首页 > 最新文献

Journal of forensic sciences最新文献

英文 中文
Acid attacks on pin-tumbler locks. 用酸性物质攻击针刺锁。
Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15647
Lars Oliver Meisel, Matthias Weber

Recently, an unusual method of home burglary has emerged in several European countries. Nitric acid is used to attack the tumbler lock of the front door. The aim of this study is to gain insights into the technical functioning of this method and to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of this modus operandi. For this purpose, four pin-tumbler locks were attached to a custom-made holder and 65% nitric acid was successively injected into the key channel using a syringe. The locks were checked manually and using a CT scanner to see whether the lock was overcome and how the acid did affect the pins and springs. In three out of four cases the lock was overcome. The shortest time was 22 min until the pin pairs could be removed and it was possible to turn the core with a screwdriver. Overall, the results show that the modus operandi works with standard locks. According to the authors, the long duration and the high health risk are significant disadvantages in relation to other overcoming methods.

最近,欧洲一些国家出现了一种不同寻常的入室盗窃方法。这种方法是用硝酸来破坏前门的活锁。本研究的目的是深入了解这种方法的技术运作,并评估这种作案手法的优缺点。为此,我们将四把插销式不倒翁锁固定在一个特制的支架上,然后用注射器将 65% 的硝酸连续注入钥匙通道。通过手动和 CT 扫描仪对锁进行检查,以确定锁是否被破坏,以及酸液对插销和弹簧的影响。在四个案例中,有三个案例的锁都被打开了。最短的一次用了 22 分钟,直到销钉对可以移除,并且可以用螺丝刀转动锁芯。总之,结果表明,该操作方法适用于标准锁。作者认为,与其他克服方法相比,持续时间长和健康风险高是明显的缺点。
{"title":"Acid attacks on pin-tumbler locks.","authors":"Lars Oliver Meisel, Matthias Weber","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, an unusual method of home burglary has emerged in several European countries. Nitric acid is used to attack the tumbler lock of the front door. The aim of this study is to gain insights into the technical functioning of this method and to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of this modus operandi. For this purpose, four pin-tumbler locks were attached to a custom-made holder and 65% nitric acid was successively injected into the key channel using a syringe. The locks were checked manually and using a CT scanner to see whether the lock was overcome and how the acid did affect the pins and springs. In three out of four cases the lock was overcome. The shortest time was 22 min until the pin pairs could be removed and it was possible to turn the core with a screwdriver. Overall, the results show that the modus operandi works with standard locks. According to the authors, the long duration and the high health risk are significant disadvantages in relation to other overcoming methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142585357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Letter to the editor-The transition point from zero-order to first order in blood alcohol elimination curves. Where is it? 致编辑的信-血液酒精消除曲线从零阶到一阶的过渡点。它在哪里?
Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15650
Peter D Maskell, Alanna de Korompay
{"title":"Letter to the editor-The transition point from zero-order to first order in blood alcohol elimination curves. Where is it?","authors":"Peter D Maskell, Alanna de Korompay","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15650","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142577108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Soft tissue scavenging patterns of mice on human remains. 小鼠对人类遗骸软组织的清除模式。
Pub Date : 2024-11-03 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15649
Alexander J Smith

Rodent scavenging of human remains is repeatedly documented in literature. However, most of this documentation is based on single-case examples. While this information is valuable, it does not provide an in-depth understanding of scavenger behavior in a single environment. Mouse scavenging data, in particular, lack larger sample sizes and data representing the full duration of scavenging activity. In documented cases, mice scavenge primarily the hands, the feet, and the head without significant progression into the rest of the body. At the Forensic Investigation Research Station in Whitewater, Colorado, deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus group) scavenged tissue from 11 human donors. Motion activated game cameras and regular field photography documented scavenging progression and deer mouse behavior. Deer mice generally showed a preference for skin and fat, rarely consuming enough muscle to expose bone. The most scavenged sections of the body were the limbs and deer mice generally ignored the hands, the feet, and the head, unlike previous documentation. In a few cases, deer mice consumed tissue on the limbs in a distinct trail pattern. Most of the scavenging began in spring. This sample greatly expands on the existing documentation of mice overall and contributes much needed data on the progression of scavenging. Scavengers can have a significant impact on a death scene, so detailed documentation of different scavengers in a variety of environments can prove useful in the investigation process.

