Canadian Veterinary Journal-revue Veterinaire Canadienne最新文献

Nasopharyngeal stenosis (NPS) is an important cause of chronic nasal discharge, stertor, and upper airway obstruction in dogs and cats. Treatment of NPS can be challenging and expensive and is associated with high recurrence and complication rates. Traditional treatment recommendations include balloon dilation of the stenotic tissue followed by placement of a covered, removable stent marketed for the treatment of NPS. However, these stents are costly, require technical expertise to place, and are available in limited sizes. This report describes a novel approach to treat NPS in 2 dogs using a piece of a silicone thoracic catheter cut to size for each dog as a removable stent. Both silicone stents were well tolerated and provided long-term resolution of clinical signs after removal. Major complications for 1 dog included movement of the stent rostrally with early restenosis after the suture securing the stent was accidentally pulled. Silicone thoracic catheters should be considered cost-effective options for the treatment of NPS in dogs. Key clinical message: This case report describes the successful use of a novel, removable silicone thoracic catheter to treat NPS in 2 dogs.

Feline demodicosis is a rare parasitic skin disease. The clinical signs, which may range from mild and localized to severe and generalized, include alopecia, erythema, macules, pruritus, and hyperpigmentation. Although many studies have evaluated the safety and efficacy of different miticidal agents for canine demodicosis, there have been no controlled or conclusive studies on feline infection. Recommended medications for cats include organophosphates, lime sulfur, some macrocylic lactones, and isoxazolines, which may be administered as rinse, injection, oral or spot-on formulations. Most of these treatments are poorly tolerated by cats and have been associated with some adverse effects leading to treatment failure. Isoxazolines including sarolaner and fluralaner were introduced to veterinary medicine in 2014 and have gained remarkable popularity due to the rare occurrence of side effects with these treatments. However, literature reviews reveal only a few published reports of the effectiveness of this medication class on Demodex infestation in cats. To the authors' knowledge, this case report documents the first successful treatment of the generalized form of demodicosis caused by D. cati in a cat achieved with 2 monthly doses of topical application of sarolaner-selamectin combination. This may be a useful reference for practitioners. Key clinical message: There is no consensus on an ideal treatment for feline demodicosis due to lack of published data in cats. This report provides support for sarolaner/selamectin spot-on treatment (Revolution Plus; Zoetis) as an effective, safe, and practical treatment for Demodex mange in cats.

Objective: This study aimed to document antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria frequently isolated at a referral equine hospital between 2020 and 2022 and to compare these results to those of studies carried out in previous decades at the same reference center.

Procedure: Using the Kirby-Bauer method, 340 tests were completed on bacterial isolates and compared to 233, 255, and 396 tests carried out in 1986 to 1988, 1996 to 1998, and 2007 to 2013, respectively. Data were analyzed with X ² tests for trends, followed by pairwise Fisher tests and Bonferroni corrections.

Results: Increasing resistance to at least 1 antibiotic was observed for 5 of the 6 bacteria studied, including increasing resistance to enrofloxacin for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacter spp., and staphylococci, and to ceftiofur for Enterobacter spp. and staphylococci. Resistance of Actinobacillus spp. to ampicillin and penicillin decreased over time, whereas resistance of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus to penicillin was not observed.

Conclusion and clinical relevance: Bacteria isolated from horses had increasing resistance to antibiotic classes considered critically important for human health. However, penicillin remained an appropriate 1st-line antibiotic for Actinobacillus spp. and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in our area.

Background: Surgical margin status can affect the risk for recurrence in dogs with cutaneous and subcutaneous masses. Histopathology is the current gold standard for margin assessment, despite evaluating small amounts of the surgical margin. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been described for surgical margin assessment following the excision of canine cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors.

Objective: To assess the rates of recurrence and metastasis following excision with an incomplete margin on OCT and confirmed with histopathology.

Animals and procedure: Seventy-one excised canine cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors underwent OCT imaging and histopathologic assessment.

Results: Of 61 tumors, 51 were malignant, including 21 soft tissue sarcomas and 21 mast cell tumors. Ten dogs experienced local tumor recurrence, with 7/10 and 8/10 having incomplete margins on OCT and histopathology, respectively. Ten dogs experienced distant metastasis, with 6/10 and 8/10 having incomplete margins on OCT and histopathology, respectively.

