Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation最新文献

Introduction: Diabetes, a widespread condition, wreaks havoc on the body's systems over time, particularly affecting nerves and blood vessels, leading to a weakened immune system. According to data from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the top three countries with the highest number of diabetics in 2019 were China (116.4 million), India (77.0 million), and the United States (31 million). This article explores the pivotal role of phytosomes, cutting-edge nanotechnology, in addressing diabetes mellitus. This review aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of phytosomes, a novel nanotechnology, in managing diabetes mellitus and addressing its associated physiological challenges.

Method: A thorough literature review was performed, encompassing research papers, clinical studies, and relevant data on diabetes and phytosomes. The focus is on understanding phytosomes' benefits and the complexities involved in diabetes management.

Result: Phytosomes have emerged as a game-changer in diabetes mellitus, offering superior efficacy compared to traditional dosage forms. Their unique properties, including small particle size, enhanced cellular uptake, low cytotoxicity, potent anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities, as well as excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, position them as a promising therapeutic approach.

Discussion: Phytosomes significantly enhanced the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of plant-based compounds, thereby mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance.

Conclusion: By leveraging the advanced capabilities of phytosomes, healthcare practitioners can potentially overcome the challenges associated with diabetes, paving the way for improved patient outcomes and enhanced public health.

Intramuscular magnetic field-driven therapies are a novel means for drug delivery, and, specifically, for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia. With this paradigm shift, the drug delivery system is intended to overcome the limitations of conventional systemic therapies and deliver the drug with precision to the site of action. Magnetic Drug Delivery Systems (MDDS) take advantage of specific properties of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to increase drug localisation and penetration within tissues using external magnetic fields, that is, ensuring targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to the target tissues in a controlled and efficient manner. In this review, MDDS was applied to hyperlipidaemia management, including Orlistat-enhanced magnetic systems for lipid-lowering therapy. Green chemistry advances, biomimetic coatings and intelligent carriers are discussed in the synthesis and design of magnetic nanoparticles. Computational models, in vitro techniques, and animal studies that represent preclinical innovations are explored to demonstrate the translational potential of these systems. Long-term nanoparticle stability and biocompatibility are given special attention, and ethical, regulatory and safety concerns are critically analysed. Finally, this review explored the potential of next-generation technologies like magnetoelectric nanoparticles, AI-driven magnetic field modulation, and integration with wearable health technology to illuminate a new path towards personalised and targeted therapy.

Introduction: Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) systems offer a patient-friendly alternative to oral and injectable routes by enhancing bioavailability and bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism. Nanoemulgels, which integrate nanoemulsions with gel matrices, provide improved drug solubilization, stability, and skin permeation. Incorporating both herbal components, such as Nigella sativa oil, and synthetic permeation enhancers, presents a synergistic strategy for enhancing the efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents like colchicine.

Methods: This review critically evaluates the formulation, pharmacological benefits, and permeation- enhancing strategies of nanoemulgels containing colchicine. Literature was selected from major scientific databases, emphasizing studies that investigated the combined effects of herbal and synthetic excipients on drug delivery and therapeutic performance.

Results: Evidence indicates that nanoemulgels incorporating Nigella sativa oil and pharmaceuticalgrade permeation enhancers significantly improve colchicine's dermal absorption, sustain drug release, and reduce systemic toxicity. The synergistic interaction between natural bioactives and synthetic agents enhances both anti-inflammatory activity and skin permeability.

Discussion: The dual role of Nigella sativa as an anti-inflammatory and natural permeation enhancer, when paired with synthetic excipients, demonstrates superior pharmacodynamic outcomes. This integrated approach enhances the therapeutic index of colchicine while minimizing adverse effects.

Conclusion: Combining herbal oils like Nigella sativa with pharmaceutical excipients in nanoemulgel systems represents a robust strategy for transdermal delivery. This platform improves drug penetration, stabilizes formulation performance, and amplifies therapeutic efficacy, offering a transformative alternative for chronic inflammatory conditions such as gout.

