One health outlook最新文献

The resurgence of Mpox (MPXV) provides an opportunity to reflect on global health responses, particularly the lessons from previous outbreaks like Ebola and COVID-19. Although Mpox has been endemic in parts of Africa since the 1970s, it only gained global attention after spreading beyond Africa, highlighting the geopolitical dimension of global health. Like Ebola, Mpox is a zoonotic disease that affects both humans and animals, but the focus of the response has often been on human health, neglecting the broader social-ecological factors that influence disease transmission. A more holistic, "One Health" approach, integrating human, animal, and environmental health can help better understand the complex interactions that contribute to outbreaks. This would include surveillance of the social-ecological systems where spillover occurs and greater engagement with local communities to build trust and improve response efforts. A setting-based surveillance system, focusing on both humans and animals in their environments, would enable more accurate and efficient outbreak or pandemic prevention. Additionally, the involvement of non-health professionals, such as social scientists and community leaders, is essential for fostering locally driven, culturally sensitive response strategies. Strengthening one health systems and expanding healthcare to include animals and plants could also enhance agroecological and ecosystem resilience.

One Health is an approach that focuses on balancing and optimizing the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems sustainably. It recognizes that the health and well-being of these three components are interconnected and interdependent. The recent COVID-19 pandemic and other emerging infectious diseases like Monkeypox, Avian Influenza, and Dengue, have highlighted the need to strengthen the health workforce's emergency preparedness, given the close link between human, animal, and environmental health. One Health education lays a strong foundation for a global workforce capable of enhancing synergies across various sectors in addressing the complex global health challenges like emerging infectious diseases in the twenty-first century. One Health education is crucial in promoting an interdisciplinary, holistic understanding of the interconnectedness of our planet, as well as transdisciplinary thinking and collaborations. It also encourages responsible citizenship, and global-mindedness, and equips students with problem-based scenarios that foster effective evidence-based decision-making. Significant progress has been made to promote and implement One Health education over the past decade, although some challenges tend to hinder its comprehensiveness. Most of the delivered courses are more theoretical rather than the required practical or field-based sessions. Institutions especially academia play an essential role in providing an enabling environment for the advancement of One Health education. The implementation of One Health education should continuously be prioritized to equip students and health practitioners with the skills and knowledge necessary to navigate complex health challenges.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains as a significant global health threat to date, with latent TB infection (LTBI) serving as a major reservoir for future active disease cases. A practical approach to an effective control and eradication of TB hence, requires an explicit identification of infected patient whom are at high risk of progressing from latent to active TB, particularly in those recently infected individuals. Current diagnostic tools however, including Tuberculin Skin Test and Interferon-Gamma Release Assays, are still lacking for their ability to critically distinguish between recent and remote infections, leading to insufficiency in optimizing targeted preventive treatment strategies. This review examines the limitations of current diagnostic tools and explores novel biomarkers to enhance distinction within the infection timeline in LTBI diagnostics. Advancement in immune profiling, dormancy antigen, along with molecular and transcriptomic approaches holds great promise to develop a diagnostic tools with better accuracy to differentiate recent from remote infections, thereby optimizing targeted interventions to improve TB control strategies. These underscores the need for further research into these emerging diagnostic tools to facilitate an effective public health strategies and contribute to the united efforts in End TB Strategy.

Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) make up the basis for reindeer herding in Norway, Sweden and Finland, hosting about 640 000 animals. The animals are mostly free-ranging, with the exception of a few seasonal gatherings. Loss and fragmentation of pastures due to other types of land use, together with climate change and even conservation of predators, are challenging reindeer herding, leading to recent mitigations such as increased feeding. Whereas the average Norwegian consumes about 300 gr/person/year of reindeer meat, Sweden about 100 gr/person/year and Finland about 400 gr/person/year, reindeer meat and products constitutes a much larger part of the diet to members of herding communities. Preparing reindeer meat with no thorough heat treatment (e.g., drying, smoking, curing or raw consumption) can be found in many arctic and sub-arctic people's cultures, and interest for reindeer meat that is not heat-treated has also grown (e.g., carpaccio-style), which can dramatically impact pathogen transmission. There is a wide range of zoonotic parasites, bacteria and viruses that potentially can be transferred from reindeer to human, but it can be concluded that the zoonotic threat from close contact with reindeer or the consumption of reindeer meat and products thereof currently is of restricted magnitude. However, due to the challenges that reindeer populations are facing and the mitigation by increased feeding, the infection biology of zoonotic infections may change and we may face emerging diseases (i.e., pathogens new to the host and region), such as the recently appearing prion disease, Chronic wasting disease (CWD), and re-emerging diseases, such as the alimentary form of necrobacillosis.

