Ras-related nuclear protein (Ran) is involved in cell division by regulating nucleocytoplasmic transport and modulating the assembly of tubulin. However, its function in embryonic development is unclear. We used zebrafish to study the roles of Ran in eye development. The ran transcripts were restrictedly expressed in head and eyes after the pharyngula stage. The microphthalmos, in which no ordered layers with differentiated retinal cells were detected, was observed in the ran-deficient embryos. They exhibited faster decline cyclinD1-expressed cells, suggesting that cell cycle regulation in retinae was defective. The apoptotic signals in the retinae of ran-deficient embryos remained low at early (24 hpf) stage. Early eye field specification markers, rx1 and pax6, were only slightly affected, and markers for establishing axon migration, fgf8 and pax2, were normally expressed, suggesting Ran is not required in the early stages of eye development. However, the early optic nerve differentiation marker p57kip2 was not expressed at middle (48 hpf) and late (72 hpf) stages. We also observed a decrease in the retinal neuron proteins HuC and Neurolin. The proneural gene ath5, which first determines the cell fate of the developing ganglion cell layer, was undetectable. Furthermore, we found that Ran was associated with ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 6-interacting protein 1 (Arl6ip1), which plays a role in retinal development, suggesting that Ran associates with Arl6ip1 to regulate retinal development. Therefore, while the effects of Ran are minimal during early specification of the eye field, Ran is required for proliferation and differentiation of retinal cells at later developmental stages.
{"title":"Ras-Related Nuclear Protein is required for late developmental stages of retinal cells in zebrafish eyes.","authors":"Cheng-Yung Lin, Hsing-Yen Huang, Po-nien Lu, Chien-Wei Lin, Kuan-Ming Lu, H. Tsai","doi":"10.1387/ijdb.150310ht","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.150310ht","url":null,"abstract":"Ras-related nuclear protein (Ran) is involved in cell division by regulating nucleocytoplasmic transport and modulating the assembly of tubulin. However, its function in embryonic development is unclear. We used zebrafish to study the roles of Ran in eye development. The ran transcripts were restrictedly expressed in head and eyes after the pharyngula stage. The microphthalmos, in which no ordered layers with differentiated retinal cells were detected, was observed in the ran-deficient embryos. They exhibited faster decline cyclinD1-expressed cells, suggesting that cell cycle regulation in retinae was defective. The apoptotic signals in the retinae of ran-deficient embryos remained low at early (24 hpf) stage. Early eye field specification markers, rx1 and pax6, were only slightly affected, and markers for establishing axon migration, fgf8 and pax2, were normally expressed, suggesting Ran is not required in the early stages of eye development. However, the early optic nerve differentiation marker p57kip2 was not expressed at middle (48 hpf) and late (72 hpf) stages. We also observed a decrease in the retinal neuron proteins HuC and Neurolin. The proneural gene ath5, which first determines the cell fate of the developing ganglion cell layer, was undetectable. Furthermore, we found that Ran was associated with ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 6-interacting protein 1 (Arl6ip1), which plays a role in retinal development, suggesting that Ran associates with Arl6ip1 to regulate retinal development. Therefore, while the effects of Ran are minimal during early specification of the eye field, Ran is required for proliferation and differentiation of retinal cells at later developmental stages.","PeriodicalId":94228,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of developmental biology","volume":"96 1","pages":"435-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80216455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Montecorboli, T. Annese, C. Marinaccio, D. Ribatti
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) is increasingly applied in different areas of medical practice. The oxy-hyperbarism effects are not well understood in cancer malignancy. One unique feature of cancer is the presence of hypoxic regions that are insensitive to conventional therapies. It is possible to alter the hypoxic state and produce reactive oxygen species for better treatment outcome by HBOT. In the present study, we determined the effects of HBOT on angiogenesis, a signature of cancer progression, by using the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in vivo assay. CAMs were exposed to 2.0 ATA (atmospheres absolute) for 30 min of hyperbaric oxygen on the 6(th) and 7(th) days of incubation (ED6, ED7). On the 10-11(th) day of incubation, CAMs were excised from eggs, fixed and analysed using APERIO ImageScope software. HBOT outcomes were evaluated quantifying the volumetric area occupied by blood vessels and calculating the number of blood vessel ramifications. Results indicated that CAMs treated at ED6 and ED7 had a significantly higher CAM vascularization and an increased number of blood vessel ramifications (+82% higher for ED6) compared to untreated CAMs (ED6=63.3±2.5 and ED7=57.7±5.5 vs. CTRL=34.7±2.5). Thus, HBOT induces an angiogenic response in treated CAMs through a classic sprouting mechanism.