For centuries, injections have been the primary method for vaccination; however, these traditional approaches present challenges due to pain, fear, and difficulties in administration. Scientists from Stanford University have developed vaccine creams, representing a revolutionary approach to the field of vaccination. Genetically modified Staphylococcus epidermidis forms the basis of these cream products, which support skin-based, painless vaccination without invasive procedures, while playing an essential role in the immune response. Scientists using tetanus as a test subject have obtained positive data from animal studies demonstrating effective immune responses to vaccination, indicating potential future applications for treating diseases, such as influenza, COVID-19, and cancer. Vaccination creams outperform classic injections in several ways, as they eliminate needle-related concerns while reducing adverse reactions, streamlining mass vaccination programs, and making the delivery of immunizations simpler, especially for populations that lack regular access to healthcare. Several key barriers continue to hinder the development of vaccine creams, including regulatory hurdles, stability concerns, production scalability, and public acceptance. Research discusses how vaccine creams revolutionize immunization processes by improving treatment accessibility, affordability, and broader acceptance rates.

The acidic nature of tumor microenvironments presents a unique opportunity for the targeted delivery of therapeutics using pH-responsive polymeric nanocarriers. These smart nanocarriers are designed to release their payload specifically in response to the low pH found in tumor tissues, thereby enhancing drug accumulation at the tumor site while minimizing systemic side effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the design principles, fabrication methods, and applications of pH-responsive polymeric nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery in tumor microenvironments. Key topics include the mechanisms of pH-responsive drug release, engineering strategies for developing pH-sensitive polymers, and recent advancements in exploiting tumor acidity for improved therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, the review discusses the clinical potential and the challenges associated with the translation of these nanocarriers from bench to bedside.

Introduction: This review explores the design principles, sensor mechanisms, and propulsion systems of nanorobots, highlighting their applications in targeted drug delivery, disease monitoring, and broader biomedical fields. The objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of how nanorobots transform pharmaceutical delivery systems and precision therapy.

Methodology: A structured literature search was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Keywords such as Nanorobots, Nanorobot propulsion, Biosensors, Magnetically driven nanorobots, Electric field-driven nanorobots, Biomedical applications, and Enzyme-driven nanorobots were used. Articles published between 2010 and 2024 were considered. Inclusion criteria involved peer-reviewed articles focusing on nanorobot design, propulsion systems, sensor mechanisms, and clinical applications. Non-English articles and non-peer-reviewed content were excluded.

Results: A total of 212 relevant studies were initially identified through a comprehensive search across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 94 studies were selected for final analysis, focusing on the integration of sensors, propulsion systems, and energy sources in nanorobots.

Discussion: The review revealed that nanorobots utilize advanced sensor systems (nanocantilevers and biosensors) for molecular recognition and site-specific targeting. These sensors detect biochemical and mechanical changes, aiding precise navigation. Powered by external forces (magnetic, electric, light, ultrasound) or internal biochemical energy (enzymatic or chemical reactions), propulsion mechanisms enable controlled movement and drug delivery. Nanorobots constructed from silicon, polymers, and piezoelectric compounds exhibit functional adaptability. Their applications span targeted drug delivery, oncology, neurosurgery, vascular medicine, and environmental remediation.

Conclusion: Nanorobots represent a trailblazing pharmaceutical innovation, offering highly specific, efficient, and minimally invasive drug delivery and disease monitoring capabilities. Their combination of biosensing and propulsion mechanisms enhances targeted delivery and clinical efficacy. Continued development in nanorobotic systems holds the potential to revolutionize clinical treatments and improve patient outcomes across multiple therapeutic domains.

Introduction: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease marked by mucosal inflammation and epithelial barrier dysfunction. Sulfasalazine, a standard antiinflammatory drug, and probiotics, known for gut microbiota modulation, have both shown efficacy in UC management. However, their combined delivery to the colon remains underexplored. This study aimed to develop a colon-targeted microparticulate formulation containing sulfasalazine and a probiotic strain to enhance anti-inflammatory action and therapeutic effectiveness against UC.

Methods: Microparticles were prepared using a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach, optimizing carrageenan and calcium chloride dihydrate concentrations and stirring speed. The probiotic was co-encapsulated to maintain viability during processing. In vitro evaluations included drug release studies and Caco-2 cell line assays for epithelial integrity, ROS generation, and NF-κB expression. In vivo efficacy was assessed using an acetic acid-induced colitis model, with evaluations based on inflammation severity, tissue damage and histopathology.

