A. Pentedeka, P. Koutsovitis, A. Magganas, A. Rassios
The present paper focuses on the raw materials used for the local manufacture of pottery at two Neolithic settlements (Magoula Visviki, Magoula Agrokipiou) in the Velestino region, SE Thessaly, an area characterized by a distinctive ophiolithic sequence and its sedimentary weathering products. The mineralogical composition and rock fragment constituents of pottery fabrics are compared with that of rock and sediment samples from the adjacent area, thus locating the ancient raw material sources that were exploited.
{"title":"NEOLITHIC POTTERY PRODUCTION IN SOUTHEAST THESSALY THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF PETROGRAPHY AND MINERALOGY","authors":"A. Pentedeka, P. Koutsovitis, A. Magganas, A. Rassios","doi":"10.12681/BGSG.19351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/BGSG.19351","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper focuses on the raw materials used for the local manufacture of pottery at two Neolithic settlements (Magoula Visviki, Magoula Agrokipiou) in the Velestino region, SE Thessaly, an area characterized by a distinctive ophiolithic sequence and its sedimentary weathering products. The mineralogical composition and rock fragment constituents of pottery fabrics are compared with that of rock and sediment samples from the adjacent area, thus locating the ancient raw material sources that were exploited.","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74528240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Magganas, N. Galanidou, P. Chatzimpaloglou, M. Kati, G. Iliopoulos, A. Katerinopoulos
This paper examines the lithology and raw material provenance of knapped stone artifacts recovered from prehistoric sites on Meganisi in the course of the Inner Ionian Sea Archipelago survey. Research was twofold: in the field to map the geology of the island and collect raw material samples, and in the laboratory to conduct a petrological study using LM, XRD, SEM and ICP-MS techniques. The greater part of the materials used to produce stone tools consists of almost pure SiO2, bedded or nodular cherts mainly of Malm–Turonian and Eocene ages. The cherts were collected by prehistoric knappers from local sources. Patinas present on the artifacts are relatively enriched in calcite material of incomplete silica diagenesis and subsequently a product of late weathering and alteration.
{"title":"Petrology and Provenance of Lithic Raw Materials used to knap stone: A Case Study From the Inner Ionian Sea","authors":"A. Magganas, N. Galanidou, P. Chatzimpaloglou, M. Kati, G. Iliopoulos, A. Katerinopoulos","doi":"10.12681/BGSG.19655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/BGSG.19655","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the lithology and raw material provenance of knapped stone artifacts recovered from prehistoric sites on Meganisi in the course of the Inner Ionian Sea Archipelago survey. Research was twofold: in the field to map the geology of the island and collect raw material samples, and in the laboratory to conduct a petrological study using LM, XRD, SEM and ICP-MS techniques. The greater part of the materials used to produce stone tools consists of almost pure SiO2, bedded or nodular cherts mainly of Malm–Turonian and Eocene ages. The cherts were collected by prehistoric knappers from local sources. Patinas present on the artifacts are relatively enriched in calcite material of incomplete silica diagenesis and subsequently a product of late weathering and alteration.","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74222442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Helmis Natural History Museum is located in Zakynthos, in the village of Agia Marina Fagia, only twenty minutes distance from the centre of the city of Zakynthos. The enlargement of the private collection of Panagiotis Helmis, a collection of natural history that originally included natural history exhibits acquired by the collector to meet his needs, was a challenge for the exhibition of this collection in a museum environment. Moreover, the museum was founded to introduce to the visitors the value of nature, to present information on lesser known fauna and flora species of the island and to focus on geology exhibits.