高压氧疗法(HBOT)越来越多地应用于不同的医疗实践领域。氧高压在恶性肿瘤中的作用尚不清楚。癌症的一个独特特征是存在对常规治疗不敏感的缺氧区域。HBOT可以改变缺氧状态，产生活性氧，从而获得更好的治疗效果。在本研究中，我们通过鸡毛囊尿囊膜(CAM)体内实验确定了HBOT对血管生成的影响，血管生成是癌症进展的标志。在培养的第6天和第7天(ED6, ED7)， CAMs暴露于2.0大气压下30分钟的高压氧。在孵育10-11天，从卵中取出cam，用APERIO ImageScope软件进行固定和分析。通过量化血管占用的体积面积和计算血管分支的数量来评估HBOT结果。结果表明，与未处理CAMs相比，ED6和ED7处理的CAMs具有显著更高的CAM血管化和血管分支数量(ED6增加82%)(ED6=63.3±2.5和ED7=57.7±5.5 vs. CTRL=34.7±2.5)。因此，HBOT通过经典的发芽机制在处理过的cam中诱导血管生成反应。
{"title":"Angiogenesis and hyperbaric oxygen in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane.","authors":"U. Montecorboli, T. Annese, C. Marinaccio, D. Ribatti","doi":"10.1387/ijdb.150280dr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.150280dr","url":null,"abstract":"Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) is increasingly applied in different areas of medical practice. The oxy-hyperbarism effects are not well understood in cancer malignancy. One unique feature of cancer is the presence of hypoxic regions that are insensitive to conventional therapies. It is possible to alter the hypoxic state and produce reactive oxygen species for better treatment outcome by HBOT. In the present study, we determined the effects of HBOT on angiogenesis, a signature of cancer progression, by using the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in vivo assay. CAMs were exposed to 2.0 ATA (atmospheres absolute) for 30 min of hyperbaric oxygen on the 6(th) and 7(th) days of incubation (ED6, ED7). On the 10-11(th) day of incubation, CAMs were excised from eggs, fixed and analysed using APERIO ImageScope software. HBOT outcomes were evaluated quantifying the volumetric area occupied by blood vessels and calculating the number of blood vessel ramifications. Results indicated that CAMs treated at ED6 and ED7 had a significantly higher CAM vascularization and an increased number of blood vessel ramifications (+82% higher for ED6) compared to untreated CAMs (ED6=63.3±2.5 and ED7=57.7±5.5 vs. CTRL=34.7±2.5). Thus, HBOT induces an angiogenic response in treated CAMs through a classic sprouting mechanism.","PeriodicalId":94228,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of developmental biology","volume":"59 10-12 1","pages":"461-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87923269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The N-myc downstream regulated gene (Ndrg) family consists of four main members Ndrg1, 2, 3, and 4. The Ndrg genes are involved in many vital biological events including development. However, comprehensive expression patterns of this gene family during vertebrate embryogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the Ndrg family from the evolutionary perspective and examined the expression patterns of the Ndrg genes during Xenopus tropicalis embryogenesis. Different Ndrg family members of vertebrates are separated into different homology clusters which can be further classified into two groups and each Ndrg family member is well conserved during evolution. The temporal and spatial expression patterns of Ndrg1, 2, 3 and 4 are different during early Xenopus tropicalis development. Ndrg1, 2 and 4 are maternally expressed genes while Ndrg3 is a zygotically expressed gene. The Ndrg genes are differentially expressed in the developing central nervous system, the developing sensory organs, and the developing excretory organs. Moreover, they also show other specific expression domains. Our results indicate that the Ndrg genes exhibit specific expression patterns and may play different roles during vertebrate embryogenesis.