文献中多次记载了啮齿动物啃食人类遗骸的情况。不过,这些文献大多基于单个案例。虽然这些信息很有价值,但并不能让我们深入了解清道夫在单一环境中的行为。特别是小鼠的清道夫数据,缺乏更大的样本量和代表整个清道夫活动持续时间的数据。在有记录的案例中,小鼠主要在手、脚和头部进行食腐活动,而没有在身体其他部位进行食腐活动。在科罗拉多州白水的法医调查研究站,鹿鼠(Peromyscus maniculatus 组)从 11 名人体捐献者身上清除了组织。运动激活游戏摄像机和定期野外摄影记录了清除的进展和鹿鼠的行为。鹿鼠通常偏爱皮肤和脂肪,很少吃掉足够的肌肉以至于露出骨头。与以往的记录不同的是,鹿鼠在身体上吃得最多的部位是四肢,而一般都会忽略手、脚和头部。在少数情况下,鹿鼠会以明显的痕迹模式吃掉四肢上的组织。大部分食腐活动始于春季。该样本大大扩展了现有的小鼠总体记录,并提供了有关食腐进展的急需数据。食腐动物会对死亡现场产生重大影响,因此详细记录各种环境中的不同食腐动物对调查过程很有帮助。
{"title":"Soft tissue scavenging patterns of mice on human remains.","authors":"Alexander J Smith","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15649","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rodent scavenging of human remains is repeatedly documented in literature. However, most of this documentation is based on single-case examples. While this information is valuable, it does not provide an in-depth understanding of scavenger behavior in a single environment. Mouse scavenging data, in particular, lack larger sample sizes and data representing the full duration of scavenging activity. In documented cases, mice scavenge primarily the hands, the feet, and the head without significant progression into the rest of the body. At the Forensic Investigation Research Station in Whitewater, Colorado, deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus group) scavenged tissue from 11 human donors. Motion activated game cameras and regular field photography documented scavenging progression and deer mouse behavior. Deer mice generally showed a preference for skin and fat, rarely consuming enough muscle to expose bone. The most scavenged sections of the body were the limbs and deer mice generally ignored the hands, the feet, and the head, unlike previous documentation. In a few cases, deer mice consumed tissue on the limbs in a distinct trail pattern. Most of the scavenging began in spring. This sample greatly expands on the existing documentation of mice overall and contributes much needed data on the progression of scavenging. Scavengers can have a significant impact on a death scene, so detailed documentation of different scavengers in a variety of environments can prove useful in the investigation process.</p>","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142570867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Handling finding counts in handwriting analysis - Avoiding the overrepresentation of unusual writing scenarios. 处理笔迹分析中的查找次数--避免不寻常书写情况过多出现。
Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15643
Rolf Berty

In forensic handwriting analysis, it is crucial to understand the relative frequencies of findings relevant to the specific author, especially when using statistical methods. These are factored into the likelihoods used to determine the probabilities for the different authorship hypotheses. However, if ad hoc writings are included in the comparison materials, the representation of a comparison writer's habits can be distorted. An overrepresentation of certain creation time points can be avoided by treating ad hoc series of comparison writing samples as internally homogeneous agglomerates, incorporating only a single value per series into the average relative frequency of a given finding for a comparison writer. Additionally, the proposed approach produces finding counts largely independent of the length of the handwriting sample, which has a positive impact on the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the expert evaluation.