{"title":"Social impact and interpretation of the geological collections of Helmis Natural History Museum of Zakynthos","authors":"Konstantinos Stoupathis","doi":"10.12681/BGSG.19441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/BGSG.19441","url":null,"abstract":"The Helmis Natural History Museum is located in Zakynthos, in the village of Agia Marina Fagia, only twenty minutes distance from the centre of the city of Zakynthos. The enlargement of the private collection of Panagiotis Helmis, a collection of natural history that originally included natural history exhibits acquired by the collector to meet his needs, was a challenge for the exhibition of this collection in a museum environment. Moreover, the museum was founded to introduce to the visitors the value of nature, to present information on lesser known fauna and flora species of the island and to focus on geology exhibits.","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89975438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Georgios Soulios, G. Stournaras, K. Nikas, C. Mattas
Floods are one of the most common natural disasters and are extremely dangerous in a global range since they can cause extensive damage to properties or losses in human lives. According to the opinion of many expert scientists, climate change has led to the increase of flooding phenomena over the last years worldwide, as well as in Greece. The aim of this paper is to examine the flooding event that occurred in Mandra area, Attica (Greece) on 14-15 November of 2017. The peak discharge of the Agia Ekaterini and Soures streams was calculated using the rational method (Giandotti) for return periods equal to 10, 100 and 1000 years. The stream characteristics were studied and their behavior during the flood was investigated. Many of the impacts were attributed to the human intervention in the streambeds.
{"title":"The floods in Greece: the case of Mandra in Attica","authors":"Georgios Soulios, G. Stournaras, K. Nikas, C. Mattas","doi":"10.12681/BGSG.16419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/BGSG.16419","url":null,"abstract":"Floods are one of the most common natural disasters and are extremely dangerous in a global range since they can cause extensive damage to properties or losses in human lives. According to the opinion of many expert scientists, climate change has led to the increase of flooding phenomena over the last years worldwide, as well as in Greece. The aim of this paper is to examine the flooding event that occurred in Mandra area, Attica (Greece) on 14-15 November of 2017. The peak discharge of the Agia Ekaterini and Soures streams was calculated using the rational method (Giandotti) for return periods equal to 10, 100 and 1000 years. The stream characteristics were studied and their behavior during the flood was investigated. Many of the impacts were attributed to the human intervention in the streambeds.","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90316509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper discusses three aspects of coastal quarrying in the island of Crete, Aegean Sea, Greece; issues of chronology in regard to the Mean Sea Level in antiquity, issues of ancient technology, and issues of local marble extraction. A series of violent seismic events, the most known being the so-called Early Byzantine Tectonic Paroxysm, affected the morphology of the coastline of Crete, the coastal quarries of which are today either uplifted or sunken. Quarries of aeolianite/sandstone, limestone, marble, and beach rock are related to adjacent rock-cut fish tanks and ship sheds. Traces of the ancient exploitation such as the circular holes observed in the coastal quarries are differentiated according to their dimensions and their natural or manmade form. A preliminary report of a new site, a white marble quarry at Istron (Gulf of Merambello, eastern Crete), is added to the white marble quarries of the area and correlated with the graffiti inscribed on the islet of Prasonēsi or Vryonēsi.
{"title":"Quarrying the coasts of Crete in antiquity; some geoarchaeological considerations","authors":"Eleni K. Tziligkaki","doi":"10.12681/bgsg.18999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.18999","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses three aspects of coastal quarrying in the island of Crete, Aegean Sea, Greece; issues of chronology in regard to the Mean Sea Level in antiquity, issues of ancient technology, and issues of local marble extraction. A series of violent seismic events, the most known being the so-called Early Byzantine Tectonic Paroxysm, affected the morphology of the coastline of Crete, the coastal quarries of which are today either uplifted or sunken. Quarries of aeolianite/sandstone, limestone, marble, and beach rock are related to adjacent rock-cut fish tanks and ship sheds. Traces of the ancient exploitation such as the circular holes observed in the coastal quarries are differentiated according to their dimensions and their natural or manmade form. A preliminary report of a new site, a white marble quarry at Istron (Gulf of Merambello, eastern Crete), is added to the white marble quarries of the area and correlated with the graffiti inscribed on the islet of Prasonēsi or Vryonēsi.","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89866398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ganas, Nikoletta Andritsou, Chrysanthi Kosma, P. Argyrakis, V. Tsironi, G. Drakatos
