Growing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is not just a consequence of neurodegeneration in pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but it is rather a determinant factor, which plays a pivotal role in the onset and progression of these disorders. Neuroinflammation can affect cells and processes in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as immune cells, and might precede protein aggregation, which is a hallmark of the neurodegenerative process. Standard treatment methods are far from being able to counteract inflammation and delay neurodegeneration. Remarkably, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5is), which represent potent vasoactive drugs used as a first-line treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED), display important anti-inflammatory effects through cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) level stabilization. Since PDE5 hydrolyzes cGMP, several studies positioned PDE5 as a therapeutic target, and more specifically, PDE5is as potential alternative strategies for the treatment of a variety of neurological disorders. Indeed, PDE5is can limit neuroinflammation and enhance synaptic plasticity, with beneficial effects on cognitive function and memory. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of some of the main processes underlying neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration which may be potential targets for PDE5is, focusing on sildenafil, the most extensively studied. Current strategies using PDEis for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases will be summarized.
{"title":"The Emerging Role of Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibition in Neurological Disorders: The State of the Art.","authors":"Clara Crescioli, Maria Paola Paronetto","doi":"10.3390/cells13201720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13201720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Growing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is not just a consequence of neurodegeneration in pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but it is rather a determinant factor, which plays a pivotal role in the onset and progression of these disorders. Neuroinflammation can affect cells and processes in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as immune cells, and might precede protein aggregation, which is a hallmark of the neurodegenerative process. Standard treatment methods are far from being able to counteract inflammation and delay neurodegeneration. Remarkably, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5is), which represent potent vasoactive drugs used as a first-line treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED), display important anti-inflammatory effects through cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) level stabilization. Since PDE5 hydrolyzes cGMP, several studies positioned PDE5 as a therapeutic target, and more specifically, PDE5is as potential alternative strategies for the treatment of a variety of neurological disorders. Indeed, PDE5is can limit neuroinflammation and enhance synaptic plasticity, with beneficial effects on cognitive function and memory. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of some of the main processes underlying neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration which may be potential targets for PDE5is, focusing on sildenafil, the most extensively studied. Current strategies using PDEis for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases will be summarized.</p>","PeriodicalId":9743,"journal":{"name":"Cells","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11506759/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lena Schaller, Thomas Gudermann, Alexander Dietrich
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels have been associated with numerous pulmonary pathologies, including hypertension, asthma, and acute lung injury. However, their role in the alveolar epithelium remains unclear. We performed impedance-based resistance measurements in primary differentiated alveolar epithelial type I (AT1) cells from wild-type (WT) and TRPV4-deficient (TRPV4-/-) C57/BL6J mice to detect changes in AT1 barrier integrity upon TRPV4 activation. Both pharmacological (GSK1016790A) and a low pH-driven activation of TRPV4 were quantified, and the downstream effects on adherens junctions were assessed through the Western blotting of epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) protein levels. Importantly, a drop in pH caused a rapid decrease in AT1 barrier resistance and increased the formation of a ~35 kDa E-cadherin C-terminal fragment, with both effects significantly reduced in TRPV4-/- AT1 cells. Similarly, the pharmacological activation of TRPV4 in AT1 cells triggered an immediate transient loss of barrier resistance and the formation of the same E-cadherin fragment, which was again diminished by TRPV4 deficiency. Moreover, TRPV4-mediated E-cadherin cleavage was significantly reduced by GI254023X, an antagonist of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10). Our results confirm the role of TRPV4 in regulating alveolar epithelial barrier permeability and provide insight into a novel signaling pathway by which TRPV4-induced Ca2+ influx stimulates metalloprotease-driven ectodomain shedding.