{"title":"Developmental expression of the N-myc downstream regulated gene (Ndrg) family during Xenopus tropicalis embryogenesis.","authors":"Chao Zhong, Yan-Kuan Zhou, Shan-shan Yang, Jun-Fang Zhao, Xiao-long Zhu, Hen-Huang Chen, Peichao Chen, Liquan Huang, Xiao Huang","doi":"10.1387/ijdb.150178xh","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.150178xh","url":null,"abstract":"The N-myc downstream regulated gene (Ndrg) family consists of four main members Ndrg1, 2, 3, and 4. The Ndrg genes are involved in many vital biological events including development. However, comprehensive expression patterns of this gene family during vertebrate embryogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the Ndrg family from the evolutionary perspective and examined the expression patterns of the Ndrg genes during Xenopus tropicalis embryogenesis. Different Ndrg family members of vertebrates are separated into different homology clusters which can be further classified into two groups and each Ndrg family member is well conserved during evolution. The temporal and spatial expression patterns of Ndrg1, 2, 3 and 4 are different during early Xenopus tropicalis development. Ndrg1, 2 and 4 are maternally expressed genes while Ndrg3 is a zygotically expressed gene. The Ndrg genes are differentially expressed in the developing central nervous system, the developing sensory organs, and the developing excretory organs. Moreover, they also show other specific expression domains. Our results indicate that the Ndrg genes exhibit specific expression patterns and may play different roles during vertebrate embryogenesis.","PeriodicalId":94228,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of developmental biology","volume":"68 1","pages":"511-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87426169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Xenopus laevis, maternal transcripts that localize to the vegetal cortex of the oocyte are specifically inherited by prospective germ cells during cleavage stages. While a large fraction of maternal transcripts is degraded during the maternal to zygotic transition (MZT), transcripts associated with the germ-line are stable. A sequence in the dead end 1 3'UTR mediates vegetal localization in the oocyte as well as miR mediated clearance in somatic cells and germ cell specific stabilization during the MZT in embryos. We could identify Tia1 to co-precipitate with known components of vegetal localization RNPs in X. laevis oocytes. Tia1 interacts and co-localizes with various localization elements from vegetally localizing RNAs. In X. laevis embryos, ectopic expression of Tia1 counteracts somatic degradation of dnd1 localization element reporter RNAs and it can synergize with Dnd1 protein in reporter RNA stabilization. Ectopic Tia1 also protects several endogenous localizing and germ cell specific mRNAs from somatic degradation. Thus, proteins that protect germ-line transcripts from miR mediated decay during the MZT in embryos might bind these RNAs already in the oocyte.
{"title":"T-cell internal antigen 1 counteracts somatic RNA degradation during early Xenopus embryogenesis.","authors":"Diana Bauermeister, Maike Claussen, T. Pieler","doi":"10.1387/ijdb.150137db","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.150137db","url":null,"abstract":"In Xenopus laevis, maternal transcripts that localize to the vegetal cortex of the oocyte are specifically inherited by prospective germ cells during cleavage stages. While a large fraction of maternal transcripts is degraded during the maternal to zygotic transition (MZT), transcripts associated with the germ-line are stable. A sequence in the dead end 1 3'UTR mediates vegetal localization in the oocyte as well as miR mediated clearance in somatic cells and germ cell specific stabilization during the MZT in embryos. We could identify Tia1 to co-precipitate with known components of vegetal localization RNPs in X. laevis oocytes. Tia1 interacts and co-localizes with various localization elements from vegetally localizing RNAs. In X. laevis embryos, ectopic expression of Tia1 counteracts somatic degradation of dnd1 localization element reporter RNAs and it can synergize with Dnd1 protein in reporter RNA stabilization. Ectopic Tia1 also protects several endogenous localizing and germ cell specific mRNAs from somatic degradation. Thus, proteins that protect germ-line transcripts from miR mediated decay during the MZT in embryos might bind these RNAs already in the oocyte.","PeriodicalId":94228,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of developmental biology","volume":"1 1","pages":"425-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89435839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leda Torres, Ulises Juárez, Laura García, J. Miranda-Ríos, S. Frías
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a class of approximately 22 nucleotide regulatory non-coding RNAs that play several roles in diverse biological processes. Recent reports suggest that embryonic development in mammals is accompanied by dynamic changes in miRNA expression; however, there is no information regarding the role of miRNAs in the development of the external ear. The aim of this study was to determine the stage-specific expression of miRNAs during mouse external ear development in order to identify potentially implicated miRNAs along with their possible targets. miRNA expression profiles from fetal mice pinnae and back skin tissues at 13.5 dpc and 14.5 dpc were obtained using an Affymetrix GeneChip miRNA 3.0 array. Biological triplicates for both tissues, each collected from a litter averaging 16 fetuses, were analyzed. The results were analyzed with Affymetrix's Transcriptome Analysis Console software to identify differentially expressed miRNAs. We observed differential expression of 40 miRNAs including some predicted to target genes implicated in external ear development, such as mmu-miR-10a, an miRNA known to modulate Hoxa1 mRNA levels, and mmu-miR-200c and mmu-miR-205. To our knowledge, this is the first miRNA expression profiling study of external ear development in mammals. These data could set the basis to understand the implications of miRNAs in normal external ear development.