Results: Optimized microparticles ensured sustained sulfasalazine release and preserved probiotic viability. In vitro, the formulation improved epithelial barrier function, reduced ROS and proinflammatory cytokines, and suppressed NF-κB expression. In vivo, treated animals showed significant reduction in colitis severity, improved tissue integrity and better histopathological outcomes compared to controls.

Discussion: The combined sulfasalazine-probiotic microparticles effectively addressed both symptomatic relief and the inflammatory cascade in UC. Probiotics enhanced gut barrier protection, while sustained sulfasalazine release ensured localized therapeutic action. The synergy between drug and probiotic delivery offers a novel approach over conventional therapies.

Conclusion: This study presents a promising colon-targeted microparticulate system combining sulfasalazine and probiotics for effective UC management. The dual-action formulation offers enhanced anti-inflammatory efficacy, reduced tissue damage, and better disease control, supporting its potential in future clinical applications.

Introduction: Ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory disease of the colon, is prone to recurrence. Research into novel therapies for this condition is urgently required. The current investigation aims to ascertain the protective impact of microspheres loaded with mangiferin in acetic acidinduced ulcerative colitis (UC).

Methods: The formulation significantly reduced inflammatory alterations, ulcer activity scores, and oxidative stress. Colitis was induced by injecting 1 mL of a 4% acetic acid solution. In addition to a macroscopical and gross evaluation, colon samples were tested for catalase and glutathione (GSH) activity.

Results: Microspheres loaded with mangiferin reduced the severity of ulcerative colitis caused by acetic acid, as indicated by improvements in weight loss, macroscopic score, ulcer area, and histological score.

Discussion: The anti-inflammatory effects of the microspheres may explain their ability to alleviate symptoms of acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that enteric-coated microspheres loaded with mangiferin exhibit a protective effect against colon ulcers in rats and offer delayed-release properties compared to plain mangiferin.

Biosimilars offer cost-effective alternatives for autoimmune disorder treatment. However, India's stringent regulatory barriers, including mandatory local trials, unclear interchangeability guidelines, and strict pricing controls, hinder market access. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the FDA (US), EMA (EU), and CDSCO (India) regulatory frameworks, highlighting key differences in approval pathways, post-marketing surveillance, and import regulations. Unlike previous studies, this paper employs a structured SWOT analysis to assess the impact of India's regulatory landscape on biosimilar accessibility. The findings reveal that India's local clinical trial mandates and complex approval processes hinder biosimilar adoption despite prior FDA or EMA approvals. Additionally, the absence of interchangeability guidelines discourages physician confidence, while stringent pricing policies under the Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) reduce manufacturer incentives. To improve biosimilar market penetration, India must streamline regulatory approvals, harmonize clinical trial requirements with international standards, and establish clear interchangeability guidelines. These reforms are essential to enhance the affordability and accessibility of biosimilars in the management of autoimmune disorders.

Introduction: Substance P and its neurokinin (NK-1) receptors are upregulated in different pathophysiological conditions. Overexpression of the NK-1 receptor in cancer conditions has provided a promising pathway for cancer treatment. Clinically, Aprepitant (APT) is used as the only NK-1 antagonist in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Currently, investigations into using APT as a synergistic combination with radiation or standard chemotherapeutic drugs are underway. However, APT is categorised as a BCS Class IV drug, and therefore, solubility is one of the challenges when it must be delivered parenterally. The present review aims to understand the solubility enhancement techniques for better bioavailability.

Methodology: Research and review articles were sought to understand the chemistry and solubility enhancement techniques reported for APT. Search engines such as Science Direct, PubMed, Bentham, and Google Scholar were used with the keywords "Aprepitant, solubility, NK1 receptor, parenteral dosage form."

Result: The review comprehensively discusses the methods to improve the solubility of APT using innovative technologies, including nanotechnology.

Discussion: The review highlights the challenges in the utilisation of APT as a treatment for CINV and a promising anticancer drug. Various solubility enhancement techniques can be used for oral administration of APT; however, for parenteral dosage forms, appropriate use of excipients and stability are essential for its safe clinical use.

Conclusion: The available solubility enhancement techniques discussed come with benefits and limitations. Fosaprepitant, a prodrug, is preferably used as an IV dosage form. Similarly, modification to a prodrug and solubility-enhancing excipients for nanoformulation can help make APT a promising therapy.