Haemoparasites of the genera Ehrlichia, Hepatozoon, and Babesia, which are known tick-borne pathogens, infect a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive molecular detection and characterization of haemoparasites in captive tigers (Panthera tigris) at a wildlife center in Thailand. From multiplex PCR results, haemoparasites were detected in the blood of 12 out of 17 tigers (70.6%), including 4 males and 8 females. Ten tigers (58.8%) were infected with Ehrlichia canis, one (5.9%) was co-infected with Hepatozoon sp. and E. canis, and another (5.9%) was infected solely with Hepatozoon sp. No infection with Babesia spp. was found. Nucleotide sequence analyses of the VirB9 protein gene sequence of E. canis and the 18S rRNA gene sequences of Hepatozoon spp. revealed high levels of genetic similarity with GenBank reference sequences. The Hepatozoon spp. sequence from the co-infected tiger showed 98.1–99.9% similarity with Hepatozoon canis, while another sequence showed a 97.6–99.7% match with Hepatozoon felis. The detection of these parasites underscores the complex interactions and dynamics of disease transmission that exist within captive environments, highlighting the need for preventive measures. Therefore, appropriate steps should be taken to control ectoparasites and manage domestic animals within wildlife centers to minimize the risk of infection.
{"title":"Molecular detection and characterization of haemoparasites in captive tigers (Panthera tigris) from Thailand","authors":"Tanasak Changbunjong , Tatiyanuch Chamsai , Siriporn Tangsudjai , Nareerat Sangkachai , Chalisa Mongkolphan , Luxsana Prasittichai , Tanawat Chaiphongpachara","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Haemoparasites of the genera <em>Ehrlichia</em>, <em>Hepatozoon</em>, and <em>Babesia</em>, which are known tick-borne pathogens, infect a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive molecular detection and characterization of haemoparasites in captive tigers (<em>Panthera tigris</em>) at a wildlife center in Thailand. From multiplex PCR results, haemoparasites were detected in the blood of 12 out of 17 tigers (70.6%), including 4 males and 8 females. Ten tigers (58.8%) were infected with <em>Ehrlichia canis</em>, one (5.9%) was co-infected with <em>Hepatozoon</em> sp. and <em>E. canis</em>, and another (5.9%) was infected solely with <em>Hepatozoon</em> sp. No infection with <em>Babesia</em> spp. was found. Nucleotide sequence analyses of the VirB9 protein gene sequence of <em>E. canis</em> and the 18S rRNA gene sequences of <em>Hepatozoon</em> spp. revealed high levels of genetic similarity with GenBank reference sequences. The <em>Hepatozoon</em> spp. sequence from the co-infected tiger showed 98.1–99.9% similarity with <em>Hepatozoon canis</em>, while another sequence showed a 97.6–99.7% match with <em>Hepatozoon felis</em>. The detection of these parasites underscores the complex interactions and dynamics of disease transmission that exist within captive environments, highlighting the need for preventive measures. Therefore, appropriate steps should be taken to control ectoparasites and manage domestic animals within wildlife centers to minimize the risk of infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100249"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100252
Edith Ramaita , Silas Agumba , Joseph Mwangangi , Stanley Kitur , Lucy Wachira , Samson Otieno , David Mburu , Damaris Matoke-Muhia , Elijah Juma , Charles Mbogo , Eric Ochomo , Luna Kamau
Insecticide-based malaria vector-control interventions have been economically important in reducing malaria prevalence. However, insecticide resistance now threatens the continued efficacy of insecticides in malaria vector control. Monitoring insecticide resistance in mosquito populations is needed to guide the implementation of effective insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies. Thus the study assessed the levels and intensity of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae (sensu lato) in five malaria epidemiological zones of Kenya, which are subjected to different vector control interventions. Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) mosquito larvae were sampled from Teso in Busia County in the lake malaria-endemic zone, Kwale in Kwale County in the coastal malaria-endemic zone, Kakuma in Turkana County, a malaria epidemic zone, Mwea in Kirinyaga County in the seasonal malaria transmission zone of Central Kenya and Thika in Kiambu County in the low-risk malaria zones. The mosquito larvae were reared into adults, and the Centre for Disease Control (CDC) bottle DD intensity of resistance assays were conducted at 2× , 5× , and 10× the discriminating doses (DD); the WHO guidelines were used to evaluate the percentage knockdown or mortality of the adult vectors. Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) mosquitoes from all the malaria epidemiological zones showed resistance to deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl, while mosquitoes from most of the zones were resistant to alpha-cypermethrin. However, the mosquitoes were susceptible to the other insecticides tested, i.e. chlorfenapyr and clothianidin. In cases where resistance was found, the resistance intensity ranged from low to moderate levels. Anopheles arabiensis was the most prevalent species in all the sites except in Busia County, where An. gambiae (sensu stricto) was the majority. The results of this study showed widespread insecticide resistance in An. gambiae (s.l.) to commonly used insecticides in different malaria epidemiological zones in Kenya. Routine surveillance of insecticide resistance through monitoring and subsequent management in the zones of occurrence is a reliable component of evidence-based policy decision-making for mitigating malaria transmission using insecticide-based vector control interventions.
