Pub Date : 2024-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102662
J. Geertsema , M.A. Franßen , F. Barban , L. Šarauskytė , M. Giera , G. Kooij , A Korosi
Lipid dyshomeostasis and neuroinflammation are key hallmarks of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, including major depressive disorder and Alzheimer's disease. In particular, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their derivatives called oxylipins gained specific interest in this context, especially considering their capacity to orchestrate neuroinflammatory responses via direct modulation of microglia. The hippocampus and hypothalamus are crucial brain regions for regulating mood and cognition that are implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders and there is ample evidence for the sex-bias in risks for the development as well as sex-bias in the presentation of such psychiatric diseases, including the neuroinflammatory response. To better understand the local PUFA/oxylipin profiles and microglia responses in disease, we here assessed their brain region and sex-dependent profiles in homeostatic brains. In 2-month-old male and female mice, we measured non-esterified (free) PUFA/oxylipin profiles using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and characterized microglia morphology via immunohistochemistry. The hypothalamus and hippocampus exhibit a different free PUFA/oxylipin profile, independent of sex. The hippocampus was characterized by a higher density of complex Iba1+ microglial cells than the hypothalamus, without sex effects. Hypothalamic microglial morphology correlated more strongly with free PUFA- and oxylipin species than hippocampal microglia, correlating with species from both the N-3 and N-6 PUFA metabolization pathways, while hippocampal microglial parameters correlated only with N-6 pathway-related species. Our findings provide a basis for future studies to investigate the relationship between PUFAs, their derivatives and neuroinflammation in the context of diseases.
{"title":"Brain region and sex-dependent heterogeneity of PUFA/oxylipin profile, microglia morphology and their relationship","authors":"J. Geertsema , M.A. Franßen , F. Barban , L. Šarauskytė , M. Giera , G. Kooij , A Korosi","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102662","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lipid dyshomeostasis and neuroinflammation are key hallmarks of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, including major depressive disorder and Alzheimer's disease. In particular, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their derivatives called oxylipins gained specific interest in this context, especially considering their capacity to orchestrate neuroinflammatory responses via direct modulation of microglia. The hippocampus and hypothalamus are crucial brain regions for regulating mood and cognition that are implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders and there is ample evidence for the sex-bias in risks for the development as well as sex-bias in the presentation of such psychiatric diseases, including the neuroinflammatory response. To better understand the local PUFA/oxylipin profiles and microglia responses in disease, we here assessed their brain region and sex-dependent profiles in homeostatic brains. In 2-month-old male and female mice, we measured non-esterified (free) PUFA/oxylipin profiles using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and characterized microglia morphology via immunohistochemistry. The hypothalamus and hippocampus exhibit a different free PUFA/oxylipin profile, independent of sex. The hippocampus was characterized by a higher density of complex Iba1<sup>+</sup> microglial cells than the hypothalamus, without sex effects. Hypothalamic microglial morphology correlated more strongly with free PUFA- and oxylipin species than hippocampal microglia, correlating with species from both the N-3 and N-6 PUFA metabolization pathways, while hippocampal microglial parameters correlated only with N-6 pathway-related species. Our findings provide a basis for future studies to investigate the relationship between PUFAs, their derivatives and neuroinflammation in the context of diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94179,"journal":{"name":"Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 102662"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142883467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102663
Rebeka Joerg , Bianca K. Itariu , Melina Amor , Martin Bilban , Felix Langer , Gerhard Prager , Florian Joerg , Thomas M. Stulnig
Background and aims
Obesity is associated with a higher risk of severe diseases such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Polyunsaturated fatty acids, of the omega-3 family (n-3 PUFA), have been shown to reduce adipose tissue inflammation in obesity, as well as to have lipid-lowering effects and improve insulin sensitivity. However, direct effects on liver transcriptome in humans have not been described. Our aim was to understand the impact of n-3 PUFA on gene expression in obese human liver.