Conclusion and clinical relevance: Local recurrence occurred in tumors with predominately incomplete margins following advanced surgical margin assessment; however, not all tumors with incomplete margins developed local recurrence. Further prospective research is needed to assess the effect of entire surgical margin imaging on patient outcomes.

Splenic metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare. An 11-year-old neutered male Maltese dog was presented for HCC recurrence surveillance. The dog had a history of transarterial chemoembolization and resection of HCC in the left medial liver lobe and papillary process of the caudate liver lobe. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a splenic mass with characteristics similar to those of the previous hepatic mass, including arterial tumor hypervascularity and heterogeneous enhancement in the portal venous and delayed venous phases. Splenic metastasis of HCC was confirmed via histopathological examination after splenectomy. Key clinical message: To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the CT findings of splenic metastasis of HCC in a dog. Splenic metastasis of HCC exhibited attenuation characteristics similar to those of the primary hepatic tumor in triple-phase CT. Therefore, comparing CT findings of previously diagnosed HCC to those of splenic masses may aid in diagnosing splenic metastasis of HCC.

Our objective was to provide preliminary clinical and laboratory data and the minimum effective dose for long-term (≥ 7 mo) treatment of feline allergic pruritus with oclacitinib. We studied 14 privately owned cats with pruritic allergic dermatitis controlled with oclacitinib treatment. Clinical data and results of blood testing (at the onset and at least once thereafter) during treatment were retrospectively evaluated. The median initial dosage of oclacitinib was 1.1 mg/kg q12h. In 7 animals, the maintenance dose could be reduced by ≥ 50%, usually after 15 d of treatment. The median duration of treatment was 15.5 mo. An FeLV-FIV test was conducted in 10 cats and all were negative. During treatment, 4 cats had non-dermatologic disorders that resolved without changing the oclacitinib dosing schedule. Alterations in blood tests during treatment were mild and frequently transient and included hypercholesterolemia, increased alanine aminotransferase and/or creatinine, and hyperglycemia. Limited and transitory disruptions in platelets and white cell lineage numbers were identified in some cats but none required specific treatment or discontinuation of oclacitinib. Alterations observed in the 14 cats treated with oclacitinib for a median of 15.5 mo were few and mild. No direct relationships were apparent between laboratory abnormalities or clinical signs and the dosing schedule of oclacitinib. A reduction of the daily dose to control allergic pruritus was feasible in 7/14 cats. Key clinical message: Based on the 14 cases included, long-term treatment with oclacitinib appeared to be well-tolerated and effective for managing feline allergic pruritus. However, close monitoring is recommended, and prospective studies with larger samples are needed to confirm these results.

An 8-year-old neutered male Maltese dog was presented with 6 palpable cutaneous masses on the neck and thorax 1 y after the surgical excision of mast cell tumors (MCT) from the mid-thoracic and right axillary regions. Before chemotherapy, the sum of the masses' diameters was 19.0 cm. ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) revealed hypermetabolic lesions within the skin overlying the ventral thorax, bilateral prescapular lymph nodes, and right axillary lymph node. The dog was diagnosed with MCT recurrence and treated with combination chemotherapy comprising imatinib, vinblastine, and prednisolone. After completion of 2 16-week chemotherapy regimens, the sum of the masses' diameters decreased to 3.6 cm. For assessment of the chemotherapy response and guidance for subsequent therapeutic plans, follow-up FDG-PET/CT was undertaken 25 d after completion of the 2nd chemotherapy regimen. It demonstrated a reduction in FDG uptake in all areas compared with that on the initial scan, except for the middle thoracic mass. After follow-up FDG-PET/CT, a 3rd chemotherapy regimen was implemented, and the dog died 416 d after the initiation of chemotherapy. There are no reports of a combination chemotherapy with imatinib, vinblastine, and prednisolone for treating canine cutaneous MCT. This case highlighted the potential therapeutic use of this combination chemotherapy for recurrent canine MCTs. Furthermore, this report indicates that FDG-PET/CT may be useful for assessing malignancy, evaluating chemotherapy responses, and establishing treatment plans for canine cutaneous MCTs. Key clinical message: Combination chemotherapy of imatinib, vinblastine, and prednisolone is a potential therapeutic regimen for recurrent cutaneous MCTs in dogs. In addition, FDG-PET/CT may be a potentially useful tool for assessing malignancy, evaluating chemotherapy responses, and guiding further therapeutic decisions.