated with reduced brain activation during an inhibitory control task: A pilot EEG study","authors":"Kaitlin M. Lewin, Dar Meshi, Fashina Aladé, Erica Lescht, Caryn Herring, Dhatri S. Devaraju, Amanda Hampton Wray","doi":"10.3389/fcogn.2023.1018096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1018096","url":null,"abstract":"Children's screentime has been linked with a variety of behavioral consequences, including decreased inhibitory control. While children's screentime is associated with distinct functional brain differences, the links between screentime and neural markers of inhibitory control are unknown. Therefore, we examined these relationships in a pilot study using a Go/No-Go task (N = 20). After controlling for age, increased child screentime was significantly correlated with reduced P2 and P3 amplitudes elicited by No-Go trials. No significant relationships were observed with behavioral accuracy or response time. These findings indicate that children with greater screentime exhibit less robust neural processes for inhibitory control. Limitations and future directions are discussed within these preliminary findings.","PeriodicalId":94013,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Cognition","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75366482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-18DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2022.1081181
Dorothy R. Buchli
Over a century's worth of research suggests that, for a variety of verbal and perceptual memory phenomena, retrieval modifies memory in two ways. First, retrieved information is strengthened and thus more easily retrieved on subsequent recall tests. Secondly, when information is stored or organized in memory in such a way that multiple representations share a common retrieval cue, and are thus subject to interference, related information that is not retrieved becomes less recallable. Such retrieval-induced forgetting is a highly robust and well-understood phenomenon. Over the past decade, several experiments have demonstrated that retrieval-induced forgetting also persists for motor responses–both simple and complex, and that this impairment is observed for representations stored in both declarative and procedural memory. While several review papers have focused on retrieval-induced forgetting of verbal and perceptual information, to date no literature review has focused exclusively on retrieval-induced forgetting of motor responses or actions. In addition, while retrieval-induced forgetting has been documented extensively within the domain of declarative memory, only a few papers have been published documenting retrieval-induced forgetting in procedural memory. Therefore, this review paper will explore these findings and their primary implications, most notably that when multiple motor programs are initiated via a shared retrieval cue, inhibitory suppression is recruited to decrease accessibility of related, but inappropriate actions in service of potentiating retrieval of appropriate actions. More broadly, the same processes that govern selective retrieval in cognition are implicated in the selective retrieval of motor actions.
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