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Type VI Collagen Deficiency Causes Enhanced Periodontal Tissue Destruction. VI 型胶原蛋白缺乏导致牙周组织破坏加剧
Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241256306
T Komori, V Kram, S Perry, H T Pham, P Jani, T M Kilts, K Watanabe, D G Kim, D Martin, M F Young

The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a fibrillar connective tissue that lies between the alveolar bone and the tooth and is composed of highly specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and a heterogeneous population of cells that are responsible for collagen formation, immune response, bone formation, and chewing force sensation. Type VI collagen (COL6), a widely distributed ECM molecule, plays a critical role in the structural integrity and mechanical properties of various tissues including muscle, tendon, bone, cartilage, and skin. However, its role in the PDL remains largely unknown. Our study shows that deficiency of COL6 impairs PDL fibrillogenesis and exacerbates tissue destruction in ligature-induced periodontitis (LIP). We found that COL6-deficient mice exhibited increased bone loss and degraded PDL in LIP and that fibroblasts expressing high levels of Col6α2 are pivotal in ECM organization and cell-ECM interactions. Moreover, COL6 deficiency in the PDL led to an increased number of fibroblasts geared toward the inflammatory response. We also observed that cultured COL6-deficient fibroblasts from the PDL exhibited decreased expression of genes related to collagen fiber turnover and ECM organization as well as migration and proliferation. Our findings suggest that COL6 plays a crucial role in the PDL, influencing fibroblast function in fibrillogenesis and affecting the immune response in periodontitis. These insights advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying PDL maturation and periodontal disease.

牙周韧带(PDL)是位于牙槽骨和牙齿之间的纤维结缔组织,由高度特化的细胞外基质(ECM)分子和负责胶原形成、免疫反应、骨形成和咀嚼力感觉的异质细胞群组成。六型胶原蛋白(COL6)是一种广泛分布的细胞外基质分子,在肌肉、肌腱、骨骼、软骨和皮肤等各种组织的结构完整性和机械性能方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而,它在 PDL 中的作用在很大程度上仍不为人所知。我们的研究表明,在结扎诱导的牙周炎(LIP)中,缺乏 COL6 会影响 PDL 纤维的生成并加剧组织破坏。我们发现,缺乏 COL6 的小鼠在 LIP 中表现出骨质流失增加和 PDL 降解,而表达高水平 Col6α2 的成纤维细胞在 ECM 组织和细胞-ECM 相互作用中起着关键作用。此外,PDL 中 COL6 的缺乏导致了炎症反应成纤维细胞数量的增加。我们还观察到,从 PDL 中培养出的 COL6 缺乏成纤维细胞表现出与胶原纤维周转和 ECM 组织以及迁移和增殖相关的基因表达减少。我们的研究结果表明,COL6 在 PDL 中起着至关重要的作用,它影响成纤维细胞在纤维生成过程中的功能,并影响牙周炎的免疫反应。这些见解加深了我们对 PDL 成熟和牙周疾病的分子机制的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Melatonin and Metformin Mitigate Doxorubicin-Induced Alveolar Bone Toxicity. 褪黑素和二甲双胍可减轻多柔比星诱发的肺泡骨毒性
Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241261980
B Srivichit, C Thonusin, R Aeimlapa, A Arinno, T Chunchai, N Charoenphandhu, N Chattipakorn, S C Chattipakorn