在法医笔迹分析中,了解与特定作者相关的调查结果的相对频率至关重要,尤其是在使用统计方法时。在确定不同作者假设的可能性时,会将这些因素考虑在内。然而,如果对比材料中包含了临时写作,那么对比作者习惯的代表性可能会被扭曲。将特别系列的比对写作样本视为内部同质的集合体,每个系列只用一个值来计算比对作家特定发现的平均相对频率,就可以避免某些创作时间点的过度代表性。此外,所提议的方法所产生的发现计数在很大程度上与手写样本的长度无关,这对专家评估的效率和成本效益具有积极影响。
{"title":"Handling finding counts in handwriting analysis - Avoiding the overrepresentation of unusual writing scenarios.","authors":"Rolf Berty","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15643","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In forensic handwriting analysis, it is crucial to understand the relative frequencies of findings relevant to the specific author, especially when using statistical methods. These are factored into the likelihoods used to determine the probabilities for the different authorship hypotheses. However, if ad hoc writings are included in the comparison materials, the representation of a comparison writer's habits can be distorted. An overrepresentation of certain creation time points can be avoided by treating ad hoc series of comparison writing samples as internally homogeneous agglomerates, incorporating only a single value per series into the average relative frequency of a given finding for a comparison writer. Additionally, the proposed approach produces finding counts largely independent of the length of the handwriting sample, which has a positive impact on the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the expert evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142549762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Beyond the mix: Advancements in simultaneous detection and quantification of human, dog, and cat DNA. 超越混合:同时检测和量化人类、狗和猫 DNA 的进展。
Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15644
Hyeon-Jin Bae, Kyu-Sik Jeong, Jung-Eun Kim, Eun-Mi Hwang, Seong Yeon Yoo

Animal-related crimes have increased with an increase in the number of pets worldwide, underscoring the importance of animal-related biological evidence at crime scenes. Evidence obtained in cases involving dogs and cats often includes a mixture of human and animal DNA. In this study, we developed a method using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) to simultaneously identify and quantitatively detect human, dog, and cat DNA in mixed samples. HLA-DRA was chosen as a human-specific marker, OR6D7 as a dog-specific marker, and FLAI-K as a cat-specific marker. The species specificity of each target was confirmed using 14 control DNA samples from 11 mammals and 3 birds. Sensitivity tests determined the limit of detection to be 0.0008 ng/μL for human DNA and 0.00061 ng/μL for dog and cat DNA. In the mixture test, each DNA sample was independently and accurately detected in samples containing trace amounts of all three types of DNA. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of applying ddPCR to forensic case samples from dog- and cat-related incidents. We have presented a reliable method for the accurate identification and quantification of human, dog, and cat DNA simultaneously, offering possibilities for advancements in forensic DNA analysis and related fields.

随着全球宠物数量的增加,与动物有关的犯罪也在增加,这凸显了犯罪现场与动物有关的生物证据的重要性。在涉及猫狗的案件中获得的证据通常包括人类和动物 DNA 的混合物。在这项研究中,我们开发了一种使用液滴数字聚合酶链反应(ddPCR)的方法,可同时鉴定和定量检测混合样本中的人、狗和猫的 DNA。我们选择 HLA-DRA 作为人的特异性标记,OR6D7 作为狗的特异性标记,FLAI-K 作为猫的特异性标记。使用来自 11 种哺乳动物和 3 种鸟类的 14 个对照 DNA 样本确认了每个目标的物种特异性。灵敏度测试表明,人类 DNA 的检测限为 0.0008 ng/μL,狗和猫 DNA 的检测限为 0.00061 ng/μL。在混合物测试中,每种 DNA 样品都能在含有微量三种 DNA 的样品中被独立、准确地检测出来。这项研究证明了将 ddPCR 应用于与狗和猫有关的法医案件样本的有效性。我们提出了一种同时准确鉴定和量化人、狗和猫 DNA 的可靠方法,为法医 DNA 分析及相关领域的发展提供了可能。
{"title":"Beyond the mix: Advancements in simultaneous detection and quantification of human, dog, and cat DNA.","authors":"Hyeon-Jin Bae, Kyu-Sik Jeong, Jung-Eun Kim, Eun-Mi Hwang, Seong Yeon Yoo","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15644","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animal-related crimes have increased with an increase in the number of pets worldwide, underscoring the importance of animal-related biological evidence at crime scenes. Evidence obtained in cases involving dogs and cats often includes a mixture of human and animal DNA. In this study, we developed a method using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) to simultaneously identify and quantitatively detect human, dog, and cat DNA in mixed samples. HLA-DRA was chosen as a human-specific marker, OR6D7 as a dog-specific marker, and FLAI-K as a cat-specific marker. The species specificity of each target was confirmed using 14 control DNA samples from 11 mammals and 3 birds. Sensitivity tests determined the limit of detection to be 0.0008 ng/μL for human DNA and 0.00061 ng/μL for dog and cat DNA. In the mixture test, each DNA sample was independently and accurately detected in samples containing trace amounts of all three types of DNA. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of applying ddPCR to forensic case samples from dog- and cat-related incidents. We have presented a reliable method for the accurate identification and quantification of human, dog, and cat DNA simultaneously, offering possibilities for advancements in forensic DNA analysis and related fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142549761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Quantifying the strength of firearms comparisons based on error rate studies. 根据误差率研究量化枪械比较的强度。
Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15646
Nada Aggadi, Kimberley Zeller, Tom Busey