Approach and Results
Patients with obesity (BMI 40 kg/m2) were treated for eight weeks with 3.36 g n-3 PUFAs (1.84 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1.53 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), or with 5 g of butter as a control (n = 15 per group) before undergoing bariatric surgery where liver biopsies were taken. Liver samples were used for mRNA microarray analyses and subsequently Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed. This bioinformatic approach led us to identify 80 significantly dysregulated pathways that were divided into 9 different clusters including insulin and lipid metabolism, and immunity. N-3 PUFA treatment significantly affected pathways related to immunity, metabolism, and inflammation. Specifically, it upregulated pathways involved in T-cell and B-cell functions and lipid metabolism, while downregulating glucagon signalling. These findings highlight the impact of n-3 PUFAs on key metabolic and immune processes in the liver of patients with obesity.
Conclusion
This study provides further insights into the impact on n-3 PUFA on human liver gene expression, particularly in pathways associated with immunity, lipid metabolism, and inflammation, setting basis for further clinical research.
Summary
Obesity increases the risk of diseases like atherosclerotic- cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are known for their anti-inflammatory and metabolic benefits, but their direct impact on liver gene expression in people with obesity, remains unclear. In this study, patients with obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) were administered either n-3 PUFAs or butter before bariatric surgery. Liver biopsies were analysed for gene expression via Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). The results revealed 80 dysregulated pathways across 9 clusters, including those related to insulin and lipid metabolism, and immunity. This sheds light on how n-3 PUFAs influence gene expression in the liver of patients with obesity, setting the groundwork for further clinical exploration.
{"title":"The effect of long-chain n-3 PUFA on liver transcriptome in human obesity","authors":"Rebeka Joerg , Bianca K. Itariu , Melina Amor , Martin Bilban , Felix Langer , Gerhard Prager , Florian Joerg , Thomas M. Stulnig","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aims</h3><div>Obesity is associated with a higher risk of severe diseases such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Polyunsaturated fatty acids, of the omega-3 family (n-3 PUFA), have been shown to reduce adipose tissue inflammation in obesity, as well as to have lipid-lowering effects and improve insulin sensitivity. However, direct effects on liver transcriptome in humans have not been described. Our aim was to understand the impact of n-3 PUFA on gene expression in obese human liver.</div></div><div><h3>Approach and Results</h3><div>Patients with obesity (BMI <span><math><mo>≥</mo></math></span> 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) were treated for eight weeks with 3.36 g n-3 PUFAs (1.84 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1.53 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), or with 5 g of butter as a control (<em>n</em> = 15 per group) before undergoing bariatric surgery where liver biopsies were taken. Liver samples were used for mRNA microarray analyses and subsequently Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed. This bioinformatic approach led us to identify 80 significantly dysregulated pathways that were divided into 9 different clusters including insulin and lipid metabolism, and immunity. N-3 PUFA treatment significantly affected pathways related to immunity, metabolism, and inflammation. Specifically, it upregulated pathways involved in T-cell and B-cell functions and lipid metabolism, while downregulating glucagon signalling. These findings highlight the impact of n-3 PUFAs on key metabolic and immune processes in the liver of patients with obesity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study provides further insights into the impact on n-3 PUFA on human liver gene expression, particularly in pathways associated with immunity, lipid metabolism, and inflammation, setting basis for further clinical research.</div></div><div><h3>Summary</h3><div>Obesity increases the risk of diseases like atherosclerotic- cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are known for their anti-inflammatory and metabolic benefits, but their direct impact on liver gene expression in people with obesity, remains unclear. In this study, patients with obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) were administered either n-3 PUFAs or butter before bariatric surgery. Liver biopsies were analysed for gene expression via Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). The results revealed 80 dysregulated pathways across 9 clusters, including those related to insulin and lipid metabolism, and immunity. This sheds light on how n-3 PUFAs influence gene expression in the liver of patients with obesity, setting the groundwork for further clinical exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94179,"journal":{"name":"Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 102663"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142928833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several mechanisms have been proposed for the brain uptake of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3), including passive diffusion of the unesterified form and the use of Mfsd2a transporter for the lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) form. We hypothesize that the accumulation of LPC n-3 in the brain is lower in mice carrying the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE4), a major genetic risk factor for developing sporadic Alzheimer's disease in humans.