{"title":"External ear microRNA expression profiles during mouse development.","authors":"Leda Torres, Ulises Juárez, Laura García, J. Miranda-Ríos, S. Frías","doi":"10.1387/ijdb.150124sf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.150124sf","url":null,"abstract":"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a class of approximately 22 nucleotide regulatory non-coding RNAs that play several roles in diverse biological processes. Recent reports suggest that embryonic development in mammals is accompanied by dynamic changes in miRNA expression; however, there is no information regarding the role of miRNAs in the development of the external ear. The aim of this study was to determine the stage-specific expression of miRNAs during mouse external ear development in order to identify potentially implicated miRNAs along with their possible targets. miRNA expression profiles from fetal mice pinnae and back skin tissues at 13.5 dpc and 14.5 dpc were obtained using an Affymetrix GeneChip miRNA 3.0 array. Biological triplicates for both tissues, each collected from a litter averaging 16 fetuses, were analyzed. The results were analyzed with Affymetrix's Transcriptome Analysis Console software to identify differentially expressed miRNAs. We observed differential expression of 40 miRNAs including some predicted to target genes implicated in external ear development, such as mmu-miR-10a, an miRNA known to modulate Hoxa1 mRNA levels, and mmu-miR-200c and mmu-miR-205. To our knowledge, this is the first miRNA expression profiling study of external ear development in mammals. These data could set the basis to understand the implications of miRNAs in normal external ear development.","PeriodicalId":94228,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of developmental biology","volume":"4 1","pages":"497-503"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87614753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Goto, Taiju Saito, Y. Kawakami, Tomoe Kitauchi, Misae Takagi, T. Todo, K. Arai, E. Yamaha
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) appear during early embryogenesis and differentiate into gametes through oogenesis or spermatogenesis. Teleost PGCs can be visualized by injecting RNA transcribed from the fusion product of a fluorescent protein gene attached to the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of zebrafish nanos3 (zf-nos3). Although this method has been widely applied to teleost PGCs, the visualization of PGCs in pelagic species that have eggs with a hard chorion is more problematic due to the technical difficulty of microinjection into their eggs. In this study, we developed a reliable method for microinjection of fertilized eggs in a pelagic species, the barfin flounder. Using a microneedle with a constriction "brake", we were able to introduce gfp-nos3 3'UTR mRNA into embryos and to determine the origin and migration route of PGCs. We also isolated the barfin flounder nos3 (bf-nos3) gene to compare its 3'UTR sequence with that of zebrafish. The 3'UTR of the bf-nos3 sequence was longer than that of zf-nos3. However, PGCs were also visualized after injection of gfp-bf-nos3 3'UTR mRNA both in zebrafish and barfin flounder. These results suggest that the function of nos3 is conserved between these species regardless of the sequence differences. The method developed here for labeling PGCs with gfp-nos3 mRNA will provide a means to study PGC development in the embryos of a wide range of marine fish species.