Forensic firearms and tool mark examiners compare bullets and cartridge cases to assess whether they originate from the same source or different sources. To communicate their observations, they rely on predefined conclusion scales ranging from Identification to Elimination. However, these terms have not been calibrated against the actual strength of the evidence except indirectly through error rate studies. The present research reanalyzes the findings of firearms and cartridge case comparisons from error rate studies to generate a quantitative measure of the strength of the evidence for each comparison. We use an ordered probit model to summarize the distribution of responses of examiners and aggregate the data for all comparisons to produce a set of likelihood ratios. The likelihood ratios can be as low as less than 10, which does not seem to justify the current articulation scale that may imply a strength of evidence of 10,000 or greater. This suggests that examiners are using language that overstates the strength of the evidence by several orders of magnitude.

法医枪支和工具标记检验员对子弹和弹壳进行比较,以评估它们是来自同一来源还是不同来源。为了表达他们的观察结果,他们依赖于预先定义的结论等级,从 "识别 "到 "排除 "不等。然而,除了通过误差率研究间接得出结论外,这些术语并未根据证据的实际强度进行校准。本研究重新分析了错误率研究中枪支和弹壳对比的结论,从而对每种对比的证据强度进行量化衡量。我们使用有序概率模型来总结检查人员的回答分布情况,并汇总所有比较的数据,得出一组似然比。似然比可能低至 10 以下,这似乎并不符合当前的衔接尺度,该尺度可能意味着证据强度为 10,000 或更高。这表明,审查员使用的语言将证据强度夸大了几个数量级。
{"title":"Quantifying the strength of firearms comparisons based on error rate studies.","authors":"Nada Aggadi, Kimberley Zeller, Tom Busey","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Forensic firearms and tool mark examiners compare bullets and cartridge cases to assess whether they originate from the same source or different sources. To communicate their observations, they rely on predefined conclusion scales ranging from Identification to Elimination. However, these terms have not been calibrated against the actual strength of the evidence except indirectly through error rate studies. The present research reanalyzes the findings of firearms and cartridge case comparisons from error rate studies to generate a quantitative measure of the strength of the evidence for each comparison. We use an ordered probit model to summarize the distribution of responses of examiners and aggregate the data for all comparisons to produce a set of likelihood ratios. The likelihood ratios can be as low as less than 10, which does not seem to justify the current articulation scale that may imply a strength of evidence of 10,000 or greater. This suggests that examiners are using language that overstates the strength of the evidence by several orders of magnitude.</p>","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142549763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sex estimation using metrics of the innominate: A test of the DSP2 method. 利用先天性骨的度量进行性别估计:DSP2 方法测试
Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15645
Kate M Lesciotto, Alexandra R Klales