Evidence concerning the osteotoxic effects of chemotherapy (doxorubicin) has been previously described. Periodontitis also progressively increases in patients receiving chemotherapy; however, the beneficial effects of melatonin and metformin on the alleviation of doxorubicin-induced osteotoxicity have never been investigated. Therefore, we investigated the negative impact of doxorubicin on alveolar bone homeostasis and the benefits of melatonin and metformin on the attenuation of doxorubicin-induced alveolar bone toxicity. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups to receive either 1 mL of normal saline solution as a control group, 3 mg/kg of doxorubicin, 3 mg/kg of doxorubicin plus 10 mg/kg of melatonin, or 3 mg/kg of doxorubicin plus 250 mg/kg of metformin. Doxorubicin treatment was given on days 0, 4, 8, 15, 22, and 29, while interventions were given daily on days 0 to 29. Following euthanasia, blood and alveolar bones were collected for evaluation of oxidative stress, bone remodeling, inflammation, microarchitecture, and periodontal condition. We found that doxorubicin increased systemic oxidative stress, decreased antioxidative capacity, increased inflammation, decreased bone formation, increased bone reabsorption, impaired microarchitecture, and impaired periodontal condition of the alveolar bone. Although cotreatment with melatonin or metformin resulted in some improvement in these parameters, cotreatment with melatonin was more effective than cotreatment with metformin in terms of decreasing oxidative stress, reducing bone resorption, and improving microarchitecture and periodontal condition. All of these findings highlight the potential for antioxidants, especially melatonin, to ameliorate doxorubicin-induced alveolar bone toxicity.

化疗(多柔比星)对骨毒性的影响已有相关证据。然而,褪黑素和二甲双胍对缓解多柔比星引起的骨毒性的有益作用却从未被研究过。因此,我们研究了多柔比星对牙槽骨稳态的负面影响,以及褪黑素和二甲双胍对减轻多柔比星诱导的牙槽骨毒性的益处。雄性 Wistar 大鼠被分为 4 组,分别接受 1 mL 生理盐水作为对照组、3 mg/kg 多柔比星、3 mg/kg 多柔比星加 10 mg/kg 褪黑激素或 3 mg/kg 多柔比星加 250 mg/kg 二甲双胍。多柔比星治疗在第0、4、8、15、22和29天进行,而干预则在第0至29天每天进行。安乐死后,收集血液和牙槽骨以评估氧化应激、骨重塑、炎症、微结构和牙周状况。我们发现,多柔比星增加了全身氧化应激,降低了抗氧化能力,增加了炎症,减少了骨形成,增加了骨再吸收,损害了微结构,损害了牙槽骨的牙周状况。虽然褪黑素或二甲双胍联合治疗可在一定程度上改善这些参数,但在降低氧化应激、减少骨吸收、改善微结构和牙周状况方面,褪黑素联合治疗比二甲双胍联合治疗更有效。所有这些发现都凸显了抗氧化剂,尤其是褪黑素在改善多柔比星诱导的牙槽骨毒性方面的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Topical Vitamin D Prevents Bone Loss and Inflammation in a Mouse Model. 外用维生素 D 可防止小鼠模型中的骨质流失和炎症。
Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241259417
K L Kirkwood, T E Van Dyke, C L Kirkwood, L Zhang, J Panezai, A E Duran-Pinedo, E L Figgins, L K Ryan, J J Frias-Lopez, G Diamond

There is a strong association between vitamin D levels and periodontal disease based on numerous epidemiological studies. We have previously shown that experimental deficiency of serum vitamin D in mice leads to gingival inflammation and alveolar bone loss. Treatment of cultured oral epithelial cells with the active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), inhibits the extracellular growth and intracellular invasion of bacteria associated with periodontal disease. Maintenance of periodontal health may be due in part to the anti-inflammatory activities of vitamin D. Furthermore, this hormone can induce the expression of an antimicrobial peptide in cultured oral epithelial cells. We have shown that oral epithelial cells are capable of converting inactive vitamin D to the active form, suggesting that topical treatment of the oral epithelium with inactive vitamin D could prevent the development of periodontitis. We subjected mice to ligature-induced periodontitis (LIP), followed by daily treatment with inactive vitamin D or 1,25(OH)2D3. Treatment with both forms led to a reduction in ligature-induced bone loss and inflammation. Gingival tissues obtained from vitamin D-treated LIP showed production of specialized proresolving mediators (SPM) of inflammation. To examine the mechanism, we demonstrated that apical treatment of 3-dimensional cultures of primary gingival epithelial cells with vitamin D prevented lipopolysaccharide-induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and led to a similar production of SPM. Analysis of the oral microbiome of the mice treated with vitamin D showed significant changes in resident bacteria, which reflects a shift toward health-associated species. Together, our results show that topical treatment of oral tissues with inactive vitamin D can lead to the maintenance of periodontal health through the regulation of a healthy microbiome and the stimulation of resolution of inflammation. This strongly supports the development of a safe and effective vitamin D-based topical treatment or preventive agent for periodontal inflammation and disease.