{"title":"Insecticide resistance intensity in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) from five malaria epidemiological zones in Kenya","authors":"Edith Ramaita , Silas Agumba , Joseph Mwangangi , Stanley Kitur , Lucy Wachira , Samson Otieno , David Mburu , Damaris Matoke-Muhia , Elijah Juma , Charles Mbogo , Eric Ochomo , Luna Kamau","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Insecticide-based malaria vector-control interventions have been economically important in reducing malaria prevalence. However, insecticide resistance now threatens the continued efficacy of insecticides in malaria vector control. Monitoring insecticide resistance in mosquito populations is needed to guide the implementation of effective insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies. Thus the study assessed the levels and intensity of insecticide resistance in <em>Anopheles gambiae</em> (<em>sensu lato</em>) in five malaria epidemiological zones of Kenya, which are subjected to different vector control interventions. <em>Anopheles gambiae</em> (<em>s.l</em>.) mosquito larvae were sampled from Teso in Busia County in the lake malaria-endemic zone, Kwale in Kwale County in the coastal malaria-endemic zone, Kakuma in Turkana County, a malaria epidemic zone, Mwea in Kirinyaga County in the seasonal malaria transmission zone of Central Kenya and Thika in Kiambu County in the low-risk malaria zones. The mosquito larvae were reared into adults, and the Centre for Disease Control (CDC) bottle DD intensity of resistance assays were conducted at 2× , 5× , and 10× the discriminating doses (DD); the WHO guidelines were used to evaluate the percentage knockdown or mortality of the adult vectors. <em>Anopheles gambiae</em> (<em>s.l</em>.) mosquitoes from all the malaria epidemiological zones showed resistance to deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl, while mosquitoes from most of the zones were resistant to alpha-cypermethrin. However, the mosquitoes were susceptible to the other insecticides tested, i.e. chlorfenapyr and clothianidin. In cases where resistance was found, the resistance intensity ranged from low to moderate levels. <em>Anopheles arabiensis</em> was the most prevalent species in all the sites except in Busia County, where <em>An. gambiae</em> (<em>sensu stricto</em>) was the majority. The results of this study showed widespread insecticide resistance in <em>An. gambiae</em> (<em>s.l</em>.) to commonly used insecticides in different malaria epidemiological zones in Kenya. Routine surveillance of insecticide resistance through monitoring and subsequent management in the zones of occurrence is a reliable component of evidence-based policy decision-making for mitigating malaria transmission using insecticide-based vector control interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100252"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100238
Yasen Mutafchiev , Yannick Roman , Kathryn Griffiths , Lyubomir Kenderov , Michelle L. Michalski
Streptocara incognita Gibson, 1968 is an acuariid nematode associated with lethal cases of streptocarosis of diverse aquatic birds in North America and Europe. This study reports S. incognita as an agent causing severe and fatal necrosis of the oesophagus and proventriculus of anatids, i.e. Somateria mollissima (L.), Marmaronetta angustirostris (Ménétriés), Tadorna tadorna (L.) and Spatula querquedula (L.), kept in open pens in the Zoological Park, Clères, France. Comparative analysis of 12S rRNA gene sequences revealed that third-stage infective nematode larvae found in the amphipod Gammarus pulex pulex (L.) in the river passing through the pens belong to S. incognita thus elucidating the life cycle of this species. A partial sequence of the cox1 gene was also generated. To complement the brief original description of S. incognita, a detailed morphological description of the adult stages is provided based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, morphological data on the developing third- and fourth-stage larvae found in the definitive host and third-stage infective nematode larvae found in G. pulex pulex are also provided. This is the first record of an intermediate host of S. incognita. Somateria mollissima, M. angustirostris and S. querquedula are new host records.