Sex estimation is a critical component of the biological profile, and forensic anthropologists may use a variety of sex estimation methods depending upon the degree of completeness and state of preservation of the skeletal remains being analyzed. The innominate is widely accepted to be the most sexually dimorphic skeletal element. The Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste (DSP) method, which uses 10 measurements of the innominate, was introduced in 2005 and updated as DSP2 in 2017. While DSP2 has been reported to have high classification accuracy rates in studies of South American and European populations, the method has not been widely tested in US samples, and few US practitioners incorporate this method into their casework. The goal of this study was to test the reliability and accuracy of DSP2 using a large, modern sample from the US (n = 174). Two observers, blinded from demographic information associated with each specimen, collected the DSP2 metrics. Intra- and interobserver error analyses showed acceptable levels of agreement for all measurements, except for IIMT. Classification accuracies exceeded 95%, with minimal sex bias, for both observers and using various measurement combinations; however, an inclusivity sex bias occurred with more males reaching the 0.95 posterior probability threshold required by DSP2 to provide a sex classification estimate. Based on its high accuracy, forensic anthropologists in the US may consider incorporating DSP2 into their casework, although we recommend excluding IIMT and using SPU with caution. Additional methods will continue to be needed when the posterior probability threshold is not reached.

性别估计是生物特征的一个重要组成部分,法医人类学家可根据所分析的骨骼遗骸的完整程度和保存状况,采用多种性别估计方法。人们普遍认为头骨是最具性别二态性的骨骼元素。性别概率诊断法(Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste,DSP)采用 10 次测量主骨的方法,于 2005 年推出,并于 2017 年更新为 DSP2。据报道,DSP2 在南美和欧洲人群的研究中具有较高的分类准确率,但该方法尚未在美国样本中进行广泛测试,而且很少有美国从业者将该方法纳入其个案工作中。本研究的目的是使用来自美国的大量现代样本(n = 174)测试 DSP2 的可靠性和准确性。两名观察者收集 DSP2 指标,他们对每个标本的相关人口信息进行盲测。观察者内部和观察者之间的误差分析表明,除 IIMT 外,所有测量结果的一致性均可接受。在使用各种测量组合时,两位观察者的分类准确率都超过了 95%,性别偏差极小;然而,由于更多男性达到了 DSP2 提供性别分类估计所需的 0.95 后验概率阈值,因此出现了包容性性别偏差。鉴于 DSP2 的高准确性,美国的法医人类学家可以考虑将其纳入他们的案例工作中,不过我们建议排除 IIMT 并谨慎使用 SPU。如果达不到后验概率阈值,还需要其他方法。
{"title":"Sex estimation using metrics of the innominate: A test of the DSP2 method.","authors":"Kate M Lesciotto, Alexandra R Klales","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15645","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sex estimation is a critical component of the biological profile, and forensic anthropologists may use a variety of sex estimation methods depending upon the degree of completeness and state of preservation of the skeletal remains being analyzed. The innominate is widely accepted to be the most sexually dimorphic skeletal element. The Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste (DSP) method, which uses 10 measurements of the innominate, was introduced in 2005 and updated as DSP2 in 2017. While DSP2 has been reported to have high classification accuracy rates in studies of South American and European populations, the method has not been widely tested in US samples, and few US practitioners incorporate this method into their casework. The goal of this study was to test the reliability and accuracy of DSP2 using a large, modern sample from the US (n = 174). Two observers, blinded from demographic information associated with each specimen, collected the DSP2 metrics. Intra- and interobserver error analyses showed acceptable levels of agreement for all measurements, except for IIMT. Classification accuracies exceeded 95%, with minimal sex bias, for both observers and using various measurement combinations; however, an inclusivity sex bias occurred with more males reaching the 0.95 posterior probability threshold required by DSP2 to provide a sex classification estimate. Based on its high accuracy, forensic anthropologists in the US may consider incorporating DSP2 into their casework, although we recommend excluding IIMT and using SPU with caution. Additional methods will continue to be needed when the posterior probability threshold is not reached.</p>","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142515392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Psychopathology, psychopathy, body management, and undoing in youthful parricide offenders. 青少年弒親罪犯的精神病理、精神變態、身體管理和復仇。
Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15636
Wade Myers, Heng Choon Oliver Chan, Mark Safarik, Zain Khalid, Eleanor Vo