We describe and make available a dataset of 64 data points of Global Positioning System (GPS) displacements for significant, shallow earthquakes in Greece during the period 1997-2017. The displacement data can be used by earthquake geologists, engineers and seismologists in an effort to better understand the faulting process, the rupture mechanics, the pattern of ground-motions, and in engineering applications. We include recordings from GNSS networks at near-source to regional distances (2–132 km) for 11 earthquakes between global CMT moment magnitudes (Mw) 5.5 and 6.9. We also model the magnitude scaling properties of peak ground horizontal displacements (PGD and PGD-S) for these events using L1-norm minimisation regression. Our data indicate an almost linear attenuation of seismic strain with distance for this range of seismic magnitudes. We developed a set of relationships based on PGD (in cm) and distance to hypocentre R (in km), which may be used for the rapid estimation of the earthquake magnitude in near real-time.MwPGD = [LOG(PGD) + 8.2849]/(1.6810 – 0.2453LOGR)MwPGD-S = [LOG(PGD-S) + 8.0839]/(1.6793 – 0.2447LOGR)
{"title":"A 20-yr database (1997-2017) of co-seismic displacements from GPS recordings in the Aegean area and their scaling with Mw and hypocentral distance","authors":"A. Ganas, Nikoletta Andritsou, Chrysanthi Kosma, P. Argyrakis, V. Tsironi, G. Drakatos","doi":"10.12681/BGSG.18070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/BGSG.18070","url":null,"abstract":"We describe and make available a dataset of 64 data points of Global Positioning System (GPS) displacements for significant, shallow earthquakes in Greece during the period 1997-2017. The displacement data can be used by earthquake geologists, engineers and seismologists in an effort to better understand the faulting process, the rupture mechanics, the pattern of ground-motions, and in engineering applications. We include recordings from GNSS networks at near-source to regional distances (2–132 km) for 11 earthquakes between global CMT moment magnitudes (Mw) 5.5 and 6.9. We also model the magnitude scaling properties of peak ground horizontal displacements (PGD and PGD-S) for these events using L1-norm minimisation regression. Our data indicate an almost linear attenuation of seismic strain with distance for this range of seismic magnitudes. We developed a set of relationships based on PGD (in cm) and distance to hypocentre R (in km), which may be used for the rapid estimation of the earthquake magnitude in near real-time.MwPGD = [LOG(PGD) + 8.2849]/(1.6810 – 0.2453LOGR)MwPGD-S = [LOG(PGD-S) + 8.0839]/(1.6793 – 0.2447LOGR)","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83274013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Aqueduct of Eupalinos was built in the mid-sixth century B.C, on the island of Samos that lies in the archipelago of the north Aegean Sea. Herodotus (481-425 B.C.) was the first historian to refer to the monument. He names Eupalinos, son of Naustrophus, born in the city of Megara as the engineer responsible for the design and construction of this ancient project. He also describes the method of construction that makes this monument unique: “…One is a tunnel, under a hill one hundred and fifty fathoms high, carried entirely through the base of the hill; its excavation started from two portals (αρξάμενον, αμφίστομον) …”. Egnatia Odos S.A2. in cooperation with the Prefecture of Samos and the Ministry of Culture initiated a multi-discipline design study to protect and restore the monument. The designs included surveying works, geological and geophysical investigations, as well as geotechnical, structural and architectural works. The main component of the aqueduct is the 1036 m long tunnel described by Herodotus. For a length of 165 m the tunnel is protected by dry masonry walls and vaults of remarkable quality, built in the Archaic era. For a length of 63 m it is protected by mortared masonry walls and vaults, built in the Roman-era. These walls at some locations have suffered significant deformation, due to ground pressures, and have partially failed. In order to restore the damaged sections of the wall, its structure was investigated with the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) and Εlectrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). These methods indicated the thickness of the wall and to some extent the width of the excavation behind it. The space between the dry masonry of the Archaic wall and the excavation perimeter is backfilled with well stacked partially hewn stones. GPR seems to accurately determine the thickness of the massive building stones (20 to 40 cm thick) that