{"title":"DNA-elucidated life cycle of a highly pathogenic avian nematode: Streptocara incognita (Spirurida: Acuariidae) and its morphological development from infective third-stage larva to adult","authors":"Yasen Mutafchiev , Yannick Roman , Kathryn Griffiths , Lyubomir Kenderov , Michelle L. Michalski","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Streptocara incognita</em> Gibson, 1968 is an acuariid nematode associated with lethal cases of streptocarosis of diverse aquatic birds in North America and Europe. This study reports <em>S. incognita</em> as an agent causing severe and fatal necrosis of the oesophagus and proventriculus of anatids, i.e. <em>Somateria mollissima</em> (L.), <em>Marmaronetta angustirostris</em> (Ménétriés), <em>Tadorna tadorna</em> (L.) and <em>Spatula querquedula</em> (L.), kept in open pens in the Zoological Park, Clères, France. Comparative analysis of 12S rRNA gene sequences revealed that third-stage infective nematode larvae found in the amphipod <em>Gammarus pulex pulex</em> (L.) in the river passing through the pens belong to <em>S. incognita</em> thus elucidating the life cycle of this species. A partial sequence of the <em>cox</em>1 gene was also generated. To complement the brief original description of <em>S. incognita</em>, a detailed morphological description of the adult stages is provided based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, morphological data on the developing third- and fourth-stage larvae found in the definitive host and third-stage infective nematode larvae found in <em>G. pulex pulex</em> are also provided. This is the first record of an intermediate host of <em>S. incognita. Somateria mollissima</em>, <em>M. angustirostris</em> and <em>S. querquedula</em> are new host records.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100238"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11732242/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100258
K. Emil Hovius , Tess van den Bergen , Osama Almalik , Ellen Versmissen , Victor P. Rutten , Hein Sprong , Joppe W. Hovius
Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato), which is transmitted through species belonging to the Ixodes ricinus complex. Canine Lyme Disease (CLD) is an established clinical entity in the USA. In Europe, an unambiguous diagnosis is rarely made, although it has been shown that dogs can be naturally infected and develop antibodies against B. burgdorferi (s.l.). The relation of Borrelia total IgG, IgG2, and IgG1 specific antibodies and the incidence of symptoms was studied in a prospective cohort study. In a tick-dense area in the Netherlands, 84 dogs in 4 age cohorts were followed up during 7 consecutive half-years. In addition, 31 Bernese Mountain dogs (BMD), known to have robust anti-Borrelia antibody responses, were clinically monitored and serologically examined. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) analysis on repeated half-year measurements of clinical and serological results showed a strong association between the clinical signs fever combined with lameness in time, which in turn was associated with transiently high total IgG titers and elevated IgG1 titers against B. burgdorferi (sensu stricto). In BMD, we observed seroconversions and persistence of specific high total IgG and IgG1 titers. Although the latter also developed a persistent reaction against the B. burgdorferi (s.l.) C6 peptide, their tissues tested negative for B. burgdorferi (s.l.) DNA. This study strongly suggests that dogs - not vaccinated against Borrelia spp. infections - that encounter yearly tick infestations are recurrently infected. Some breeds, such as Labrador Retrievers and BMD, in the course of multiple tick-infestation seasons, develop transient symptoms compatible with CLD. Symptoms were strongly associated with temporarily raised total IgG and concomitant or convalescent high IgG1 antibody responses against B. burgdorferi (sensu stricto). Our findings provide insights into the resistance of dogs against B. burgdorferi (s.l.) infections and show that transient symptoms of CLD only occur in a subset of infected dogs.
{"title":"Clinical canine Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) infections are associated with highly elevated total IgG ELISA titers and convalescent Th2 immune responses","authors":"K. Emil Hovius , Tess van den Bergen , Osama Almalik , Ellen Versmissen , Victor P. Rutten , Hein Sprong , Joppe W. Hovius","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lyme disease is caused by <em>Borrelia burgdorferi</em> (<em>sensu lato</em>), which is transmitted through species belonging to the <em>Ixodes ricinus</em> complex. Canine Lyme Disease (CLD) is an established clinical entity in the USA. In Europe, an unambiguous diagnosis is rarely made, although it has been shown that dogs can be naturally infected and develop antibodies against <em>B. burgdorferi</em> (<em>s.l.</em>). The relation of <em>Borrelia</em> total IgG, IgG2, and IgG1 specific antibodies and the incidence of symptoms was studied in a prospective cohort study. In a tick-dense area in the Netherlands, 84 dogs in 4 age cohorts were followed up during 7 consecutive half-years. In addition, 31 Bernese Mountain dogs (BMD), known to have robust anti-<em>Borrelia</em> antibody responses, were clinically monitored and serologically examined. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) analysis on repeated half-year measurements of clinical and serological results showed a strong association between the clinical signs fever combined with lameness in time, which in turn was associated with transiently high total IgG titers and elevated IgG1 titers against <em>B. burgdorferi</em> (<em>sensu stricto</em>). In BMD, we observed seroconversions and persistence of specific high total IgG and IgG1 titers. Although the latter also developed a persistent reaction against the <em>B. burgdorferi</em> (<em>s.l.</em>) C6 peptide, their tissues tested negative for <em>B. burgdorferi</em> (<em>s.l.</em>) DNA. This study strongly suggests that dogs - not vaccinated against <em>Borrelia</em> spp. infections - that encounter yearly tick infestations are recurrently infected. Some breeds, such as Labrador Retrievers and BMD, in the course of multiple tick-infestation seasons, develop transient symptoms compatible with CLD. Symptoms were strongly associated with temporarily raised total IgG and concomitant or convalescent high IgG1 antibody responses against <em>B. burgdorferi</em> (<em>sensu stricto</em>). Our findings provide insights into the resistance of dogs against <em>B. burgdorferi</em> (<em>s.l.</em>) infections and show that transient symptoms of CLD only occur in a subset of infected dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100258"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143917353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100272