Objective
Determine whether two or four months of supplementation with LPC n-3 increases the levels of docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA) in the frontal cortex of APOE3 and APOE4 mice.
Methods
APOE3 and APOE4 mice were administered LPC n-3 (9.6 mg DHA + 18.3 mg EPA) or sunflower oil (control) by oral gavage for two or four months (n = 5-8 per genotype, per treatment, and per treatment duration). At the end of the treatment period, frontal cortices were collected, and their FA profiles analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection.
Results
After two months of gavage with LPC n-3, APOE3 mice showed increased levels of EPA in their cortex, but not DHA. In APOE4 mice, neither EPA nor DHA levels were significantly affected. After four months of LPC n-3, both APOE3 and APOE4 mice exhibited higher EPA levels, while changes in DHA levels were not statistically significant.
Conclusion
LPC n-3 supplementation increased EPA, but not DHA, levels in the frontal cortex of mice in a duration- and APOE genotype-dependent manner. Further research is needed to explore the implications for brain health.
{"title":"Providing lysophosphatidylcholine-bound omega-3 fatty acids increased eicosapentaenoic acid, but not docosahexaenoic acid, in the cortex of mice with the apolipoprotein E3 or E4 allele","authors":"Bijou Andriambelo , Annick Vachon , Marc-André Dansereau , Benoit Laurent , Mélanie Plourde","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Several mechanisms have been proposed for the brain uptake of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3), including passive diffusion of the unesterified form and the use of Mfsd2a transporter for the lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) form. We hypothesize that the accumulation of LPC n-3 in the brain is lower in mice carrying the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE4), a major genetic risk factor for developing sporadic Alzheimer's disease in humans.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Determine whether two or four months of supplementation with LPC n-3 increases the levels of docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA) in the frontal cortex of APOE3 and APOE4 mice.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>APOE3 and APOE4 mice were administered LPC n-3 (9.6 mg DHA + 18.3 mg EPA) or sunflower oil (control) by oral gavage for two or four months (n = 5-8 per genotype, per treatment, and per treatment duration). At the end of the treatment period, frontal cortices were collected, and their FA profiles analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After two months of gavage with LPC n-3, APOE3 mice showed increased levels of EPA in their cortex, but not DHA. In APOE4 mice, neither EPA nor DHA levels were significantly affected. After four months of LPC n-3, both APOE3 and APOE4 mice exhibited higher EPA levels, while changes in DHA levels were not statistically significant.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>LPC n-3 supplementation increased EPA, but not DHA, levels in the frontal cortex of mice in a duration- and APOE genotype-dependent manner. Further research is needed to explore the implications for brain health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94179,"journal":{"name":"Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 102661"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142792257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102655
Jisun So , Jonathan H. Yao , Rozana Magadmi , Nirupa R. Matthan , Stefania Lamon-Fava
The rate of cardiovascular disease (CVD) death is higher in men than women before age 50 y, but the gap between sexes significantly narrows after menopause. Lipid mediators derived from EPA, DHA and AA play a role in inflammation and CVD. The aim of our study was to assess whether plasma concentrations of these lipid mediators differ between postmenopausal women and men. Twelve postmenopausal women and 9 men with low-grade chronic inflammation completed a randomized, double-blind, crossover study consisting of a 4-week lead-in placebo phase (3 g/d high-oleic acid sunflower oil) followed by randomization to either 3 g/d DHA or 3 g/d EPA for 10 weeks and crossover for additional 10 weeks, separated by a washout phase. Plasma phospholipid content of EPA, DHA and AA and plasma concentrations of their derived lipid mediators were measured at the end of the placebo lead-in phase (baseline) and the DHA and EPA supplementation phases. There were no sex differences in plasma phospholipid EPA, DHA and AA at baseline and after DHA and EPA supplementation. However, plasma concentrations of lipid mediators derived from EPA, DHA and AA via 15-lipoxygenase were lower in postmenopausal women than men, especially after supplementation. Sex differences in EPA- and DHA-derived lipid mediators with anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions may partly explain the faster rise in CVD in postmenopausal women than age-matched men.
