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The development of two fast genotyping assays for the differentiation of hemp from marijuana. 开发两种快速基因分型测定法,用于区分大麻和大麻。
Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15663
Ya-Chih Cheng, Rachel Houston

The legalization of hemp cultivation in the United States has raised the need for reliable methods to distinguish between legal hemp and illegal marijuana. Genetic analysis has emerged as a powerful tool, surpassing traditional chemical methods in specific aspects, such as analyzing trace amounts, aged samples, and different parts of the sample. Genetic differences in cannabinoid synthase genes offer promise for precise crop type determination, particularly focusing on genes like tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCAS), cannabidiolic acid synthase (CBDAS), and cannabichromenic acid synthase (CBCAS). However, previous research faced several challenges in developing discriminatory genetic markers, including limited sample sizes, high similarity between the synthase genes, and the presence of pseudo synthase genes. A comprehensive study using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) introduced a differentiation flowchart based on THCAS, CBDAS, and THCAS pseudogenes. To bridge the gap between NGS and the practical requirements of crime laboratories, two rapid genotyping assays were developed: a CE-based SNaPshot™ assay and a TaqMan™ real-time PCR assay. While the SNaPshot™ assay effectively differentiated various hemp and marijuana types, differentiation was limited with marijuana samples containing THC% close to the 0.3% legal threshold (0.3%-1%). The TaqMan™ qPCR SNP genotyping assay provided quicker results, making it an efficient choice for crime laboratories. However, this method had the same limitations as the SNaPshot™ assay with addtional challenges in differentiating edible hemp seed samples, and it did not provide additional CBD information. The study also highlighted the influence of two variants of one THCAS pseudogene on chemotype determination, emphasizing the necessity for precise genetic analysis for accurate categorization of cannabis varieties.

美国大麻种植的合法化促使人们需要可靠的方法来区分合法大麻和非法大麻。基因分析已成为一种强大的工具,在特定方面超越了传统的化学方法,如分析痕量、陈年样本和样本的不同部分。大麻素合成酶基因的遗传差异为精确确定作物类型带来了希望,尤其是对四氢大麻酚酸合成酶(THCAS)、大麻二醇酸合成酶(CBDAS)和大麻色氨酸合成酶(CBCAS)等基因的研究。然而,以往的研究在开发鉴别性遗传标记方面面临着一些挑战,包括样本量有限、合成酶基因之间的高度相似性以及伪合成酶基因的存在。一项利用新一代测序技术(NGS)进行的综合研究引入了基于 THCAS、CBDAS 和 THCAS 伪基因的区分流程图。为了缩小 NGS 与犯罪实验室实际要求之间的差距,开发了两种快速基因分型检测方法:基于 CE 的 SNaPshot™ 检测方法和 TaqMan™ 实时 PCR 检测方法。虽然 SNaPshot™ 分析法能有效区分各种大麻和大麻类型,但对于四氢大麻酚含量接近 0.3% 法定阈值(0.3%-1%)的大麻样本,其区分度有限。TaqMan™ qPCR SNP 基因分型检测法能更快地得出结果,是犯罪实验室的有效选择。不过,这种方法与 SNaPshot™ 分析法具有相同的局限性,在区分食用大麻籽样本方面存在额外的挑战,而且它不能提供额外的 CBD 信息。该研究还强调了一个 THCAS 伪基因的两个变体对化学型确定的影响,强调了精确遗传分析对准确划分大麻品种的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Relevant propositions for Y chromosome interpretation. Y 染色体解释的相关命题。
Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15669
Jo-Anne Bright, Mikkel Meyer Andersen, Duncan Taylor, Hannah Kelly, Maarten Kruijver, John Buckleton

The Y chromosomal haplotype is expected to be identical (or close to, depending on the mutation rate) among a male and many of his paternal relatives. This means that often the same evidential value for the DNA evidence is obtained, whether the true donor or one of his close paternal relatives is compared to a crime sample. Commentators (see for example the UK Forensic Science Regulator or Amorim) have suggested to change the proposition pair to compare the probability of the evidence if the Person of Interest (POI) or one of his close paternal relatives left the DNA to the probability of the evidence if an unrelated male from the population left the DNA. We argue that this is problematic because there is no clear definition of close paternal relatives and truly unrelated males do not exist. Instead, we take a starting point in the traditional proposition pair "The source of the male DNA is the POI" versus "The source of the male DNA is not the POI" and make the latter one operational by suggesting that it is formulated as "The source of the male DNA is a random man from the population". The issue of matching males in the POI's lineage is then addressed either in a comment in the statement or directly through a probability model.