根据大量流行病学研究,维生素 D 水平与牙周病之间存在密切联系。我们以前的研究表明,小鼠实验性血清维生素 D 缺乏会导致牙龈炎症和牙槽骨流失。用维生素 D 的活性形式--1,25(OH)2 维生素 D3(1,25(OH)2D3)处理培养的口腔上皮细胞,可抑制与牙周病相关的细菌的胞外生长和胞内侵袭。此外,这种激素还能诱导培养的口腔上皮细胞表达一种抗菌肽。我们已经证明,口腔上皮细胞能够将非活性维生素 D 转化为活性形式,这表明用非活性维生素 D 局部治疗口腔上皮细胞可以预防牙周炎的发生。我们对小鼠进行了结扎诱导的牙周炎(LIP)治疗,然后每天用非活性维生素 D 或 1,25(OH)2D3进行治疗。这两种维生素都能减少结扎诱发的骨质流失和炎症。从经维生素 D 处理的 LIP 中获得的牙龈组织显示,产生了专门的炎症促溶解介质(SPM)。为了研究其机理,我们证明了用维生素 D 对原代牙龈上皮细胞的三维培养物进行根尖处理可防止脂多糖诱导的促炎细胞因子的分泌,并导致产生类似的 SPM。对接受维生素 D 治疗的小鼠口腔微生物组的分析表明,常驻细菌发生了显著变化,这反映出小鼠口腔微生物组向与健康相关的菌种转变。总之,我们的研究结果表明,用非活性维生素 D 局部治疗口腔组织可通过调节健康的微生物群和刺激炎症消退来维持牙周健康。这有力地支持了以安全有效的维生素 D 为基础的牙周炎症和疾病局部治疗或预防剂的开发。
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引用次数: 0
Macrophage Polarization during MRONJ Development in Mice. 小鼠 MRONJ 发育过程中的巨噬细胞分化
Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241258990
A Soundia, N Elzakra, D Hadaya, I Gkouveris, O Bezouglaia, S Dry, T Aghaloo, S Tetradis

Macrophages are important regulators of bone remodeling, and M1 polarization is observed in the setting of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ). Here, we characterize the phenotype of macrophages during early stages of MRONJ development in zoledronate (ZA)-treated mice with periodontal disease and explore the role of rosiglitazone, a drug that has been reported to lower the M1/M2 macrophage ratio, in MRONJ burden. Mice received ZA, and experimental periodontal disease (EPD) was induced around their second left maxillary molar. The mice were euthanized 1, 2, or 4 wk later. Micro-computed tomography and histologic and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out. In a separate experiment, mice were treated with ZA in the absence or presence of rosiglitazone, EPD was induced for 5 wk, and the MRONJ burden was assessed. An M1 predilection was noted in ZA versus vehicle (Veh) mice at 1, 2, or 4 wk after ligature placement. M1 cells were found to be positive for MMP-13, and their presence coincided with disruption of the surrounding collagen network in ZA mice. Rosiglitazone caused a reversal in the M1/M2 polarization in Veh and ZA mice. Rosiglitazone did not cause significant radiographic changes 5 wk after EPD in Veh or ZA animals. Importantly, percentage osteonecrosis and bone exposure were decreased in the rosiglitazone-treated versus nontreated ZA sites 5 wk after EPD. Our data point to an important role of M1 macrophage polarization with an overexpression of MMP-13 in the early phases of MRONJ development and provide insight into the use of interventional approaches promoting an M2 phenotype as a preventative means to alleviate MRONJ burden.