Witchuta Junsiri , Piyanan Taweethavonsawat
Wolbachia spp. are intracellular, maternally inherited bacteria that infect a wide range of arthropods. These bacteria influence reproductive traits in their hosts and are used in mosquito-borne virus control programmes. This study investigates the Wolbachia surface protein (WSP), a potential trigger of innate immune responses. The wsp gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, cloned, and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that wsp sequences from Wolbachia endosymbionts of Brugia pahangi and B. malayi formed two clades within the supergroup D. The wsp sequences were highly conserved, with 99–100% sequence identity across global isolates. Haplotype analysis revealed 13 distinct wsp haplotypes. The average antigenic score of the WSP protein was 1.029 for B. malayi and 1.026 for B. pahangi. MHC-NP analysis predicted eight antigen ligands for B. malayi and six for B. pahangi. Notably, a shared antigen ligand (VIADQKHGF) was identified for both species, associated with dog leukocyte antigens (DLA-8850101, DLA-8803401, and DLA-8850801). Additionally, a conserved ligand region (ALVMLLSLSNSAFSD) was identified in the WSP of B. malayi, corresponding to human leukocyte antigens (HLA-DR alleles HLA-DRB1∗04:04 and HLA-DRB1∗04:01). These findings provide new insights into the phylogenetic classification, sequence conservation, and immunogenic potential of the WSP protein in Wolbachia endosymbionts of Brugia spp.
{"title":"New insights into the genetic diversity, phylogeny, and immunogenic potential of the wsp gene in Wolbachia endosymbionts in Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi","authors":"Witchuta Junsiri , Piyanan Taweethavonsawat","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Wolbachia</em> spp. are intracellular, maternally inherited bacteria that infect a wide range of arthropods. These bacteria influence reproductive traits in their hosts and are used in mosquito-borne virus control programmes. This study investigates the <em>Wolbachia</em> surface protein (WSP), a potential trigger of innate immune responses. The <em>wsp</em> gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, cloned, and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that <em>wsp</em> sequences from <em>Wolbachia</em> endosymbionts of <em>Brugia pahangi</em> and <em>B. malayi</em> formed two clades within the supergroup D. The <em>wsp</em> sequences were highly conserved, with 99–100% sequence identity across global isolates. Haplotype analysis revealed 13 distinct <em>wsp</em> haplotypes. The average antigenic score of the WSP protein was 1.029 for <em>B. malayi</em> and 1.026 for <em>B. pahangi</em>. MHC-NP analysis predicted eight antigen ligands for <em>B. malayi</em> and six for <em>B. pahangi</em>. Notably, a shared antigen ligand (VIADQKHGF) was identified for both species, associated with dog leukocyte antigens (DLA-8850101, DLA-8803401, and DLA-8850801). Additionally, a conserved ligand region (ALVMLLSLSNSAFSD) was identified in the WSP of <em>B. malayi</em>, corresponding to human leukocyte antigens (HLA-DR alleles HLA-DRB1∗04:04 and HLA-DRB1∗04:01). These findings provide new insights into the phylogenetic classification, sequence conservation, and immunogenic potential of the WSP protein in <em>Wolbachia</em> endosymbionts of <em>Brugia</em> spp.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100272"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100289
Samantha Hay-Parker , Roger I. Rodriguez-Vivas , Emilia Tobias , Frederic Beugnet , Nancy Montes , Erick García , Diego Bazaldua
Dirofilaria immitis is a nematode found worldwide and capable of infecting several animal species, including dogs. In Mexico, D. immitis infection in dogs has been detected in 22 of the 32 states, with a wide range of prevalence. Blood samples of 535 dogs from four ecological zones and 11 localities in Mexico were processed with ELISA (IDEXX SNAP 4Dx® Plus) with non-treated blood samples (NTB) and pre-heat-treated sera for immune complex dissociation (pre-ICD). Thick drop tests were also performed. The prevalence of D. immitis in each locality was estimated. The positive results were analyzed using χ2-test to identify the associated factors, and the variables with P < 0.2 were analyzed using a logistic regression. The overall prevalence found using the ELISA test with NTB was 15.5%, while it was significantly higher (22.6%) using the same test with pre-ICD. With the thick drop test, a lower prevalence (7.2%) was observed. The detection of positive cases of D. immitis infection was significantly different (P < 0.05) between the three tests. Of the studied dogs, 15.5% (83/535) were positive to both ELISA using NTB and pre-ICD; however, 7.1% (38/535) were only positive after pre-ICD. The higher prevalence was found in Ciudad del Carmen (48.3%), Tampico (48.3%), and Puerto Morelos (64.0%). The risk factors associated with D. immitis infection were the ecological zone (warm subhumid with summer rains: Aw1, OR 2.8, P = 0.003 and Aw0, OR 20.4, P = 0.003); and age of the animals (dogs ≥ 6 years, OR 2.8, P < 0.001). In Mexico, dogs from four ecological zones were found highly infected with D. immitis, the associated risk factors were the ecological zone and age of the animals. Pre-ICD revealed that 7.1% of ELISA antigen-tested samples were false negatives with NTB.