50 岁之前，男性的心血管疾病（CVD）死亡率高于女性，但绝经后男女之间的差距明显缩小。源自 EPA、DHA 和 AA 的脂质介质在炎症和心血管疾病中发挥着作用。我们的研究旨在评估绝经后女性和男性血浆中这些脂质介质的浓度是否存在差异。12 名绝经后女性和 9 名患有低度慢性炎症的男性完成了一项随机、双盲、交叉研究，该研究包括一个为期 4 周的先导安慰剂阶段（3 克/天高油酸葵花籽油），然后随机服用 3 克/天 DHA 或 3 克/天 EPA，为期 10 周，再交叉服用 10 周，中间有一个冲洗阶段。在安慰剂诱导阶段（基线）以及 DHA 和 EPA 补充阶段结束时，测量血浆中 EPA、DHA 和 AA 的磷脂含量及其衍生脂质介质的血浆浓度。在基线和补充 DHA 和 EPA 后，血浆磷脂 EPA、DHA 和 AA 没有性别差异。然而，绝经后女性血浆中通过 15-脂氧合酶从 EPA、DHA 和 AA 中提取的脂质介质浓度低于男性，尤其是在补充后。EPA和DHA衍生的脂质介质具有抗炎和促进溶解作用，其性别差异可能是绝经后女性心血管疾病发病率上升快于年龄匹配男性的部分原因。
{"title":"Sex differences in lipid mediators derived from omega-3 fatty acids in older individuals with low-grade chronic inflammation","authors":"Jisun So , Jonathan H. Yao , Rozana Magadmi , Nirupa R. Matthan , Stefania Lamon-Fava","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rate of cardiovascular disease (CVD) death is higher in men than women before age 50 y, but the gap between sexes significantly narrows after menopause. Lipid mediators derived from EPA, DHA and AA play a role in inflammation and CVD. The aim of our study was to assess whether plasma concentrations of these lipid mediators differ between postmenopausal women and men. Twelve postmenopausal women and 9 men with low-grade chronic inflammation completed a randomized, double-blind, crossover study consisting of a 4-week lead-in placebo phase (3 g/d high-oleic acid sunflower oil) followed by randomization to either 3 g/d DHA or 3 g/d EPA for 10 weeks and crossover for additional 10 weeks, separated by a washout phase. Plasma phospholipid content of EPA, DHA and AA and plasma concentrations of their derived lipid mediators were measured at the end of the placebo lead-in phase (baseline) and the DHA and EPA supplementation phases. There were no sex differences in plasma phospholipid EPA, DHA and AA at baseline and after DHA and EPA supplementation. However, plasma concentrations of lipid mediators derived from EPA, DHA and AA via 15-lipoxygenase were lower in postmenopausal women than men, especially after supplementation. Sex differences in EPA- and DHA-derived lipid mediators with anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions may partly explain the faster rise in CVD in postmenopausal women than age-matched men.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94179,"journal":{"name":"Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 102655"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142570813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102651
M. Banic , M. van Dijk , F.J. Dijk , M.J.W. Furber , O.C. Witard , N. Donker , M.J.A. Becker , S.D. Galloway , N. Rodriguez-Sanchez
We demonstrate divergent incorporation and washout patterns for EPA and DHA following high and low-dose EPA+DHA incubation in C2C12 myotubes, with higher concentrations favoring n-3 PUFA incorporation. Lower n-3 PUFA concentrations increased MPS without further upregulating the mTORC1 signaling pathway. Our study provides novel insights into the temporal incorporation and washout dynamics of EPA and DHA and, specifically, their combined effect on MPS, thereby advancing knowledge regarding dietary n-3 PUFA prescription to promote skeletal muscle health in humans.