预计男性及其许多父系亲属的 Y 染色体单倍型是相同的(或接近相同,取决于突变率)。这意味着,无论将真正的捐献者或其父系近亲之一与犯罪样本进行比较,通常都能获得相同的 DNA 证据价值。有评论者(如英国法医学监管机构或阿莫林)建议改变命题对,将利益相关者(POI)或其父系近亲之一留下DNA的证据概率与人群中无血缘关系男性留下DNA的证据概率进行比较。我们认为这是有问题的,因为父系近亲没有明确的定义,而且真正没有血缘关系的男性并不存在。相反,我们以 "男性 DNA 的来源是 POI "与 "男性 DNA 的来源不是 POI "这一对传统命题为出发点,建议将后一个命题表述为 "男性 DNA 的来源是人群中的随机男性",从而使后一个命题具有可操作性。然后,POI 的血统中与男性相匹配的问题就可以通过声明中的注释或直接通过概率模型来解决。
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引用次数: 0
Score-based likelihood ratios for barefootprint evidence using deep learning features. 利用深度学习特征对赤足印证据进行基于分数的似然比分析。
Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15670
Yi Yang BEng, Yunqi Tang, Junjian Cui MEng, Xiaorui Zhao MEng

As the court put forward higher requirements for quantitative evaluation and scientific standards of forensic evidence, how to objectively and scientifically express identification opinions has become a challenge for traditional forensic identification methods. Score-based likelihood ratios are mathematical methods for quantitative evaluation of forensic evidence. However, due to the subtle differences in inter-class barefootprints, there is no automatic barefootprints matching algorithm with high accuracy under large-scale dataset validation, and there are few studies related to deep learning barefootprint features for evidence evaluation in court. Therefore, score-based likelihood ratios for barefootprint evidence using deep learning features are proposed by this paper. Firstly, the largest barefootprint dataset (BFD) is constructed, which contains 54,118 barefootprint images from 3000 individuals. Then, an automatic barefootprint feature extraction and matching algorithm is proposed, which achieves a retrieval accuracy of 98.4% on BFD and an AUC of 0.989 for barefootprint validation. Next, Cosine distance, Euclidean distance and Manhattan distance are employed to measure the comparison scores between intra-class and inter-class barefootprints using deep learning features in four dimensions of 64, 128, 512 and 1024, respectively. The performance of proposed model is evaluated by comparing the C llr $$ {C}_{llr} $$ values and the Tippett plot. Finally, simulated crime scene barefootprint samples are constructed to verify the practical application of the proposed method, which provide further support for the quantitative evaluation of barefootprint evidence in court.

随着法院对法医证据的量化评价和科学标准提出了更高的要求,如何客观、科学地表达鉴定意见成为传统法医鉴定方法面临的挑战。基于分数的似然比是对法医证据进行量化评价的数学方法。然而,由于类间赤足印的细微差别,目前还没有大规模数据集验证下准确率较高的自动赤足印匹配算法,而深度学习赤足印特征用于法庭证据评估的相关研究也很少。因此,本文提出了利用深度学习特征对赤足印证据进行基于评分的似然比分析。首先,构建了最大的赤足印数据集(BFD),该数据集包含来自 3000 个个体的 54118 张赤足印图像。然后,提出了一种自动光脚印特征提取和匹配算法,该算法在 BFD 上的检索准确率达到 98.4%,光脚印验证的 AUC 为 0.989。接下来,利用深度学习特征,在 64、128、512 和 1024 四个维度上分别采用余弦距离、欧氏距离和曼哈顿距离来测量类内和类间光脚印的比较得分。通过比较 C llr $$ {C}_{llr} $$ 值和 Tippett 图,评估了拟议模型的性能。最后,构建了模拟犯罪现场的赤足印样本,验证了所提方法的实际应用,为法庭对赤足印证据的定量评估提供了进一步支持。
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引用次数: 0
Sickle cell trait in non-firearm arrest-related deaths of Black persons. 黑人非因枪杀而死亡者中的镰状细胞性状。
Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15668
Mark W Kroll, Dwayne A Wolf, Stacey L Hail, Tasha L Zemrus, Sebastian Kunz, Howard E Williams