form the wall’s sides. ET seems to accurately determine the interface between the excavation perimeter and the backfill. The thickness of the backfill and the wall was found to range from 60 cm to 200 cm. This most likely suggests that at the protected sections the tunnel excavation suffered significant and systematic ground collapses. This is because the derived tunnel excavation dimensions at that point are much larger than the ones of the unprotected tunnel. The latter combined with the high ground water inflows now present, in the area and the identified poor ground conditions, could justify the decision of Eupalinos to protect the tunnel’s excavation perimeter with the dry masonry walls. Other geophysical and geological investigations identified significant fault zones that cross the tunnel at the previously mentioned locations, where the assumed ground collapses were observed. A simplified deformation analysis that was carried out using finite element modelling shows that the deformation and the observed wall failures can be roughly explained by assuming poor ground conditio
尤帕利诺斯渡槽建于公元前6世纪中期，位于爱琴海北部群岛的萨摩斯岛上。希罗多德(公元前481-425)是第一位提到这座纪念碑的历史学家。他任命诺斯特罗福斯的儿子尤帕利诺斯(Eupalinos)为工程师，他出生在Megara市，负责设计和建造这个古老的项目。他还描述了使这座纪念碑独一无二的建造方法:“……一个是在一百五十英尺高的山下的隧道，完全穿过山脚;其开挖开始从两个门户(αρξάμενον,αμφίστομον)……”。Egnatia Odos S.A2。与萨摩斯县和文化部合作，发起了一项多学科设计研究，以保护和恢复纪念碑。这些设计包括测量工程、地质和地球物理调查，以及岩土、结构和建筑工程。渡槽的主要组成部分是希罗多德描述的1036米长的隧道。隧道全长165米，由干砌体墙和建于古代的高质量拱顶保护。它长63米，由灰泥砖墙和拱顶保护，建于罗马时代。由于地面压力，这些墙在一些地方遭受了严重的变形，部分已经失效。为了修复受损墙体，利用探地雷达(GPR)和Εlectrical电阻率层析成像(ERT)对其结构进行了研究。这些方法表明了墙的厚度，并在一定程度上表明了墙后开挖的宽度。古代墙体的干砌体和挖掘周界之间的空间用部分凿成的石头进行回填。探地雷达似乎可以准确地确定形成城墙两侧的大块建筑石头(20至40厘米厚)的厚度。ET似乎可以准确地确定开挖周长与回填体之间的界面。回填体和墙体的厚度在60 ~ 200厘米之间。这很可能表明，在受保护的部分，隧道开挖遭受了严重和系统的地面塌陷。这是因为导出的隧道开挖尺寸在该点比无保护隧道大得多。后者与该地区目前存在的高地下水流入和已确定的恶劣地面条件相结合，可以证明Eupalinos决定用干砌体墙保护隧道挖掘周边的决定是合理的。其他地球物理和地质调查发现，在前面提到的地方，有重要的断层带穿过隧道，在那里观察到假定的地面塌陷。利用有限元模型进行的简化变形分析表明，假设隧道周围的地面条件较差，可以大致解释变形和观察到的壁面破坏。古城墙的保护/修复措施包括:a)分阶段，一块石头一块石头地拆除拱顶和部分墙壁，b)用不锈钢岩石螺栓、钢套和混凝土护套支撑其背后的地面，c)在其原始“预变形”位置重建整体。这些措施(钢套、混凝土套和锚杆)的目的是承担全部地面荷载，以便在重建时将墙实际上卸载。由于不同的荷载条件和地面破坏模式，对罗马时代墙体的修复措施旨在移除落在屋顶拱门上的岩石(荷载)，防止岩石进一步下落，并用中性浆液加固砂浆砌体。
{"title":"The Walls of Eupalinos Aqueduct, Samos Island, Greece. Description, Pathology and Proposed Restoration Measures","authors":"G. Angistalis, G. Dounias, G. Tsokas, C. Zambas","doi":"10.12681/BGSG.18710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/BGSG.18710","url":null,"abstract":"The Aqueduct of Eupalinos was built in the mid-sixth century B.C, on the island of Samos that lies in the archipelago of the north Aegean Sea. Herodotus (481-425 B.C.) was the first historian to refer to the monument. He names Eupalinos, son of Naustrophus, born in the city of Megara as the engineer responsible for the design and construction of this ancient project. He also describes the method of construction that makes this monument unique: “…One is a tunnel, under a hill one hundred and fifty fathoms high, carried entirely through the base of the hill; its excavation started from two portals (αρξάμενον, αμφίστομον) …”. Egnatia Odos S.A2. in cooperation with the Prefecture of Samos and the Ministry of Culture initiated a multi-discipline design study to protect and restore the monument. The designs included surveying works, geological and geophysical investigations, as well as geotechnical, structural and architectural works. The main component of the aqueduct is the 1036 m long tunnel described by Herodotus. For a length of 165 m the tunnel is protected by dry masonry walls and vaults of remarkable quality, built in the Archaic era. For a length of 63 m it is protected by mortared masonry walls and vaults, built in the Roman-era. These walls at some locations have suffered significant deformation, due to ground pressures, and have partially failed. In order to restore the damaged sections of the wall, its structure was investigated with the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) and Εlectrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). These methods indicated the thickness of the wall and to some extent the width of the excavation behind it. The space between the dry masonry of the Archaic wall and the excavation perimeter is backfilled with well stacked partially hewn stones. GPR seems to accurately determine the thickness of the massive building stones (20 to 40 cm thick) that form the wall’s sides. ET seems to accurately determine the interface between the excavation perimeter and the backfill. The thickness of the backfill and the wall was found to range from 60 cm to 200 cm. This most likely suggests that at the protected sections the tunnel excavation suffered significant and systematic ground collapses. This is because the derived tunnel excavation dimensions at that point are much larger than the ones of the unprotected tunnel. The latter combined with the high ground water inflows now present, in the area and the identified poor ground conditions, could justify the decision of Eupalinos to protect the tunnel’s excavation perimeter with the dry masonry walls. Other geophysical and