{"title":"Dose-dependency of a combined EPA:DHA mixture on incorporation, washout, and protein synthesis in C2C12 myotubes","authors":"M. Banic , M. van Dijk , F.J. Dijk , M.J.W. Furber , O.C. Witard , N. Donker , M.J.A. Becker , S.D. Galloway , N. Rodriguez-Sanchez","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We demonstrate divergent incorporation and washout patterns for EPA and DHA following high and low-dose EPA+DHA incubation in C2C12 myotubes, with higher concentrations favoring <em>n</em>-3 PUFA incorporation. Lower <em>n</em>-3 PUFA concentrations increased MPS without further upregulating the mTORC1 signaling pathway. Our study provides novel insights into the temporal incorporation and washout dynamics of EPA and DHA and, specifically, their combined effect on MPS, thereby advancing knowledge regarding dietary <em>n</em>-3 PUFA prescription to promote skeletal muscle health in humans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94179,"journal":{"name":"Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 102651"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are relevant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), respectively. These are important in pregnancy and lactation periods because of their benefits to the developing fetus and infant. Currently, the high prevalence of gestational obesity has led to a revision of PUFAs recommendations in these periods, due to changes in the lipid profile of women marked by a higher consumption of n-6 PUFA.
Objective
This review aims to present an updated compilation of evidence on DHA and ARA during gestation and lactation.
Methods
The literature review was performed in different databases, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo, ISI, and Ovid MedLine, highlighting the importance of DHA and ARA for newborn development.
Results
An adequate intake of n-3 PUFA, especially DHA, in the mother during pregnancy and the postnatal period is important for the normal development of the child's brain. Maternal DHA supplementation increases DHA levels in mothers, but its direct link to infant neurodevelopment remains unclear. Obesity generates changes in the FA profile of pregnant women, causing an imbalance of n-3 and n-6 PUFA. An adequate level of DHA benefits children's cognitive function. However, a potential connection exists to the infants' inflammatory profile.
Conclusion
During gestation and lactation periods, an adequate DHA intake and n-6/ n-3 PUFA ratio (especially for obese women) are important for the optimal growth and brain development of the child.
背景二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）和花生四烯酸（ARA）是分别从α-亚麻酸（ALA）和亚油酸（LA）中提取的相关多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）。由于这些脂肪酸对发育中的胎儿和婴儿有益，因此在孕期和哺乳期非常重要。目前，由于妊娠期肥胖症的高发率，导致对这些时期的 PUFAs 推荐值进行了修订，原因是妇女的血脂状况发生了变化，n-6 PUFA 的摄入量增加。结果母亲在孕期和产后摄入充足的 n-3 PUFA（尤其是 DHA）对儿童大脑的正常发育非常重要。补充母体 DHA 可提高母亲体内的 DHA 水平，但其与婴儿神经发育的直接联系仍不清楚。肥胖会改变孕妇的脂肪酸组成，导致 n-3 和 n-6 PUFA 失衡。充足的 DHA 有利于儿童的认知功能。结论在妊娠期和哺乳期，充足的 DHA 摄入量和 n-6/ n-3 PUFA 比例（尤其是肥胖妇女）对儿童的最佳生长和大脑发育非常重要。
{"title":"Impact of polyunsaturated fatty acids during and pregnancy and lactation: A comprehensive review","authors":"Yasna Muñoz , Lorena Mercado , Camila Farias , María Paz Beyer , Ignacio Alvear , Francisca Echeverría , Rodrigo Valenzuela","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are relevant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), respectively. These are important in pregnancy and lactation periods because of their benefits to the developing fetus and infant. Currently, the high prevalence of gestational obesity has led to a revision of PUFAs recommendations in these periods, due to changes in the lipid profile of women marked by a higher consumption of n-6 PUFA.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This review aims to present an updated compilation of evidence on DHA and ARA during gestation and lactation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The literature review was performed in different databases, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo, ISI, and Ovid MedLine, highlighting the importance of DHA and ARA for newborn development.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>An adequate intake of n-3 PUFA, especially DHA, in the mother during pregnancy and the postnatal period is important for the normal development of the child's brain. Maternal DHA supplementation increases DHA levels in mothers, but its direct link to infant neurodevelopment remains unclear. Obesity generates changes in the FA profile of pregnant women, causing an imbalance of n-3 and n-6 PUFA. An adequate level of DHA benefits children's cognitive function. However, a potential connection exists to the infants' inflammatory profile.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>During gestation and lactation periods, an adequate DHA intake and n-6/ n-3 PUFA ratio (especially for obese women) are important for the optimal growth and brain development of the child.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94179,"journal":{"name":"Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 102656"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号