免疫双丝虫是一种世界范围内发现的线虫，能够感染包括狗在内的几种动物。在墨西哥，32个州中有22个州检测到犬只感染了免疫缺陷虫病，流行范围很广。采用ELISA （IDEXX SNAP 4Dx®Plus）对来自墨西哥4个生态区和11个地区的535只狗的血液样本与未处理的血液样本（NTB）和预处理的免疫复合物解离（pre-ICD）血清进行处理。还进行了厚跌落试验。估计了各地区蜱螨病的流行情况。阳性结果采用χ2检验确定相关因素，变量采用P <；0.2例采用逻辑回归分析。使用ELISA检测发现NTB的总患病率为15.5%，而使用相同的检测方法检测前icd的总患病率明显更高（22.6%）。厚滴试验的患病率较低（7.2%）。免疫弓形虫感染阳性病例检出率差异有统计学意义(P <；0.05)。研究犬中，15.5%（83/535）的NTB和pre-ICD ELISA均阳性；7.1%（38/535）仅在icd前阳性。卡门城（48.3%）、坦皮科（48.3%）和莫雷洛斯州港（64.0%）的患病率较高。与赤霉病感染相关的危险因素为生态地带（夏季多雨的温暖半湿润地区：Aw1， OR 2.8, P = 0.003; Aw0, OR 20.4, P = 0.003）；动物的年龄(狗≥6岁，OR 2.8, P <；0.001)。在墨西哥，来自4个生态区的犬只均出现高感染，相关危险因素为生态区和动物年龄。预icd显示，7.1%的ELISA抗原检测样品为NTB假阴性。
{"title":"Prevalence and risk factors of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs from Mexico, including serum pre-heat treatment for the dissociation of immune complexes","authors":"Samantha Hay-Parker , Roger I. Rodriguez-Vivas , Emilia Tobias , Frederic Beugnet , Nancy Montes , Erick García , Diego Bazaldua","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Dirofilaria immitis</em> is a nematode found worldwide and capable of infecting several animal species, including dogs. In Mexico, <em>D. immitis</em> infection in dogs has been detected in 22 of the 32 states, with a wide range of prevalence. Blood samples of 535 dogs from four ecological zones and 11 localities in Mexico were processed with ELISA (IDEXX SNAP 4Dx® Plus) with non-treated blood samples (NTB) and pre-heat-treated sera for immune complex dissociation (pre-ICD). Thick drop tests were also performed. The prevalence of <em>D. immitis</em> in each locality was estimated. The positive results were analyzed using <em>χ</em><sup>2</sup>-test to identify the associated factors, and the variables with <em>P</em> < 0.2 were analyzed using a logistic regression. The overall prevalence found using the ELISA test with NTB was 15.5%, while it was significantly higher (22.6%) using the same test with pre-ICD. With the thick drop test, a lower prevalence (7.2%) was observed. The detection of positive cases of <em>D. immitis</em> infection was significantly different (<em>P</em> < 0.05) between the three tests. Of the studied dogs, 15.5% (83/535) were positive to both ELISA using NTB and pre-ICD; however, 7.1% (38/535) were only positive after pre-ICD. The higher prevalence was found in Ciudad del Carmen (48.3%), Tampico (48.3%), and Puerto Morelos (64.0%). The risk factors associated with <em>D. immitis</em> infection were the ecological zone (warm subhumid with summer rains: <em>Aw1</em>, OR 2.8, <em>P</em> = 0.003 and <em>Aw0</em>, OR 20.4, <em>P</em> = 0.003); and age of the animals (dogs ≥ 6 years, OR 2.8, <em>P</em> < 0.001). In Mexico, dogs from four ecological zones were found highly infected with <em>D. immitis</em>, the associated risk factors were the ecological zone and age of the animals. Pre-ICD revealed that 7.1% of ELISA antigen-tested samples were false negatives with NTB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100289"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144587414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100293
Katharina Platzgummer , Edwin Kniha , Vít Dvorak , Petr Halada , Julia Walochnik , Barbora Vomackova Kykalova , Ida Hanusniakova , Robert Farkas , Petr Volf , Attila J. Trájer
In Europe, sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) are characteristic Mediterranean fauna, though some species expand their range further north. However, the sand fly fauna of Central Europe remains underreported, particularly in Hungary where recent data is lacking due to limited and outdated entomological surveys. To address this gap, a series of sand fly surveys were conducted in Hungary, with significant findings from two trapping efforts in 2017 and 2024. In 2017, only a single female Phlebotomus papatasi was trapped in northern Hungary, which marks one of the northernmost records of the species. In 2024, a more extensive and geographically wider survey recorded 264 sand flies at 34 sites, including three species: Ph. mascittii, Ph. neglectus, and Ph. papatasi. Sand flies were found across diverse environmental settings, including urban, agricultural, and natural habitats. Particularly, the previously rare presence of Ph. mascittii at rural sites (natural rock formations) was reported. Analysis of historical and current data revealed the presence of four sand fly species in Central and South Transdanubia, with evidence suggesting potential range expansion. Blood meal analysis of engorged females identified a variety of domestic and wild host species, but no Leishmania or Phlebovirus infections were detected. Habitat modelling and linear discriminant analysis indicated substantial climate suitability across Southeast Europe, with most positive sand fly observations observed in discontinuous urban fabric CORINE Land Cover classes. This study offers important insights into the ecology, distribution, and climatic preferences of sand flies in Hungary and provides crucial baseline data to monitor potential future spread.