geological investigations identified significant fault zones that cross the tunnel at the previously mentioned locations, where the assumed ground collapses were observed. A simplified deformation analysis that was carried out using finite element modelling shows that the deformation and the observed wall failures can be roughly explained by assuming poor ground conditio","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":"433 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82876286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper shows the need for cataloguing and comparing tool marks left on the quarries’ front in order for the chronological sequence of the different phases of limestone exposed in underground quarries at Agiades, Chora Samos, to be assessed. Up to now, an archaic and a roman phase of exploitation is inferred by surface pottery, tools, tool marks, the monuments themselves, and parallels from underground quarries on the island of Crete. The proximity of the quarries to a temenos of Apollo and the Nymphs is comparable to other cases from the Greek world. In an attempt to understand the social status of the quarrymen and their level of literacy, data from the graffiti observed in Eupalinos’ tunnel were correlated with the lack of patronym and ethnonym observed in quarries in the Aegean, and related to the characterization of the Samians as «πολυγράμματοι». A control of Hera’s sanctuary over the quarries at Agiades is implied by the frequent appearance of the letters HP on slabs used in Eupalinos’ tunnel.
{"title":"Underground quarries in the area of Agiades, Samos Island, Greece: Notes on historical topography and chronology","authors":"Eleni K. Tziligkaki, M. Stamatakis","doi":"10.12681/BGSG.18835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/BGSG.18835","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shows the need for cataloguing and comparing tool marks left on the quarries’ front in order for the chronological sequence of the different phases of limestone exposed in underground quarries at Agiades, Chora Samos, to be assessed. Up to now, an archaic and a roman phase of exploitation is inferred by surface pottery, tools, tool marks, the monuments themselves, and parallels from underground quarries on the island of Crete. The proximity of the quarries to a temenos of Apollo and the Nymphs is comparable to other cases from the Greek world. In an attempt to understand the social status of the quarrymen and their level of literacy, data from the graffiti observed in Eupalinos’ tunnel were correlated with the lack of patronym and ethnonym observed in quarries in the Aegean, and related to the characterization of the Samians as «πολυγράμματοι». A control of Hera’s sanctuary over the quarries at Agiades is implied by the frequent appearance of the letters HP on slabs used in Eupalinos’ tunnel.","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":"PP 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84175300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sea level changes are the combined effect of eustatic, glacio-isostatic and tectonic factors. Oxygen isotope data and geophysical models are often used to assess the first two factors, while the third factor can be assessed by field data. In this context, detailed mapping of palaeo sea-level markers may be used to evaluate coastal tectonic movements and the relative sea level changes in a particular region. Although various sea level markers exist, e.g. geomorphological, biological, archaeological, their reliability varies depending on their relationship to sea level. Amongst geomorphological indicators, tidal notches stand out as they can indicate former sea-level positions, with up to a decimeter confidence, while their shape may also provide qualitative information on the rate of sea-level change and on tectonic movements. Biological markers may also provide useful information provided that their relationship to mean sea level is clearly defined. Last but not least, archaeological remains, emerged or submerged, may also be used to quantify relative sea level changes; however, their reliability varies depending on the functionality of the structure.In this framework, the aim of this paper is the study of sea level changes in the Central Aegean Sea (Paros and Naxos islands) through the use of various sea level indicators. Submerged beachrocks and tidal notches bear witness to the extent and depth of ancient shores. The submerged antiquities of Paros include cemeteries of various time periods and harbour installations, while the Baccini antiquities in Naxos include quarries and coastal settlements. Archaeological data in Grotta and Aplomata (Naxos), give evidence of at least two seismic events, coinciding with the profiles of two submerged tidal notches found at a depth of –3 m and –2.5 m respectively. The tsunami that covered the northern part of the Hellenistic Agora of Naxos in the 2nd c. AD is additionally confirmed by a submerged tidal notch at a depth of –1.70 m and dated by shells of Cerastoderma.