{"title":"Visualization of primordial germ cells in the fertilized pelagic eggs of the barfin flounder Verasper moseri.","authors":"R. Goto, Taiju Saito, Y. Kawakami, Tomoe Kitauchi, Misae Takagi, T. Todo, K. Arai, E. Yamaha","doi":"10.1387/ijdb.150008rg","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.150008rg","url":null,"abstract":"Primordial germ cells (PGCs) appear during early embryogenesis and differentiate into gametes through oogenesis or spermatogenesis. Teleost PGCs can be visualized by injecting RNA transcribed from the fusion product of a fluorescent protein gene attached to the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of zebrafish nanos3 (zf-nos3). Although this method has been widely applied to teleost PGCs, the visualization of PGCs in pelagic species that have eggs with a hard chorion is more problematic due to the technical difficulty of microinjection into their eggs. In this study, we developed a reliable method for microinjection of fertilized eggs in a pelagic species, the barfin flounder. Using a microneedle with a constriction \"brake\", we were able to introduce gfp-nos3 3'UTR mRNA into embryos and to determine the origin and migration route of PGCs. We also isolated the barfin flounder nos3 (bf-nos3) gene to compare its 3'UTR sequence with that of zebrafish. The 3'UTR of the bf-nos3 sequence was longer than that of zf-nos3. However, PGCs were also visualized after injection of gfp-bf-nos3 3'UTR mRNA both in zebrafish and barfin flounder. These results suggest that the function of nos3 is conserved between these species regardless of the sequence differences. The method developed here for labeling PGCs with gfp-nos3 mRNA will provide a means to study PGC development in the embryos of a wide range of marine fish species.","PeriodicalId":94228,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of developmental biology","volume":"11 1","pages":"465-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81978449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thanida Srihawong, T. Kuwana, K. Siripattarapravat, C. Tirawattanawanich
Avian primordial germ cells (PGCs) are destined to migrate a long distance from their extra embryonic region via the vascular system to the gonadal ridges where they form the germ cells. Although PGC migration is crucial for a genetic continuation to the next generation, the factors and mechanisms that control their migration remain largely unknown. In the present study the chemotactic effect of stem cell factor (SCF) was examined on chicken blood circulating PGCs (cPGC), employing 3D chemotaxis slides and time-lapsed imaging analyses as an in vitro study model. Upon in vitro exposure to an SCF gradient, 77.1% (54 out of 70) of cPGCs showed a clear response, of which 48.1% (26 out of 54) polarized with the consecutive formation of a persistent membrane protrusion and significant directional migration towards the gradient and the others showed transient membrane protrusions. In contrast, the controls and apparently SCF unresponsive cPGCs and c-kit-negative red blood cells (RBCs) showed only cytoplasmic cycling with random formations of membrane blebbing and no directional migration. Significant (p < 0.05) differences between the SCF-treated and control cPGCs and RBCs were found in the migration parameters of eccentricity, accumulated and Euclidean distances, and migration velocity. The SCF-treated PGCs also revealed a chemotactic response, as judged by their significant displacement of center of mass and Rayleigh test. Complete inhibition of all the SCF-induced responses in PGCs was found following pretreatment of the cPGCs with 10 µM of the c-kit inhibitor, STI57l, prior to SCF exposure. In addition, cPGCs were found to be positive for c-kit expression using a polyclonal goat anti-mouse c-kit primary antibody, suggesting that the cPGCs were capable of SCF sensing and the potential involvement of SCF/c-kit in the chemotactic migration. Therefore, SCF is suggested to function as a chemoattractant in the migration of chicken cPGC.