{"title":"Updating the distribution of sand flies in Hungary with implications on their biology and ecology","authors":"Katharina Platzgummer , Edwin Kniha , Vít Dvorak , Petr Halada , Julia Walochnik , Barbora Vomackova Kykalova , Ida Hanusniakova , Robert Farkas , Petr Volf , Attila J. Trájer","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Europe, sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) are characteristic Mediterranean fauna, though some species expand their range further north. However, the sand fly fauna of Central Europe remains underreported, particularly in Hungary where recent data is lacking due to limited and outdated entomological surveys. To address this gap, a series of sand fly surveys were conducted in Hungary, with significant findings from two trapping efforts in 2017 and 2024. In 2017, only a single female <em>Phlebotomus papatasi</em> was trapped in northern Hungary, which marks one of the northernmost records of the species. In 2024, a more extensive and geographically wider survey recorded 264 sand flies at 34 sites, including three species: <em>Ph. mascittii</em>, <em>Ph. neglectus</em>, and <em>Ph. papatasi</em>. Sand flies were found across diverse environmental settings, including urban, agricultural, and natural habitats. Particularly, the previously rare presence of <em>Ph. mascittii</em> at rural sites (natural rock formations) was reported. Analysis of historical and current data revealed the presence of four sand fly species in Central and South Transdanubia, with evidence suggesting potential range expansion. Blood meal analysis of engorged females identified a variety of domestic and wild host species, but no <em>Leishmania</em> or <em>Phlebovirus</em> infections were detected. Habitat modelling and linear discriminant analysis indicated substantial climate suitability across Southeast Europe, with most positive sand fly observations observed in discontinuous urban fabric CORINE Land Cover classes. This study offers important insights into the ecology, distribution, and climatic preferences of sand flies in Hungary and provides crucial baseline data to monitor potential future spread.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100293"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144605393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Local data are essential to understand the threat posed by invasive Anopheles stephensi and native malaria vectors on urban malaria transmission. This study investigated key bioecological features of invasive and native malaria vectors in Metehara town, Ethiopia. In parallel with a case-control study assessing the impact of An. stephensi on urban malaria transmission, a bioecological assessment was conducted between November 2023 and October 2024. All potential larval breeding habitats were mapped, followed by bimonthly collections of immature and adult mosquitoes from randomly selected locations. Immatures were collected using standard dippers, and adults with CDC light traps, BG Pro traps, and Prokopack aspirators. Adult Anopheles were identified morphologically, while species identification of immatures, adult blood-meal analysis, and sporozoite detection were performed via PCR. Of 767 potential larval breeding habitats, 98.3% (n = 754) were anthropogenic, with the majority (95.2%, n = 730) accessible for oviposition, either fully (73.1%, n = 551) or partially (23.7%, n = 179). More than half were water storage containers for human consumption (37.3%, n = 281) or associated with construction (20.8%, n = 157), while abandoned containers, including discarded tyres, accounted for 22.3% (n = 168). Among anthropogenic habitats positive for Anopheles immatures (55.3%, n = 417), one-third contained both An. stephensi and An. arabiensis. Habitat positivity for An. arabiensis showed significant seasonal variation (likelihood ratio, LR = 46.96, P < 0.01), whereas An. stephensi remained stable (LR = 13.06, P = 0.11). Of 2078 adult catches, An. arabiensis was the most abundant species (63.7%, n = 1323), followed by An. pharoensis (26.4%, n = 549). The human blood index was highest in An. arabiensis (21.8%), compared with An. pharoensis (8.3%) and An. stephensi (1.9%). Sporozoite rate was highest in An. pharoensis (4.2%, 23/548), followed by An. arabiensis (0.4%, 5/1321), while no An. stephensi tested positive (0/173). In conclusion, most breeding habitats were anthropogenic, supporting both native and invasive vectors. Anopheles arabiensis exhibited seasonal variation, whereas An. stephensi remained stable. Integrated vector control targeting anthropogenic larval habitats is recommended. Identification of An. pharoensis from larval pools, given its high sporozoite rate, is critical to guide urban malaria control.