Background: Ayib is a traditionally processed dairy product in Ethiopia that demonstrates significant variability in shelf life, sensory attributes, and safety, primarily own to the spontaneous fermentation of milk and differing household practices. This study aimed to develop mixed probiotic starter cultures from top seven previously isolated lactic acid bacteria to achieve a synergistic effect on sensory qualities consistent, enhanced safety, extended storage stability, and antioxidant potential.

Methods: Nine mixed starter cultures were formulated using seven lactic acid strains that are known for their superior fermentation and probiotic capabilities. Pasteurized milk was inoculated with 5% of each starter culture and incubated at 37 ± 2 °C for 8 h. Fermented milk was then defatted by shaking at 100 rpm for 1 h. Following fat removal, buttermilk was heated to 50-60 °C for 40-50 min to facilitate curd (Ayib) formation. After cooling, the curd was separated from whey. A 200-g portion of the curd was wrapped in sterile cheesecloth and immersed in pasteurized whey inoculated with 8 log CFU/mL of the formulated starter cultures for 30 min before being re-drained for 1 h.

Results: The physicochemical properties, consumer acceptability, and storage stability of the resulting products were evaluated, revealing total solids ranging from 20.67 to 22.89%, pH values between 3.89 and 4.49, and titratable acidity ranging from 0.63 to 0.93%. Sensory evaluation, conducted using a five-point hedonic scale, showed overall acceptability scores ranging from 3.31 for Ayib treated with (F9) to 4.03 for Ayib treated with (F2). Remarkably, the storage stability of the treated Ayib was enhanced by 2-9 times compared to the control sample. The antioxidant analysis demonstrated that among the isolates, the Lactobacillus curvatus (NZ-44) exhibited the highest individual antioxidant activity of 57.77%. Furthermore, the formulated mixtures, particularly (F6), displayed synergistically enhanced antioxidant activity of 99.27%.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that lactic acid bacteria strains can improve the nutritional value, safety, and storage stability of fermented dairy products, such as Ayib, with potential applications in both the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) in cattle negatively affects the cattle economy in Africa, with zoonotic TB posing drug-resistance issues in humans. The burden of TB in cattle and zoonotic TB in humans in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is not well understood. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of both TB in cattle and zoonotic TB in humans in SSA through meta-analysis.

Methods: Research on TB prevalence was sourced from multiple databases. A random effects meta-analysis model estimated TB prevalence in SSA and its regions, while meta-regression identified risk factors. The analysis included 114 studies for cattle and 59 for humans.

Results: The estimated TB prevalence in cattle was 5.06% (95% CI: 3.76-6.78), with a higher burden in West Africa. The prevalence was greater on farms than at abattoirs. Among humans, M. bovis prevalence was 0.73% (95% CI: 0.53-1.01), increasing to 1.56% (95% CI: 1.04-2.33) in TB incident cases, especially in the West and East Africa. Higher prevalence was noted among livestock workers, and in drug-resistant cases. Significant factors influencing TB prevalence varied for cattle and humans, including country, diagnostic methods, and study populations.

Conclusion: Focusing interventions on farms and livestock workers could help reduce the disease burden.