This study of 21 youthful parricide offenders (YPOs) ages 11-21 examined the relationship between psychopathology, level of psychopathy, and crime scene behaviors, particularly two forms of "body management": (1) "body movement" and (2) "body alteration." Undoing, a form of body alteration reflecting psychological rather than practical needs, for example, to lessen guilt or symbolically reverse the killing, was present in one-third of the sample. The sample shared common characteristics with juvenile parricide offenders overall in that most of them killed one parent, were victims of chronic child abuse, had one or more psychiatric diagnoses (PTSD was most prevalent), used a firearm, and committed the killings at the family home. Unexpectedly, YPOs who were child abuse victims were not more likely to engage in undoing behaviors than non-abused youth, and over half of the youth with undoing behaviors had elevated psychopathy levels. Three-quarters of youth who moved victim bodies following the murders had elevated psychopathy levels. Similarly, all three youth who transported bodies away from the crime scene had elevated psychopathy levels and conduct disorder. None of the youth with psychotic symptoms engaged in undoing behaviors, altered victim bodies, moved bodies either within or away from the home, or had an elevated degree of psychopathy; they also most often killed using bladed weapons, whereas the nonpsychotic youth usually used firearms. Studies examining the influence of mental illness and psychopathy level on parricidal behaviors by youth are scarce, and to our knowledge this is the largest study to date investigating this area.

本研究对21名11-21岁的青少年弒亲犯(YPOs)进行了研究,考察了他们的心理病理学、精神变态程度和犯罪现场行为之间的关系,特别是两种形式的 "身体管理":(1)"身体移动 "和(2)"身体改变"。三分之一的样本中存在 "撤消 "行为,这是一种反映心理需求而非实际需求的身体改变形式,例如,减轻负罪感或象征性地扭转杀人行为。这些样本与弒亲少年犯的总体特征相同,即他们大多杀害了父母中的一方,是长期虐待儿童的受害者,有一种或多种精神病诊断(创伤后应激障碍最为普遍),使用枪支,并在家中行凶。出乎意料的是,与未受虐的青少年相比,曾是虐童受害者的青少年并不比未受虐的青少年更有可能做出悔改行为,而有悔改行为的青少年中有一半以上心理变态水平较高。四分之三在谋杀案发生后转移受害者尸体的青少年具有较高的心理变态水平。同样,将尸体运离犯罪现场的所有三名青少年的心理变态水平都有所升高,并伴有行为障碍。在有精神病症状的青少年中,没有人有撤销行为、改变受害者尸体、在家中或将尸体移出家门,也没有人有心理变态程度升高;他们还经常使用带刃武器杀人,而没有精神病症状的青少年通常使用枪支。有关精神疾病和心理变态程度对青少年弑父行为的影响的研究很少,据我们所知,这是迄今为止对这一领域进行的最大规模的研究。
{"title":"Psychopathology, psychopathy, body management, and undoing in youthful parricide offenders.","authors":"Wade Myers, Heng Choon Oliver Chan, Mark Safarik, Zain Khalid, Eleanor Vo","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study of 21 youthful parricide offenders (YPOs) ages 11-21 examined the relationship between psychopathology, level of psychopathy, and crime scene behaviors, particularly two forms of \"body management\": (1) \"body movement\" and (2) \"body alteration.\" Undoing, a form of body alteration reflecting psychological rather than practical needs, for example, to lessen guilt or symbolically reverse the killing, was present in one-third of the sample. The sample shared common characteristics with juvenile parricide offenders overall in that most of them killed one parent, were victims of chronic child abuse, had one or more psychiatric diagnoses (PTSD was most prevalent), used a firearm, and committed the killings at the family home. Unexpectedly, YPOs who were child abuse victims were not more likely to engage in undoing behaviors than non-abused youth, and over half of the youth with undoing behaviors had elevated psychopathy levels. Three-quarters of youth who moved victim bodies following the murders had elevated psychopathy levels. Similarly, all three youth who transported bodies away from the crime scene had elevated psychopathy levels and conduct disorder. None of the youth with psychotic symptoms engaged in undoing behaviors, altered victim bodies, moved bodies either within or away from the home, or had an elevated degree of psychopathy; they also most often killed using bladed weapons, whereas the nonpsychotic youth usually used firearms. Studies examining the influence of mental illness and psychopathy level on parricidal behaviors by youth are scarce, and to our knowledge this is the largest study to date investigating this area.</p>","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142515391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The effect of handedness and biological sex on fingermark ridge height and volume as examined by 3D imaging. 通过三维成像技术研究手型和生理性别对指痕脊高度和体积的影响。
Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15635
Josep De Alcaraz-Fossoul, Katherine E Dennehy