{"title":"Co-occurrence of native and invasive malaria vectors in anthropogenic habitats in Metehara, Ethiopia: Opportunities for urban malaria control","authors":"Temesgen Ashine , Abena Kochora , Muluken Assefa , Nigatu Negash , Bedasa Gidisa , Elifaged Hailemeskel , Merit Alemayehu , Chaltu Assefa , Mihret Ebabu , Galana Mamo Ayana , Tedros Nigusse , Fikregabrail Aberra Kassa , Endashaw Esayas , Adane Eyasu , Sagni Chali , Adrienne Epstein , Fatou Jaiteh , John Bradley , Patricia Doumbe-Belisse , Alison M. Reynolds , Endalamaw Gadisa","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Local data are essential to understand the threat posed by invasive <em>Anopheles stephensi</em> and native malaria vectors on urban malaria transmission. This study investigated key bioecological features of invasive and native malaria vectors in Metehara town, Ethiopia. In parallel with a case-control study assessing the impact of <em>An. stephensi</em> on urban malaria transmission, a bioecological assessment was conducted between November 2023 and October 2024. All potential larval breeding habitats were mapped, followed by bimonthly collections of immature and adult mosquitoes from randomly selected locations. Immatures were collected using standard dippers, and adults with CDC light traps, BG Pro traps, and Prokopack aspirators. Adult <em>Anopheles</em> were identified morphologically, while species identification of immatures, adult blood-meal analysis, and sporozoite detection were performed <em>via</em> PCR. Of 767 potential larval breeding habitats, 98.3% (<em>n</em> = 754) were anthropogenic, with the majority (95.2%, <em>n</em> = 730) accessible for oviposition, either fully (73.1%, <em>n</em> = 551) or partially (23.7%, <em>n</em> = 179). More than half were water storage containers for human consumption (37.3%, <em>n</em> = 281) or associated with construction (20.8%, <em>n</em> = 157), while abandoned containers, including discarded tyres, accounted for 22.3% (<em>n</em> = 168). Among anthropogenic habitats positive for <em>Anopheles</em> immatures (55.3%, <em>n</em> = 417), one-third contained both <em>An. stephensi</em> and <em>An. arabiensis</em>. Habitat positivity for <em>An. arabiensis</em> showed significant seasonal variation (likelihood ratio, <em>LR</em> = 46.96, <em>P</em> < 0.01), whereas <em>An. stephensi</em> remained stable (<em>LR</em> = 13.06, <em>P</em> = 0.11). Of 2078 adult catches, <em>An. arabiensis</em> was the most abundant species (63.7%, <em>n</em> = 1323), followed by <em>An. pharoensis</em> (26.4%, <em>n</em> = 549). The human blood index was highest in <em>An. arabiensis</em> (21.8%), compared with <em>An. pharoensis</em> (8.3%) and <em>An. stephensi</em> (1.9%). Sporozoite rate was highest in <em>An. pharoensis</em> (4.2%, 23/548), followed by <em>An. arabiensis</em> (0.4%, 5/1321), while no <em>An. stephensi</em> tested positive (0/173). In conclusion, most breeding habitats were anthropogenic, supporting both native and invasive vectors. <em>Anopheles arabiensis</em> exhibited seasonal variation, whereas <em>An. stephensi</em> remained stable. Integrated vector control targeting anthropogenic larval habitats is recommended. Identification of <em>An. pharoensis</em> from larval pools, given its high sporozoite rate, is critical to guide urban malaria control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100337"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100325
Panagiota Tsafrakidou , Arsen Gkektsian , Michael Miaoulis , Lee W. Cohnstaedt , Alexandra Chaskopoulou
Sand flies are vectors of Leishmania spp. parasites, responsible for causing leishmaniasis in humans and animals. Effective control of sand fly populations is essential to interrupt pathogen transmission, yet conventional insecticide-spraying methods have shown limited and often unsustainable impact. As part of Integrated Vector Management (IVM) systems, attractant-based strategies offer a promising complementary approach by luring the vector for improved surveillance and control. Understanding the sensory cues that drive sand fly behavior is essential for the development of effective attract-and-kill or monitoring tools. However, the application of attractants in sand fly control remains underutilized, partially due to fragmented and inconsistent evidence across studies. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review, according to the PRISMA guidelines, to summarize current knowledge on sand fly attractants and evaluate their potential role within IVM frameworks. Articles published up to the end of 2024, were retrieved from four databases. The search strategy was adapted to the PEO (Population, Exposure, Outcome) framework, with tailored search queries designed for each database in order to identify relevant field and laboratory studies. The 100 included studies were assessed using a customized tool and classified into five categories: “visual cues”, “olfactory cues”, “combined cues”, “attractive toxic sugar bates (ATSB)”, and a “special category”. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic approach to comprehensively and systematically summarize existing knowledge regarding sand fly attractants.