Introduction: Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses are highly transmissible and lethal in wild and domestic birds and can infect other mammals. Effective avian influenza surveillance and response requires coordinated, cross-sectoral efforts involving many organizations and individuals. A detailed understanding of who is involved and their role in surveillance and response is necessary for optimizing efforts. However, a comprehensive map of stakeholders and their roles in AI surveillance and response is currently lacking in Canada.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify stakeholders and their roles in avian influenza surveillance to support effective surveillance and response in Canada. This map supplements existing information, including the Canadian Animal Health Surveillance System Poultry Surveillance Stakeholder Map, by comprehensively mapping specific sectors and organizations involved in avian influenza surveillance.

Findings: The final stakeholder list included 234 stakeholders involved in avian influenza surveillance (7 international, 60 national, 167 provincial/territorial). Stakeholders could have one role, multiple roles, or be involved in all steps of the surveillance cycle. The most common AI surveillance role was action and dissemination of information (n=141; 60.3%). There were 66 stakeholders (28.2%) involved in all steps of the surveillance cycle.

Significance: This process identified and characterized stakeholders involved in surveillance and response to avian influenza outbreaks in Canada, improving awareness amongst stakeholders of who is involved and what their roles are. This map is intended to facilitate proactive communication and collaboration with the long-term goal of mitigating the impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Canada.

Background: Field epidemiologists play a crucial role in addressing the complex challenges posed by emerging infectious diseases, transboundary animal diseases, and antimicrobial resistance. Despite the interdisciplinary nature of these issues, traditional field epidemiology training programs are often narrowly focused on specific sectors. To effectively confront these evolving challenges, it is imperative to equip field epidemiologists with the skills to adopt the One Health approach. However, there are neither globally accepted One Health competencies for guiding field epidemiology training programs nor standardized curricular guidance for program managers. Recognizing this gap, three international organizations joined forces to develop the Competencies for One Health Field Epidemiology framework.

Methods: A desktop review was conducted of the existing frontline, intermediate, and advanced field epidemiology training program curricula. Knowledge, skills, and competency (KSC) statements for frontline, intermediate and advanced levels were then defined and grouped into domains and subdomains by thematic area. An international Technical Advisory Group of 59 experts from the animal, environment, and human health sectors was convened to review the proposed statements. The framework was revised based on their feedback. KSC statements were classified into core and optional, and a prioritization tool was developed to assist countries in selecting optional KSC statements based on their specific requirements.

Results: The competency framework was developed and comprises KSC statements needed for field epidemiologists to successfully apply the One Health approach across the human, animal, and environment health sectors. These KSC statements are stratified by frontline, intermediate, and advanced training levels and are further categorized as core and optional; sector-specific KSC statements are also identified.

Conclusions: This innovative framework emerged from a multisectoral, collaborative, inclusive, and iterative process involving international animal, human, and environment health and field epidemiology training experts. Countries and regions can also use the framework to establish new, comprehensive One Health field epidemiology training programs or upgrade existing programs to incorporate the One Health approach. This framework is anticipated to pave the way for a more holistic approach to training the global community of field epidemiologists in all health sectors to meet the demands of our evolving health landscape.

Orthohantaviruses are emerging zoonotic pathogens that cause severe human disease and are considered an emerging public health threat globally. Mammalian orthohantaviruses are naturally maintained in rodent species and occasionally in other mammals. The abundance and density of natural orthohantavirus reservoir species are affected by multi annual and seasonal population cycles, community composition, ecosystem variables and climate. Horizontal transmission between host species is mostly density-driven and occurs via contact with infected host excreta, thus, fluctuations in populations and environmental variables often determine the prevalence of hantavirus in natural hosts. Given the zoonotic potential of hantaviruses, ecological factors influencing their spread and persistence in their natural reservoir and population dynamics influencing horizontal transmission require critical evaluation for human infection risk assessment. The present review paper discusses the impacts of natural host population cycles and ecosystem diversity, environmental conditions, and abiotic factors on the epidemiology of rodent-borne hantavirus infections in Europe. While significant efforts have been made to understand the drivers of hantavirus prevalence in natural hosts, we highlight key challenges in evaluating viral prevalence and assessing the role of environmental and population variables in determining hantavirus prevalence in host species.