The role of sickle cell trait (SCT) in sudden exertional death is well-recognized in sports and military training. However, it is not yet studied for non-firearm arrest-related death (NF-ARD). With extensive multi-pronged searches, a large database (n = 1389) of NF-ARDs was established. For the years 2006-2021 (inclusive) there were 50 NF-ARDs of Black persons in which postmortem evidence of SCT was found. A control cohort consisted of 414 NF-ARDs of Black persons with no reported SCT. The mean age for SCT cases was 33.1 ± 10.4 years versus 37.0 ± 10.4 years for the control group (p = 0.01). The body-mass index for SCT cases was 28.3 ± 6.6 kg/m2 versus 30.7 ± 7.6 kg/m2 for the control group (p = 0.03). The prevalence of cardiomegaly was 21% for SCT cases versus 39% in the control cohort (p = 0.008). The postmortem prevalence of SCT in NF-ARDs of Black persons (n = 50, 10.7%) was higher than the prevalence of SCT in the US Black population, which is 7.1% (p = 0.003). In this study of NF-ARDs in Black persons, the prevalence of SCT and the differences between the SCT cases and the control cohort suggest that exertional collapse associated with sickle cell trait may be a contributory factor in NF-ARDs.

镰状细胞性状(SCT)在运动和军事训练中对劳累性猝死的作用已得到广泛认可。然而,关于非枪械骤停相关死亡(NF-ARD)的研究尚属空白。通过多方面的广泛搜索,我们建立了一个大型 NF-ARD 数据库(n = 1389)。2006 年至 2021 年(含 2021 年)期间,有 50 例黑人非枪杀相关死亡病例在死后发现了 SCT 证据。对照组包括 414 例无 SCT 报告的黑人 NF-ARD 病例。SCT病例的平均年龄为(33.1 ± 10.4)岁,对照组为(37.0 ± 10.4)岁(P = 0.01)。SCT 病例的体重指数为 28.3 ± 6.6 kg/m2,对照组为 30.7 ± 7.6 kg/m2(P = 0.03)。SCT病例的心脏肿大率为21%,而对照组为39%(P = 0.008)。黑人 NF-ARDs 死后 SCT 患病率(n = 50,10.7%)高于美国黑人 SCT 患病率(7.1%)(p = 0.003)。在这项关于黑人 NF-ARDs 的研究中,SCT 患病率以及 SCT 病例与对照组之间的差异表明,与镰状细胞性状相关的劳累性衰竭可能是 NF-ARDs 的一个促成因素。
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引用次数: 0
Forensic-geology-based magnetic analysis of beach sediments from the Shimokita Peninsula, Japan. 基于法医地质学的日本下北半岛海滩沉积物磁性分析。
Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15667
Noriko Kawamura, Takuya Matsushita, Hiromi Itamiya, Ritsuko Sugita, Toshitsugu Yamazaki

The occurrences of various illegal activities on beaches require effective geological and environmental investigation methods. Among these methods, the room-temperature magnetic analysis of soils and sediments represents a nondestructive investigation method for various amounts, types, and grain sizes of magnetic minerals. Here, to verify the usefulness of magnetic analysis in forensic geology research, beach sediment samples from nine sites in the Shimokita Peninsula, Japan, were measured using magnetic analysis to determine the correlations between their concentration-dependent magnetic parameters and actual regional characteristics. The results revealed that the values of various parameters, namely the low-field magnetic susceptibility, anhysteretic remanent magnetization, and isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM), were relatively higher at sites near Ti and Fe sedimentary ore deposits. Further, thermomagnetometry results revealed that magnetite was the main magnetic carrier of the sediments. Moreover, pyrrhotite was detected around Ti-Fe mine sites. Furthermore, the results of the investigated parameters reflected the regional characteristics of the amount of magnetic minerals in the beach sediments. Low-temperature IRM curves and the magnetic grain size parameter also displayed sample-site-reflective characteristics. Thus, we believe that magnetic analysis represents an effective method for estimating the provenance of beach sediments in forensic geology research.

