One health outlook最新文献

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of public health messaging and community engagement in reducing disease transmission. This rapid review analyzes these approaches in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), a hotspot for emerging infectious diseases, to help inform future pandemic preparedness and response strategies.

Methods: This rapid review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Checklist. We used Web of Science and PubMed databases. Articles were included if they addressed COVID-19-related public health messaging and/or community engagement initiatives, focused on countries within the GMS, were published in English between 2020 and 2024, and provided full-text access. Articles focusing on unrelated topics, such as vaccine development or adverse effects of the pandemic were excluded. Data extraction was performed using a calibrated data extraction sheet, with two researchers extracting and verifying the data.

Results: After the screening process, 26 articles were included, and 24 were excluded. Three articles use qualitative methods, five articles use quantitative approaches, eleven articles are identified as descriptive and seven are literature reviews. In most countries the government employed a centralized strategy for streamlined and coherent communication using traditional media, social media and mobile applications. Vietnam demonstrated an innovative and inclusive approach to risk communication, leveraging creative approaches such as songs and slogans to disseminate messages. Thailand effectively utilized its pre-existing network of village health volunteers to inform community members, though marginalized groups remained hard to reach.

Conclusion: The GMS employed diverse public health messaging and community engagement strategies during COVID-19. Our findings emphasize the importance of adaptable and inclusive strategies to ensure equitable public health outcomes in future pandemics.

Background: Nipah virus is an emerging zoonotic pathogen with pandemic potential, primarily transmitted through the consumption of raw date palm sap contaminated with bat excretions. Despite recurring outbreaks in Bangladesh since 2001, limited research has explored sap harvesting and trading practices. This study aimed to understand raw date palm sap collection, trade, and the risk of Nipah virus spillover at the community level in Bangladesh.

Methods: A qualitative ethnographic study was conducted in two districts of Bangladesh associated with recurrent outbreaks in February 2021 and March 2022. We recorded participant observations and conducted ethnographic interviews with raw date palm sap collectors to gather data on collection, trading practices, and protective measures they used. Data analysis followed a grounded theory approach, identifying themes related to raw date palm sap harvesting and trading.

Results: Sap collectors sold raw sap locally and also used social media to reach buyers in other districts, where they could earn higher profits. Our observations and participant reports revealed that large fruit bats, small frugivorous bats, and rodents visited the trees and drank and contaminated raw sap with their excreta. A few sap collectors were aware of Nipah virus and used protection to avoid infection from drinking raw sap. Sap collectors prefer to use non-conventional protective apparatuses like jute bags, plastic bags, and polythene sheets due to the time and resource constraints to protect bats' and rodents' access to date palm trees.

Conclusions: This study provides important insights into the knowledge of Nipah virus and understanding of its transmission in the sap collector communities where outbreaks have occurred. It underscores the need for educational outreach programs to raise awareness and promote protective measures among the stakeholders engaged in raw date palm sap harvesting. Future research should explore raw sap distribution and trading networks in large areas to better characterize the geographies, behavioral, and cultural practices that influence Nipah virus transmission. Culture-sensitive interventions with economic incentives, involving harvesters, local governments, and non-governmental organizations, along with testing the effectiveness of protective measures, are essential to prevent the spillover of Nipah and other bat-borne emerging viruses in Bangladesh.

In recent years, One Health (OH) has taken the lead as a systems-oriented method to foster transdisciplinary, multisectoral, and multi-actor action to promote global health security. However, operationalizing the OH approach is difficult since it requires equitable collaboration, communication and information sharing. The One Health High-Level Expert Panel's (OHHLEP) definition of OH lists key underlying principles at its core, which align with principles of diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI), and establishes that the application of the definition is incomplete without the adoption of these key principles. In this paper, we argue that, by overcoming the barriers that hamper OH adherence to DEI principles, the operationalization of the OH approach could be significantly enhanced to support global health security. We built on the key underlying principles included in the OHHLEP 2022 definition of OH to map barriers preventing its full-scale implementation and to identify inclusive avenues to promote the compliance of OH with its core principles. A scoping review of the literature and consultations with 10 OH professionals from different disciplinary backgrounds, regions of the world and levels of experience were performed. The barriers to the full adherence of OH to its underlying principles that emerged from this study were grouped into five categories: mindset, behaviors and awareness, conceptual, structural, power dynamics, and governance and implementation. Crucially, the engagement of diverse sectors and disciplines notably the environmental and social sciences; of different actors from communities and young people to donors and OH professionals, including the private sector; and of underrepresented groups, such as Indigenous peoples, farmers, fishers, representatives from low- and middle-income countries, and especially women across these groups, all intimately connected to the drivers of emerging health threats, is not only critical for realizing DEI principles in OH, but also to promote more effective prevention strategies and thus enhance global health security.

Antibiotic resistance is a significant global public health threat, rendering treating human and animal infections difficult, longer and expensive. This study was conducted to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from pig farming environments in selected pig farms around Kenya. Wastewater, the associated sludge, and ground surface boot sock samples were collected from preselected intensive pig farms. A total of 80 samples were collected from 16 intensive pig farms. The samples were cultured, and 112 E. coli isolates were identified using standard microbiological procedures and confirmed by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, gentamicin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin and cefotaxime. The highest resistance was recorded against ampicillin at 27.7% and the lowest for cefotaxime at 7.1%. Multidrug-resistance was observed for 25.9% of the isolates. There was no significant difference between resistances from the sampling locations. Fisher's exact test conducted to determine the difference between resistance rates of different sample types and the antibiotics tested showed that trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.003). The isolates had varied multidrug antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices, but the average index was 0.33. The mean MAR index was highest in boot socks samples (0.3 ± 0.3). Kruskal-Wallis test did not find a statistically significant difference between sample type and MAR index. The results suggest that there is potentially high antibiotic exposure in the intensive pig farms that may increase the selection pressure leading to the development and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant E. coli among pig populations. These findings highlight the presence of multidrug-resistant E. coli in intensive pig farm environments, posing a potential risk to humans and the wider environment, which may further compound the public health threat.

Recent outbreaks of Marburg virus disease in regions of sub-Saharan Africa without prior record such as Ghana, Tanzania, Equatorial Guinea, and Rwanda challenge the current understanding of areas at-risk for filovirus spillover. The orthomarburgvirus host Rousettus aegyptiacus exists in these regions, and has a sister species, Rousettus madagascariensis, native only to the island of Madagascar. We expand on previous surveillance of frugivorous bats in Madagascar, and detect seroreactivity against an orthoebolavirus antigenically-related to Bundibugyo virus at 1.50-5.06% seroprevalence in Rousettus madagascariensis. Notably, we identify R. madagascariensis as an orthomarburgvirus-host species of interest in Madagascar, the first record of this virus genus on the island. We document seroprevalences of 15.36-29.78% for Ravn virus and 12.55-33.33% for Marburg virus in R. madagascariensis. These findings will guide future biosurveillance efforts to assess filovirus spillover risk in Madagascar.