{"title":"Luring the vector: A systematic review of sand fly attractants","authors":"Panagiota Tsafrakidou , Arsen Gkektsian , Michael Miaoulis , Lee W. Cohnstaedt , Alexandra Chaskopoulou","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sand flies are vectors of <em>Leishmania</em> spp. parasites, responsible for causing leishmaniasis in humans and animals. Effective control of sand fly populations is essential to interrupt pathogen transmission, yet conventional insecticide-spraying methods have shown limited and often unsustainable impact. As part of Integrated Vector Management (IVM) systems, attractant-based strategies offer a promising complementary approach by luring the vector for improved surveillance and control. Understanding the sensory cues that drive sand fly behavior is essential for the development of effective attract-and-kill or monitoring tools. However, the application of attractants in sand fly control remains underutilized, partially due to fragmented and inconsistent evidence across studies. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review, according to the PRISMA guidelines, to summarize current knowledge on sand fly attractants and evaluate their potential role within IVM frameworks. Articles published up to the end of 2024, were retrieved from four databases. The search strategy was adapted to the PEO (Population, Exposure, Outcome) framework, with tailored search queries designed for each database in order to identify relevant field and laboratory studies. The 100 included studies were assessed using a customized tool and classified into five categories: “visual cues”, “olfactory cues”, “combined cues”, “attractive toxic sugar bates (ATSB)”, and a “special category”. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic approach to comprehensively and systematically summarize existing knowledge regarding sand fly attractants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100325"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100326
Daphne E. Mavrides , Maria Liapi , Stavros Malas , Anastasios D. Tsaousis , Eleni Gentekaki
Cryptosporidium spp. are globally important enteric pathogens in livestock and a leading cause of neonatal calf diarrhoea, with zoonotic potential. This study presents the first nationwide molecular survey of Cryptosporidium spp. and C. parvum gp60 subtypes in dairy cattle in Cyprus. A total of 517 faecal samples were collected from dams (n = 256) and their 3–7-day-old calves (n = 261) across 18 farms in five districts. Samples were screened by nested PCR and sequencing of the SSU rRNA and gp60 genes. Overall, Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence was 28.2%, with higher rates in calves (39.5%) than in dams (16.8%). Cryptosporidium parvum was the dominant species (85.6%), followed by C. bovis (8.2%), C. andersoni (4.8%), and C. ryanae (0.7%). Eight C. parvum gp60 subtypes were identified, six from family IIa and two from IId, the latter reported for the first time in Cypriot cattle. Subtypes IIaA14G1R1 and IIdA16G1 were strongly associated with severe diarrhoea, while IIaA17G2R1 predominated in asymptomatic calves. Several identified subtypes have been implicated in human outbreaks globally. Cyprus’s confined livestock population and strategic location at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa provide a unique context for understanding Cryptosporidium transmission. This study establishes essential baseline data on the prevalence, molecular diversity, and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium in an island setting. The findings underscore the need for integrated surveillance and One Health strategies to control transmission, protect public health, and monitor the emergence of high-risk subtypes locally and beyond.
{"title":"First nationwide investigation of Cryptosporidium species and gp60 subtypes in dairy cattle in Cyprus","authors":"Daphne E. Mavrides , Maria Liapi , Stavros Malas , Anastasios D. Tsaousis , Eleni Gentekaki","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. are globally important enteric pathogens in livestock and a leading cause of neonatal calf diarrhoea, with zoonotic potential. This study presents the first nationwide molecular survey of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. and <em>C. parvum gp60</em> subtypes in dairy cattle in Cyprus. A total of 517 faecal samples were collected from dams (<em>n</em> = 256) and their 3–7-day-old calves (<em>n</em> = 261) across 18 farms in five districts. Samples were screened by nested PCR and sequencing of the SSU rRNA and <em>gp60</em> genes. Overall, <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. prevalence was 28.2%, with higher rates in calves (39.5%) than in dams (16.8%). <em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em> was the dominant species (85.6%), followed by <em>C. bovis</em> (8.2%), <em>C. andersoni</em> (4.8%), and <em>C. ryanae</em> (0.7%). Eight <em>C. parvum gp60</em> subtypes were identified, six from family IIa and two from IId, the latter reported for the first time in Cypriot cattle. Subtypes IIaA14G1R1 and IIdA16G1 were strongly associated with severe diarrhoea, while IIaA17G2R1 predominated in asymptomatic calves. Several identified subtypes have been implicated in human outbreaks globally. Cyprus’s confined livestock population and strategic location at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa provide a unique context for understanding <em>Cryptosporidium</em> transmission. This study establishes essential baseline data on the prevalence, molecular diversity, and zoonotic potential of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> in an island setting. The findings underscore the need for integrated surveillance and One Health strategies to control transmission, protect public health, and monitor the emergence of high-risk subtypes locally and beyond.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100326"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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