巨噬细胞是骨重塑的重要调节因子,在药物相关性颌骨坏死(MRONJ)的情况下可观察到巨噬细胞的M1极化。在这里,我们描述了唑来膦酸钠(ZA)治疗的牙周病小鼠在MRONJ发展早期阶段巨噬细胞的表型,并探讨了罗格列酮(一种据报道能降低M1/M2巨噬细胞比例的药物)在MRONJ负担中的作用。小鼠接受ZA治疗,并在左侧第二颗上颌臼齿周围诱发实验性牙周病(EPD)。小鼠在1、2或4周后被安乐死。对小鼠进行显微计算机断层扫描、组织学和免疫组化分析。在另一项实验中,小鼠在无罗格列酮或有罗格列酮的情况下接受ZA治疗,诱导EPD 5周,并评估MRONJ负担。在结扎后1、2或4周时,ZA与载体(Veh)小鼠相比,发现M1偏好。发现 M1 细胞对 MMP-13 呈阳性反应,它们的存在与ZA 小鼠周围胶原网络的破坏相吻合。罗格列酮导致Veh和ZA小鼠的M1/M2极化发生逆转。罗格列酮不会导致Veh和ZA小鼠在EPD 5周后出现明显的放射学变化。重要的是,在EPD 5周后,罗格列酮处理的ZA部位与未处理的ZA部位相比,骨坏死和骨暴露的百分比均有所下降。我们的数据表明,M1巨噬细胞极化与MMP-13的过度表达在MRONJ发展的早期阶段起着重要作用,并为使用促进M2表型的干预方法作为减轻MRONJ负担的预防手段提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Fissure Sealants or Fluoride Varnish? A Randomized Pragmatic Split-Mouth Trial. 窝沟封闭剂还是氟化物清漆?随机务实分口试验
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241248630
M-M Uhlen-Strand, L Stangvaltaite-Mouhat, I Mdala, I Volden Klepaker, N J Wang, R Skudutyte-Rysstad

This study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness of resin-based fissure sealants (FS) and fluoride varnish (FV) in children at high caries risk. A practice-based split-mouth randomized clinical trial was conducted at 9 Public Dental Service (PDS) clinics in Norway. In total, 409 children age 6 to 10 y at high caries risk (d3mft > 0) meeting inclusion criteria were recruited by dentists and dental hygienists during routine examination. Eligibility criteria were 2 fully erupted first permanent molars (FPMs) in the same jaw, with sound occlusal surfaces or with initial caries. Participation was voluntary, caregivers and eligible children were informed about the study, and written parental consent was obtained. FS and FV were randomly applied on contralateral FPMs in the same jaw, with each participant serving as their own control. FS was applied at baseline and thereafter maintained according to clinicians' conventional procedures, whereas FV was applied at baseline, 6 mo, and 12 mo. The study outcome was success, with no need for invasive treatment (caries control), while failure was defined as dentin carious lesion or restoration. Two-level mixed-effects logistic regression analysis was used to compare FS and FV groups. Of 409 recruited children, 369 (90%) children/tooth pairs were examined after 36 mo. Intention-to-treat analysis showed 94.1% adjusted predicted probability (aPP) of success (95% confidence interval [CI] 91.7 to 96.4) in the FS group and 89.6% aPP (95% CI 86.5 to 92.7) in the FV group. In the adjusted analysis, the FV group had a lower OR for success compared with the FS group (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.87). In the population studied, the clinical effectiveness of FS was statistically significantly higher compared with FV but below the estimated minimal clinically important difference of 10%.

这项研究旨在比较树脂基窝沟封闭剂(FS)和氟化物清漆(FV)对高龋病风险儿童的临床效果。在挪威的9家公共牙科服务(PDS)诊所开展了一项基于实践的分口随机临床试验。牙医和牙科保健师在进行常规检查时,共招募了 409 名符合纳入标准的 6-10 岁龋齿高危儿童(d3mft > 0)。资格标准是同一颌骨内有两颗完全萌出的第一恒磨牙(FPM),咬合面完好或有初期龋齿。参与研究属自愿性质,护理人员和符合条件的儿童均已被告知研究内容,并已获得家长的书面同意。FS和FV随机应用于同一颌骨的对侧FPM,每个参与者作为自己的对照。FS在基线时使用,之后按照临床医生的常规程序进行维护,而FV则在基线、6个月和12个月时使用。研究结果为成功,即无需进行侵入性治疗(龋病控制),而失败则定义为牙本质龋损或修复。两级混合效应逻辑回归分析用于比较 FS 组和 FV 组。意向治疗分析显示,FS 组的成功调整预测概率(aPP)为 94.1%(95% 置信区间 [CI] 91.7 至 96.4),FV 组的成功调整预测概率(aPP)为 89.6%(95% 置信区间 [CI] 86.5 至 92.7)。在调整分析中,与 FS 组相比,FV 组的成功率较低(OR 0.54,95% CI 0.24 至 0.87)。在所研究的人群中,与 FV 相比,FS 的临床有效性在统计学上明显更高,但低于 10% 的最小临床重要性差异。
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引用次数: 0
New Monomer Capable of Dual Chemical Binding with Dentin to Improve Bonding Durability. 能与牙本质进行双重化学结合的新型单体,可提高粘接耐久性。
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241253526
H M Wang, K X Li, Z L Tian, Y L Zhu, X Y Liu, S H Yang, S W Qiao, S Zhu, Z S Shi