海滩上各种非法活动的发生需要有效的地质和环境调查方法。在这些方法中,对土壤和沉积物进行室温磁性分析是一种无损调查方法,可以调查各种数量、类型和粒度的磁性矿物。在此,为了验证磁性分析在法医地质学研究中的实用性,使用磁性分析测量了来自日本下北半岛九个地点的海滩沉积物样本,以确定其与浓度相关的磁性参数与实际区域特征之间的相关性。结果显示,在靠近钛和铁沉积矿床的地点,各种参数值,即低场磁感应强度、滞后剩磁和等温剩磁(IRM)相对较高。此外,热磁力测量结果显示,磁铁矿是沉积物的主要磁性载体。此外,在钛铁矿点附近还检测到黄铁矿。此外,调查参数的结果反映了海滩沉积物中磁性矿物数量的区域特征。低温 IRM 曲线和磁性粒度参数也显示出样本地的反射特征。因此,我们认为磁性分析是法医地质学研究中估算海滩沉积物来源的有效方法。
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引用次数: 0
Commentary on: Gutierrez RE, Prokesch EJ. The false promise of firearms examination validation studies: Lay controls, simplistic comparisons, and the failure to soundly measure misidentification rates. J Forensic Sci. 2024;69(4):1334-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15531. 评论: Gutierrez RE, Prokesch EJ:Gutierrez RE, Prokesch EJ.枪支检查验证研究的虚假承诺:外行人的控制、简单化的比较以及未能正确衡量错误识别率。J Forensic Sci. 2024; 69(4):1334-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15531.
Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15659
Todd J Weller, Pierre Duez MASc, Ryan Lilien
{"title":"Commentary on: Gutierrez RE, Prokesch EJ. The false promise of firearms examination validation studies: Lay controls, simplistic comparisons, and the failure to soundly measure misidentification rates. J Forensic Sci. 2024;69(4):1334-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15531.","authors":"Todd J Weller, Pierre Duez MASc, Ryan Lilien","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15659","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Authors' response. 作者回复。
Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15660
Richard E Gutierrez, Emily J Prokesch
{"title":"Authors' response.","authors":"Richard E Gutierrez, Emily J Prokesch","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15660","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Accurate felt-tip pen brands classification based on a convolutional neural network using data augmentation. 基于卷积神经网络的毡尖笔品牌精确分类,采用数据增强技术。
Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15658
Xiaobin Wang, Lei Yang, Ruili Chen, Wei Guo, Xun Han, Aolin Zhang

Ink analysis played an important role in document examination, but the limited dataset made it difficult for many algorithms to distinguish inks accurately. This article aimed to evaluate the feasibility of two data augmentation (DA) methods, Gaussian noise data augmentation (GNDA) and extended multiplicative signal augmentation (EMSA), for the classification of felt-tip pen ink brands. Four brands of felt-tip pens were analyzed using FT-IR spectroscopy. Five classification models were used, convolutional neural network (CNN), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The results showed that the datasets generated by GNDA and EMSA are similar to the original datasets and have some diversity. The EMSA method had optimal classification results when combined with CNN, with classification accuracy (ACC), precision (PRE), recall (REC) and F1 score reaching 99.86%, 99.87%, 99.86%, 99.86%, and 99.86%, compared with GNDA-CNN method (ACC = 80.90%, PRE = 87.34%, REC = 81.62%, F1 score = 79.23%). This study shows that when raw spectral data is small, DA methods can be combined with neural network models to identify ink brands effectively.

墨水分析在文件检验中发挥着重要作用,但由于数据集有限,许多算法难以准确区分墨水。本文旨在评估两种数据增强(DA)方法--高斯噪声数据增强(GNDA)和扩展乘法信号增强(EMSA)--在毛毡笔墨水品牌分类中的可行性。使用傅立叶变换红外光谱分析了四个品牌的毛毡笔。使用了五种分类模型:卷积神经网络(CNN)、K-近邻(KNN)、支持向量机(SVM)、随机森林(RF)和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)。结果表明,GNDA 和 EMSA 生成的数据集与原始数据集相似,并具有一定的多样性。与 GNDA-CNN 方法(ACC = 80.90%、PRE = 87.34%、REC = 81.62%、F1 分数 = 79.23%)相比,EMSA 方法在与 CNN 结合使用时具有最佳分类效果,分类准确率(ACC)、精确率(PRE)、召回率(REC)和 F1 分数分别达到 99.86%、99.87%、99.86%、99.86% 和 99.86%。这项研究表明,当原始光谱数据较少时,DA 方法可与神经网络模型相结合,有效识别油墨品牌。
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引用次数: 0
A fatal case of potassium gold cyanide poisoning. 一起致命的氰化金钾中毒事件。
Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15654
Ilung Seol, Seungho Lee, Hyejung Kim, Hyung Joo Kim, Su-Jin Ahn, Jieun Jung, Jaesin Lee

A 77-year-old professional gold craftsman ingested a white powder used in goldsmithing, mistaking the powder for a health supplement. He detected a strange taste and immediately fell sick, reported the incident to 911, and was taken to the emergency room. He died approximately 8.5 h post-ingestion despite treatment. There were no significant findings in the autopsy, the victim's heart blood sample, gastric contents, and the white powder the victim had taken were submitted to the department of forensic toxicology. Using scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray analysis, potassium and gold (Au) were detected in the white powder. Ion chromatography analysis detected cyanide. Concentrations of cyanide were 0.5 mg/L in heart blood and 13.3 mg/L in gastric contents. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of Au in the heart blood sample and gastric contents using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry detected concentrations of 79.8 mg/L and 2010.1 mg/L, respectively. Au and cyanide synergistically enhance cytotoxicity through inhibition of detoxification and increasing intracellular accumulation. In the present case, the detected blood cyanide concentration was sub or minimally lethal, and the blood Au concentration was high. The cause of the victim's death was the combined toxicity of Au and cyanide.