For decades, detectives and forensic scientists have relied on friction ridge skin comparisons to identify individuals in criminal investigations. This method involves examining (latent) fingermarks, typically captured as two-dimensional (2D) images, and comparing them with known inked impressions or scans. The comparisons focus on general patterns, the location and orientation of minutiae, and additional characteristics like scars or pores. However, this common process overlooks other potentially valuable factors, such as handedness, biological sex, and the time since deposition, which could provide crucial investigative leads, especially in cases with partial or unclear ridge patterns. This study explored the potential of three-dimensional (3D) optical profilometry (OP) to observe changes in fingermarks ridge height and volume over 7 days while considering hand dominance and biological sex. The results indicated that all the assessed 3D metrics were generally consistent in detecting the effects of sex and handedness, mostly noticeable on aged fingermarks. Specifically, females and impressions from their non-dominant hand exhibited higher values. Additionally, the influence of time was evident, with fresh fingermarks showing significantly larger ridges in terms of height and volume. These findings suggest that 3D OP can enhance the probative value of fingermarks by inferring additional characteristics such as sex, handedness, and the age of the impression. These activity-level propositions could provide useful information in cases where only partial or poor-quality fingermarks are recovered, providing new data dimensions that could lead to more comprehensive forensic examinations.

几十年来,刑侦人员和法医学家在刑事调查中一直依靠摩擦纹皮肤对比来识别个人身份。这种方法包括检查(潜伏)指痕(通常以二维(2D)图像的形式捕捉),并将其与已知的墨迹或扫描图像进行比较。比较的重点是一般模式、细微特征的位置和方向,以及疤痕或毛孔等其他特征。然而,这种常见的方法忽略了其他潜在的有价值因素,如手型、生理性别和沉积后的时间,而这些因素可以提供重要的调查线索,尤其是在纹脊图案不完整或不清晰的情况下。本研究探讨了三维(3D)光学轮廓测量法(OP)的潜力,以观察指痕脊高度和体积在 7 天内的变化,同时考虑手的优势和生理性别。结果表明,所有评估的三维指标在检测性别和手性的影响方面基本一致,尤其是对老年指痕的影响更为明显。具体来说,女性和非惯用手的指印显示出更高的数值。此外,时间的影响也很明显,就高度和体积而言,新鲜指印的脊明显更大。这些研究结果表明,3D OP 可以通过推断指印的其他特征(如性别、手型和年龄)来提高指印的证明价值。在只能找到部分指痕或质量较差的指痕的情况下,这些活动层面的命题可以提供有用的信息,提供新的数据维度,从而进行更全面的法医检查。
{"title":"The effect of handedness and biological sex on fingermark ridge height and volume as examined by 3D imaging.","authors":"Josep De Alcaraz-Fossoul, Katherine E Dennehy","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15635","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For decades, detectives and forensic scientists have relied on friction ridge skin comparisons to identify individuals in criminal investigations. This method involves examining (latent) fingermarks, typically captured as two-dimensional (2D) images, and comparing them with known inked impressions or scans. The comparisons focus on general patterns, the location and orientation of minutiae, and additional characteristics like scars or pores. However, this common process overlooks other potentially valuable factors, such as handedness, biological sex, and the time since deposition, which could provide crucial investigative leads, especially in cases with partial or unclear ridge patterns. This study explored the potential of three-dimensional (3D) optical profilometry (OP) to observe changes in fingermarks ridge height and volume over 7 days while considering hand dominance and biological sex. The results indicated that all the assessed 3D metrics were generally consistent in detecting the effects of sex and handedness, mostly noticeable on aged fingermarks. Specifically, females and impressions from their non-dominant hand exhibited higher values. Additionally, the influence of time was evident, with fresh fingermarks showing significantly larger ridges in terms of height and volume. These findings suggest that 3D OP can enhance the probative value of fingermarks by inferring additional characteristics such as sex, handedness, and the age of the impression. These activity-level propositions could provide useful information in cases where only partial or poor-quality fingermarks are recovered, providing new data dimensions that could lead to more comprehensive forensic examinations.</p>","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142484304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Development of a forensic DNA research grade test material. 开发法医 DNA 研究级测试材料。
Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15639
Erica L Romsos, Lisa A Borsuk, Carolyn R Steffen, Sarah Riman, Kevin M Kiesler, Peter M Vallone