The water-rich nature of the dentin bonding microenvironment, coupled with the stresses on the bonding interface, contributes to the hydrolytic degradation of the hybrid layer, resulting in a decline in bonding durability and, ultimately, restoration failure. Currently, the 3-step etch-and-rinse technique remains the gold standard for dentin bonding, and the bonding mechanism mainly involves a physical interaction with little chemical bonding. In this study, we have developed a siloxane-modified polyurethane monomer (SPU) with acrylate and siloxane modifications that chemically binds to both collagen and hydroxyapatite in dentin. Formulated as a bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate alternative, the SPU monomer-based adhesive was designed to improve dentin bonding quality and durability. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, and hydroxyproline release assays were performed on SPU-treated collagen, hydroxyapatite, and acid-etched dentin slices to dentin. The physicochemical properties of the configured SPU adhesives were profiled for polymerization behavior, water contact angle, and tensile strain and strength. The bonding effectiveness was assessed through micro-tensile strength, nano-leakage tests conducted on the bonded samples before and after thermal cycle aging. Finally, we further conducted in vivo and in vitro experiments to assess the biocompatibility of adhesives. The results showed that the siloxane groups of SPU monomer could covalently bind to dentin collagen and hydroxyapatite. The incorporation of SPU in the adhesive led to a significant increase in adhesive polymerization (P < 0.05) and tensile strain at break up to 134.11%. Furthermore, the SPU adhesive significantly improved dentin bond strength (P < 0.05), reduced interfacial nano-leakage (P < 0.05), and displayed good biocompatibility. In conclusion, the application of SPU, which achieves dual chemical bonding with dentin, can improve the quality of the hybrid layer, buffer the interfacial stresses, enhance the interfacial resistance to hydrolysis, and provide a feasible strategy to extend the service life of adhesive restorations.

牙本质粘接微环境富含水分,再加上粘接界面上的应力,会导致混合层水解降解,导致粘接耐久性下降,最终导致修复失败。目前,三步蚀刻-冲洗技术仍是牙本质粘接的黄金标准,其粘接机制主要涉及物理相互作用,很少涉及化学粘接。在这项研究中,我们开发了一种硅氧烷改性聚氨酯单体(SPU),它具有丙烯酸酯和硅氧烷改性,能与牙本质中的胶原蛋白和羟基磷灰石发生化学结合。作为双酚 A-甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯的替代品,这种基于 SPU 单体的粘合剂旨在提高牙本质粘合质量和耐久性。在 SPU 处理过的胶原、羟基磷灰石和酸蚀牙本质切片上进行了衰减全反射傅立叶变换红外光谱、热重分析、X 射线光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和羟脯氨酸释放测定。对配置好的 SPU 粘合剂的物理化学特性进行了分析,包括聚合行为、水接触角、拉伸应变和强度。通过对热循环老化前后的粘合样本进行显微拉伸强度和纳米渗漏测试,评估了粘合效果。最后,我们进一步进行了体内和体外实验,以评估粘合剂的生物相容性。结果表明,SPU 单体的硅氧烷基团可与牙本质胶原和羟基磷灰石共价结合。在粘合剂中加入 SPU 后,粘合剂的聚合度显著提高(P < 0.05),断裂拉伸应变高达 134.11%。此外,SPU 粘合剂明显提高了牙本质粘接强度(P < 0.05),减少了界面纳米渗漏(P < 0.05),并显示出良好的生物相容性。总之,SPU 能与牙本质实现双重化学结合,可以提高混合层的质量,缓冲界面应力,增强界面抗水解性,为延长粘接修复体的使用寿命提供了一种可行的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Response to the Letter to the Editor, "Cannabinoids and Acute Dental Pain". 回应致编辑的信 "大麻素与急性牙痛"。
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241252118
V Chrepa, S Villasenor, A Mauney, G Kotsakis, L Macpherson
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引用次数: 0
Salivary Gland Tissue Recombination Can Modify Cell Fate. 唾液腺组织重组可改变细胞命运
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241247484
R Sekiguchi, D Martin, A D Doyle, S Wang, K M Yamada