{"title":"Submerged antiquities on Paros and Naxos islands, Aegean Sea, Greece. New evidence for the mean sea level during the late Bronze Age and the Roman period","authors":"N. Evelpidou, Eleni K. Tziligkaki, A. Karkani","doi":"10.12681/BGSG.18628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/BGSG.18628","url":null,"abstract":"Sea level changes are the combined effect of eustatic, glacio-isostatic and tectonic factors. Oxygen isotope data and geophysical models are often used to assess the first two factors, while the third factor can be assessed by field data. In this context, detailed mapping of palaeo sea-level markers may be used to evaluate coastal tectonic movements and the relative sea level changes in a particular region. Although various sea level markers exist, e.g. geomorphological, biological, archaeological, their reliability varies depending on their relationship to sea level. Amongst geomorphological indicators, tidal notches stand out as they can indicate former sea-level positions, with up to a decimeter confidence, while their shape may also provide qualitative information on the rate of sea-level change and on tectonic movements. Biological markers may also provide useful information provided that their relationship to mean sea level is clearly defined. Last but not least, archaeological remains, emerged or submerged, may also be used to quantify relative sea level changes; however, their reliability varies depending on the functionality of the structure.In this framework, the aim of this paper is the study of sea level changes in the Central Aegean Sea (Paros and Naxos islands) through the use of various sea level indicators. Submerged beachrocks and tidal notches bear witness to the extent and depth of ancient shores. The submerged antiquities of Paros include cemeteries of various time periods and harbour installations, while the Baccini antiquities in Naxos include quarries and coastal settlements. Archaeological data in Grotta and Aplomata (Naxos), give evidence of at least two seismic events, coinciding with the profiles of two submerged tidal notches found at a depth of –3 m and –2.5 m respectively. The tsunami that covered the northern part of the Hellenistic Agora of Naxos in the 2nd c. AD is additionally confirmed by a submerged tidal notch at a depth of –1.70 m and dated by shells of Cerastoderma. ","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75179214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mitigation of environmental issues and decontamination of land by using a variety of industrial minerals mainly immobilizes contaminants in solution, whether in polluted water or contaminated soils and sediments. That is because a variety of minerals, in particular carbonates, clays and zeolites, have a significant capacity to ad/absorb harmful ions and to react to form precipitates. Phosphates, iron hydroxides, some silica minerals and lime-derived products can also be used to solve environmental issues. This paper focuses on the amendment of soils and sediments affected by the impact of mining or by waste landfills, with some reference to the use of minerals in cultural heritage conservation. An example of actions leading to the amelioration of contaminated land is provided after describing some current pilot experiences on highly polluted wastes derived from mining in SE Spain.
{"title":"The contribution of industrial minerals to solving environmental issues","authors":"J. Calvo, M. García-Lorenzo","doi":"10.12681/BGSG.18898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/BGSG.18898","url":null,"abstract":"Mitigation of environmental issues and decontamination of land by using a variety of industrial minerals mainly immobilizes contaminants in solution, whether in polluted water or contaminated soils and sediments. That is because a variety of minerals, in particular carbonates, clays and zeolites, have a significant capacity to ad/absorb harmful ions and to react to form precipitates. Phosphates, iron hydroxides, some silica minerals and lime-derived products can also be used to solve environmental issues. This paper focuses on the amendment of soils and sediments affected by the impact of mining or by waste landfills, with some reference to the use of minerals in cultural heritage conservation. An example of actions leading to the amelioration of contaminated land is provided after describing some current pilot experiences on highly polluted wastes derived from mining in SE Spain.","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75075992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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