一位 77 岁的专业金匠误将一种用于金匠工艺的白色粉末当作保健品服用。他闻到一股奇怪的味道,立即感到不适,向 911 报警,并被送往急诊室。尽管经过治疗,他还是在进食后约 8.5 小时死亡。尸检没有发现明显异常,受害者的心血样本、胃内容物和服用的白色粉末被提交给法医毒理学部门。通过扫描电子显微镜能量色散 X 射线分析,在白色粉末中检测出钾和金(Au)。离子色谱分析检测出氰化物。氰化物在心血中的浓度为 0.5 毫克/升,在胃内容物中的浓度为 13.3 毫克/升。使用电感耦合等离子体-光发射光谱法对心血样本和胃内容物中的金进行定性和定量分析,检测到的浓度分别为 79.8 毫克/升和 2010.1 毫克/升。金和氰化物通过抑制解毒和增加细胞内积累,协同增强细胞毒性。在本病例中,检测到的血液氰化物浓度为亚致死浓度或最低致死浓度,而血液中的金浓度较高。受害者的死因是金和氰化物的联合毒性。
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引用次数: 0
Detection of low-level fentanyl concentrations in mixtures of cocaine, MDMA, methamphetamine, and caffeine via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. 通过表面增强拉曼光谱检测可卡因、摇头丸、甲基苯丙胺和咖啡因混合物中的低浓度芬太尼。
Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15652
Saiqa Muneer, Matthew Smith, Mikaela M Bazley, Daniel Cozzolino, Joanne T Blanchfield

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was utilized to measure low-level fentanyl concentrations mixed in common cutting agents, cocaine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine, and caffeine. Mixtures were prepared with a fentanyl concentration range of 0-339 μM. Data was initially analyzed by plotting the area of a diagnostic peak (1026 cm-1) against concentration to generate a calibration model. This method was successful with fentanyl/MDMA samples (LOD 0.04 μM) but not for the other mixtures. A chemometric approach was then employed. The data was evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares (PLS1) regression, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The LDA model was used to classify samples into one of three designated concentration ranges, low = 0-0.4 mM, medium = 0.4-14 mM, or high >14 mM, with fentanyl concentrations correctly classified with greater than 85% accuracy. This model was then validated using a series of "blind" fentanyl mixtures and these unknown samples were assigned to the correct concentration range with an accuracy >95%. The PLS1 model failed to provide accurate quantitative assignments for the samples but did provide an accurate prediction for the presence or absence of fentanyl. The combination of the two models enabled accurate quantitative assignment of fentanyl in binary mixtures. This work establishes a proof of concept, indicating a larger sample size could generate a more accurate model. It demonstrates that samples, containing variable, low concentrations of fentanyl, can be accurately quantified, using SERS.

利用表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)测量了混合在常见切割剂、可卡因、3,4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺(MDMA)、甲基苯丙胺和咖啡因中的低浓度芬太尼。混合物的芬太尼浓度范围为 0-339 μM。数据分析的最初方法是绘制诊断峰(1026 cm-1)面积与浓度的关系图,以生成校准模型。这种方法对芬太尼/MDMA 样品(LOD 0.04 μM)成功,但对其他混合物则不成功。然后采用了化学计量学方法。使用主成分分析 (PCA)、偏最小二乘法 (PLS1) 回归和线性判别分析 (LDA) 对数据进行了评估。线性判别分析模型用于将样品分为三个指定浓度范围,低 = 0-0.4 mM、中 = 0.4-14 mM 或高 >14 mM,芬太尼浓度的正确分类准确率超过 85%。然后使用一系列 "盲 "芬太尼混合物对该模型进行了验证,这些未知样本被归入了正确的浓度范围,准确率大于 95%。PLS1 模型未能为样品提供准确的定量分配,但对芬太尼的存在与否提供了准确的预测。这两个模型的结合实现了对二元混合物中芬太尼的准确定量分配。这项工作建立了一个概念证明,表明更大的样本量可以生成更准确的模型。它证明了使用 SERS 可以对含有不同低浓度芬太尼的样品进行精确定量。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of forensic sciences
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