Although mesenchyme is essential for inducing the epithelium of ectodermal organs, its precise role in organ-specific epithelial fate determination remains poorly understood. To elucidate the roles of tissue interactions in cellular differentiation, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing and imaging analyses on recombined tissues, where mesenchyme and epithelium were switched ex vivo between two types of embryonic mouse salivary glands: the parotid gland (a serous gland) and the submandibular gland (a predominantly mucous gland). We found partial induction of molecules that define gland-specific acinar and myoepithelial cells in recombined salivary epithelium. The parotid epithelium recombined with submandibular mesenchyme began to express mucous acinar genes not intrinsic to the parotid gland. While myoepithelial cells do not normally line parotid acini, newly induced myoepithelial cells densely populated recombined parotid acini. However, mucous acinar and myoepithelial markers continued to be expressed in submandibular epithelial cells recombined with parotid mesenchyme. Consequently, some epithelial cells appeared to be plastic, such that their fate could still be modified in response to mesenchymal signaling, whereas other epithelial cells appeared to be already committed to a specific fate. We also discovered evidence for bidirectional induction: transcriptional changes were observed not only in the epithelium but also in the mesenchyme after heterotypic tissue recombination. For example, parotid epithelium induced the expression of muscle-related genes in submandibular fibroblasts that began to mimic parotid fibroblast gene expression. These studies provide the first comprehensive unbiased molecular characterization of tissue recombination approaches exploring the regulation of cell fate.

尽管间充质对诱导外胚层器官的上皮至关重要,但其在器官特异性上皮命运决定中的确切作用仍鲜为人知。为了阐明组织相互作用在细胞分化中的作用,我们对重组组织进行了单细胞 RNA 测序和成像分析,在两种类型的胚胎小鼠唾液腺:腮腺(浆液腺)和颌下腺(主要是粘液腺)之间,间充质和上皮进行了体外交换。我们发现,在重组的唾液腺上皮细胞中,部分诱导了确定腺体特异性针状细胞和肌上皮细胞的分子。与颌下腺间质重组的腮腺上皮开始表达非腮腺固有的粘液性尖腺基因。虽然肌上皮细胞通常并不排列在腮腺尖部,但新诱导的肌上皮细胞密集地排列在重组的腮腺尖部。然而,在与腮腺间质重组的颌下腺上皮细胞中,粘液性尖锐湿疣和肌上皮标记物继续表达。因此,一些上皮细胞似乎具有可塑性,它们的命运仍可随着间质信号的传递而改变,而其他上皮细胞则似乎已经确定了特定的命运。我们还发现了双向诱导的证据:异型组织重组后,不仅上皮细胞,间质细胞也发生了转录变化。例如,腮腺上皮诱导了颌下腺成纤维细胞中肌肉相关基因的表达,这些成纤维细胞开始模仿腮腺成纤维细胞的基因表达。这些研究首次对探索细胞命运调控的组织重组方法进行了全面、无偏见的分子鉴定。
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引用次数: 0
We Are the Ones Who Make a Brighter Day. So, Let's Start Research!! 我们是创造美好生活的人。因此,让我们开始研究吧
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241253781
S Imazato
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to "Cannabidiol as an Alternative Analgesic for Acute Dental Pain". 大麻二酚作为急性牙痛的替代镇痛剂 "的更正。
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241257653
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of dental research
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