Advancements in forensic DNA typing technology and methods have increased sensitivity and, while beneficial, carry the weight of more challenging profile interpretation. In response, the forensic DNA community has often requested more complex reference materials to address commonly encountered measurement and interpretation issues such as complex DNA mixtures, DNA degradation, and PCR inhibition. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) released Research Grade Test Material 10235: Forensic DNA Typing Resource Samples to support the forensic DNA community. Components include three single source samples, two degraded samples, and three mixture samples. As part of the Research Grade Test Material (RGTM) process, automated methods for bottling, alternative sample tube types, and the addition of carrier RNA for stabilizing low-quantity samples were investigated. Both internal and external testing demonstrate the stability of the material over time at 4°C through qPCR testing. In the development of a data portal, users have been allowed to anonymously upload results and compare their data with NIST and others. This report describes the preparation and stability of this material.

法医 DNA 分型技术和方法的进步提高了灵敏度,在带来好处的同时,也带来了更具挑战性的图谱解读。为此,法医 DNA 社区经常需要更复杂的参考材料,以解决常见的测量和解释问题,如复杂的 DNA 混合物、DNA 降解和 PCR 抑制等。美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)发布了研究级测试材料 10235:法医 DNA 分型资源样本》,为法医 DNA 界提供支持。样本包括三个单一来源样本、两个降解样本和三个混合物样本。作为研究级测试材料(RGTM)流程的一部分,研究了自动装瓶方法、替代样本管类型以及添加载体 RNA 以稳定低量样本的方法。通过 qPCR 测试,内部和外部测试都证明了材料在 4°C 温度下的长期稳定性。在数据门户网站的开发过程中,用户可以匿名上传结果,并将其数据与 NIST 和其他机构的数据进行比较。本报告介绍了这种材料的制备和稳定性。
{"title":"Development of a forensic DNA research grade test material.","authors":"Erica L Romsos, Lisa A Borsuk, Carolyn R Steffen, Sarah Riman, Kevin M Kiesler, Peter M Vallone","doi":"10.1111/1556-4029.15639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Advancements in forensic DNA typing technology and methods have increased sensitivity and, while beneficial, carry the weight of more challenging profile interpretation. In response, the forensic DNA community has often requested more complex reference materials to address commonly encountered measurement and interpretation issues such as complex DNA mixtures, DNA degradation, and PCR inhibition. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) released Research Grade Test Material 10235: Forensic DNA Typing Resource Samples to support the forensic DNA community. Components include three single source samples, two degraded samples, and three mixture samples. As part of the Research Grade Test Material (RGTM) process, automated methods for bottling, alternative sample tube types, and the addition of carrier RNA for stabilizing low-quantity samples were investigated. Both internal and external testing demonstrate the stability of the material over time at 4°C through qPCR testing. In the development of a data portal, users have been allowed to anonymously upload results and compare their data with NIST and others. This report describes the preparation and stability of this material.</p>","PeriodicalId":94080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142484302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of forensic sciences
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1