{"title":"Chicken primordial germ cell motility in response to stem cell factor sensing.","authors":"Thanida Srihawong, T. Kuwana, K. Siripattarapravat, C. Tirawattanawanich","doi":"10.1387/ijdb.140287ct","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.140287ct","url":null,"abstract":"Avian primordial germ cells (PGCs) are destined to migrate a long distance from their extra embryonic region via the vascular system to the gonadal ridges where they form the germ cells. Although PGC migration is crucial for a genetic continuation to the next generation, the factors and mechanisms that control their migration remain largely unknown. In the present study the chemotactic effect of stem cell factor (SCF) was examined on chicken blood circulating PGCs (cPGC), employing 3D chemotaxis slides and time-lapsed imaging analyses as an in vitro study model. Upon in vitro exposure to an SCF gradient, 77.1% (54 out of 70) of cPGCs showed a clear response, of which 48.1% (26 out of 54) polarized with the consecutive formation of a persistent membrane protrusion and significant directional migration towards the gradient and the others showed transient membrane protrusions. In contrast, the controls and apparently SCF unresponsive cPGCs and c-kit-negative red blood cells (RBCs) showed only cytoplasmic cycling with random formations of membrane blebbing and no directional migration. Significant (p < 0.05) differences between the SCF-treated and control cPGCs and RBCs were found in the migration parameters of eccentricity, accumulated and Euclidean distances, and migration velocity. The SCF-treated PGCs also revealed a chemotactic response, as judged by their significant displacement of center of mass and Rayleigh test. Complete inhibition of all the SCF-induced responses in PGCs was found following pretreatment of the cPGCs with 10 µM of the c-kit inhibitor, STI57l, prior to SCF exposure. In addition, cPGCs were found to be positive for c-kit expression using a polyclonal goat anti-mouse c-kit primary antibody, suggesting that the cPGCs were capable of SCF sensing and the potential involvement of SCF/c-kit in the chemotactic migration. Therefore, SCF is suggested to function as a chemoattractant in the migration of chicken cPGC.","PeriodicalId":94228,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of developmental biology","volume":"125 1","pages":"453-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80006838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An in situ screen for genes expressed in the skeletal muscle of eyed-stage trout embryos led to the identification of a transcript encoding a polypeptide related to CILP1, a secreted glycoprotein present in the extracellular matrix. In situ hybridisation in developing trout embryos revealed that CILP1 expression was initially detected in fast muscle progenitors of the early somite. Later, CILP1 expression was down-regulated medio-laterally in differentiating fast muscle cells, to become finally restricted to the undifferentiated muscle progenitors forming the dermomyotome-like epithelium at the surface of the embryonic myotome. At the completion of somitogenesis, CILP1 expression was concentrated in the myoseptal/tendon cells that develop between adjacent myotomes but was excluded from the skeletogenic cells of the vertebral axis to which the most medial myoseptal/tendon cells attach. Overall, our work shows that muscle cells and myoseptal/tendon cells contribute dynamically and cooperatively to the production of CILP1 during ontogeny of the trout musculoskeletal system.
{"title":"CILP1 is dynamically expressed in the developing musculoskeletal system of the trout.","authors":"C. Rallière, M. Frétaud, V. Thermes, P. Rescan","doi":"10.1387/ijdb.150136pr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.150136pr","url":null,"abstract":"An in situ screen for genes expressed in the skeletal muscle of eyed-stage trout embryos led to the identification of a transcript encoding a polypeptide related to CILP1, a secreted glycoprotein present in the extracellular matrix. In situ hybridisation in developing trout embryos revealed that CILP1 expression was initially detected in fast muscle progenitors of the early somite. Later, CILP1 expression was down-regulated medio-laterally in differentiating fast muscle cells, to become finally restricted to the undifferentiated muscle progenitors forming the dermomyotome-like epithelium at the surface of the embryonic myotome. At the completion of somitogenesis, CILP1 expression was concentrated in the myoseptal/tendon cells that develop between adjacent myotomes but was excluded from the skeletogenic cells of the vertebral axis to which the most medial myoseptal/tendon cells attach. Overall, our work shows that muscle cells and myoseptal/tendon cells contribute dynamically and cooperatively to the production of CILP1 during ontogeny of the trout musculoskeletal system.","PeriodicalId":94228,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of developmental biology","volume":"29 1","pages":"505-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81377516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The newt has the powerful capacity to regenerate lost limbs following amputation, and represents an excellent model organism to study regenerative processes. However, the molecular basis of the adaptive response in the regenerating limb of the Chinese fire-bellied newt Cynops orientalis immediately after amputation remains unclear. To better understand the adaptive response immediately after limb amputation at the protein level, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) coupled with LC-MS/MS methods to analyze changes in the proteome of the regenerating newt limb that occurred 2 h and 8 h after amputation. We identified 152 proteins with more than 1.5-fold change in expression compared to control. GO annotation analysis classified these proteins into several categories such as signaling, Ca(2+) binding and translocation, transcription and translation, immune response, cell death, cytoskeleton, metabolism, etc. Further ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) showed that several signaling pathways were significantly changed at 2 h and 8 h after amputation, including EIF2 signaling, acute phase response signaling, tight junction signaling and calcium signaling, suggesting these pathways may be closely related to the adaptive response immediately after limb amputation. This work provides novel insights into understanding the molecular processes related to newt limb regeneration immediately after amputation, and a basis for further study of regenerative medicine.
{"title":"iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of adaptive response in the regenerating limb of the Cynops orientalis newt.","authors":"X. Geng, Jianlin Guo, Xiayan Zang, Jingyan Sun, Pengfei Li, Fu-chun Zhang, Cunshuan Xu","doi":"10.1387/ijdb.150363cx","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.150363cx","url":null,"abstract":"The newt has the powerful capacity to regenerate lost limbs following amputation, and represents an excellent model organism to study regenerative processes. However, the molecular basis of the adaptive response in the regenerating limb of the Chinese fire-bellied newt Cynops orientalis immediately after amputation remains unclear. To better understand the adaptive response immediately after limb amputation at the protein level, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) coupled with LC-MS/MS methods to analyze changes in the proteome of the regenerating newt limb that occurred 2 h and 8 h after amputation. We identified 152 proteins with more than 1.5-fold change in expression compared to control. GO annotation analysis classified these proteins into several categories such as signaling, Ca(2+) binding and translocation, transcription and translation, immune response, cell death, cytoskeleton, metabolism, etc. Further ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) showed that several signaling pathways were significantly changed at 2 h and 8 h after amputation, including EIF2 signaling, acute phase response signaling, tight junction signaling and calcium signaling, suggesting these pathways may be closely related to the adaptive response immediately after limb amputation. This work provides novel insights into understanding the molecular processes related to newt limb regeneration immediately after amputation, and a basis for further study of regenerative medicine.","PeriodicalId":94228,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of developmental biology","volume":"79 6 1","pages":"487-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76806351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magnesium (Mg(2+)) is the second most abundant cellular cation and is essential for all stages of life, from the early embryo to adult. Mg(2+) deficiency causes or contributes to many human diseases, including migraine headaches, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, hypotension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiac arrhythmias. Although the concentration of Mg(2+) in the extracellular environment can vary significantly, the total intracellular Mg(2+) concentration is actively maintained within a relatively narrow range (14 - 20 mM) via tight, yet poorly understood, regulation of intracellular Mg(2+)by Mg(2+) transporters and Mg(2+)-permeant ion channels. Recent studies have continued to add to the growing number of Mg(2+) transporters and ion channels involved in Mg(2+) homeostasis, including TRPM6 and TRPM7, members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel family. Mutations in TRPM6, including amino acid substitutions that prevent its heterooligomerization with TRPM7, occur in the rare autosomal-recessive disease hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia (HSH). Genetic ablation of either gene in mice results in early embryonic lethality, raising the question of whether these channels' capacity to mediate Mg(2+) influx plays an important role in embryonic development. Here we review what is known of the function of Mg(2+) in early development and summarize recent findings regarding the function of the TRPM6 and TRPM7 ion channels during embryogenesis.
{"title":"TRPM channels and magnesium in early embryonic development.","authors":"Y. Komiya, L. Runnels","doi":"10.1387/ijdb.150196lr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.150196lr","url":null,"abstract":"Magnesium (Mg(2+)) is the second most abundant cellular cation and is essential for all stages of life, from the early embryo to adult. Mg(2+) deficiency causes or contributes to many human diseases, including migraine headaches, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, hypotension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiac arrhythmias. Although the concentration of Mg(2+) in the extracellular environment can vary significantly, the total intracellular Mg(2+) concentration is actively maintained within a relatively narrow range (14 - 20 mM) via tight, yet poorly understood, regulation of intracellular Mg(2+)by Mg(2+) transporters and Mg(2+)-permeant ion channels. Recent studies have continued to add to the growing number of Mg(2+) transporters and ion channels involved in Mg(2+) homeostasis, including TRPM6 and TRPM7, members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel family. Mutations in TRPM6, including amino acid substitutions that prevent its heterooligomerization with TRPM7, occur in the rare autosomal-recessive disease hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia (HSH). Genetic ablation of either gene in mice results in early embryonic lethality, raising the question of whether these channels' capacity to mediate Mg(2+) influx plays an important role in embryonic development. Here we review what is known of the function of Mg(2+) in early development and summarize recent findings regarding the function of the TRPM6 and TRPM7 ion channels during embryogenesis.","PeriodicalId":94228,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of developmental biology","volume":"82 1","pages":"281-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90596340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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