{"title":"TRPV4 Mediates Alveolar Epithelial Barrier Integrity and Induces ADAM10-Driven E-Cadherin Shedding.","authors":"Lena Schaller, Thomas Gudermann, Alexander Dietrich","doi":"10.3390/cells13201717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13201717","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels have been associated with numerous pulmonary pathologies, including hypertension, asthma, and acute lung injury. However, their role in the alveolar epithelium remains unclear. We performed impedance-based resistance measurements in primary differentiated alveolar epithelial type I (AT1) cells from wild-type (WT) and TRPV4-deficient (TRPV4-/-) C57/BL6J mice to detect changes in AT1 barrier integrity upon TRPV4 activation. Both pharmacological (GSK1016790A) and a low pH-driven activation of TRPV4 were quantified, and the downstream effects on adherens junctions were assessed through the Western blotting of epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) protein levels. Importantly, a drop in pH caused a rapid decrease in AT1 barrier resistance and increased the formation of a ~35 kDa E-cadherin C-terminal fragment, with both effects significantly reduced in TRPV4-/- AT1 cells. Similarly, the pharmacological activation of TRPV4 in AT1 cells triggered an immediate transient loss of barrier resistance and the formation of the same E-cadherin fragment, which was again diminished by TRPV4 deficiency. Moreover, TRPV4-mediated E-cadherin cleavage was significantly reduced by GI254023X, an antagonist of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10). Our results confirm the role of TRPV4 in regulating alveolar epithelial barrier permeability and provide insight into a novel signaling pathway by which TRPV4-induced Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx stimulates metalloprotease-driven ectodomain shedding.</p>","PeriodicalId":9743,"journal":{"name":"Cells","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11506556/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jamilah H Alshehri, Huda K Al-Nasrallah, Mysoon M Al-Ansari, Abdelilah Aboussekhra
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. The mammary gland is composed of various types of cells including luminal cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, adipocytes, and specific microbiota. The reciprocal interaction between these multiple types of cells can dictate the initiation and progression of cancer, as well as metastasis and response to therapy. In the present report, we have shown that Escherichia coli-conditioned media (E-CM) can directly activate human mammary luminal epithelial cells (HMLEs), by inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process associated with increased proliferation and invasion capacities, as well as stemness features. Additionally, it has been shown that E-CM has an indirect pro-carcinogenic effect, mediated by the activation of normal breast fibroblasts (NBFs). Indeed, E-CM upregulated various markers of active fibroblasts (FAP-α, GPR77, and CD10), and enhanced the proliferation, migration, and invasion capacities of NBFs. Furthermore, E-CM induced an inflammatory response in NBFs by activating the pro-inflammatory NF-kB transcription factor and several of its downstream target cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. This E-CM-dependent activation of NBFs was confirmed by showing their paracrine pro-carcinogenic effects through inducing EMT and stemness features in normal breast epithelial cells. Interestingly, similar effects were obtained by recombinant human IL-1β. These results provide the first indication that E. coli can initiate breast carcinogenesis through the activation of breast stromal fibroblasts and their paracrine pro-carcinogenic effects.
{"title":"Activation of Mammary Epithelial and Stromal Fibroblasts upon Exposure to <i>Escherichia coli</i> Metabolites.","authors":"Jamilah H Alshehri, Huda K Al-Nasrallah, Mysoon M Al-Ansari, Abdelilah Aboussekhra","doi":"10.3390/cells13201723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13201723","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. The mammary gland is composed of various types of cells including luminal cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, adipocytes, and specific microbiota. The reciprocal interaction between these multiple types of cells can dictate the initiation and progression of cancer, as well as metastasis and response to therapy. In the present report, we have shown that <i>Escherichia coli</i>-conditioned media (E-CM) can directly activate human mammary luminal epithelial cells (HMLEs), by inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process associated with increased proliferation and invasion capacities, as well as stemness features. Additionally, it has been shown that E-CM has an indirect pro-carcinogenic effect, mediated by the activation of normal breast fibroblasts (NBFs). Indeed, E-CM upregulated various markers of active fibroblasts (FAP-α, GPR77, and CD10), and enhanced the proliferation, migration, and invasion capacities of NBFs. Furthermore, E-CM induced an inflammatory response in NBFs by activating the pro-inflammatory NF-kB transcription factor and several of its downstream target cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. This E-CM-dependent activation of NBFs was confirmed by showing their paracrine pro-carcinogenic effects through inducing EMT and stemness features in normal breast epithelial cells. Interestingly, similar effects were obtained by recombinant human IL-1β. These results provide the first indication that <i>E. coli</i> can initiate breast carcinogenesis through the activation of breast stromal fibroblasts and their paracrine pro-carcinogenic effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":9743,"journal":{"name":"Cells","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11506038/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Filip Benko, Štefan Baňas, Michal Ďuračka, Miroslava Kačániová, Eva Tvrdá
Theobromine (TBR) is a methylxanthine known for its bronchodilatory and stimulatory effects. This research evaluated the vitality, capacitation patterns, oxidative characteristics, microbial profile and expression of capacitation-associated proteins (CatSper1/2, sodium bicarbonate cotransporter [NBC], protein kinases A [PKA] and C [PKC] and adenylate cyclase 10 [ADCY10]) in cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa (n = 30) in the absence (cryopreserved control [CtrlC]) or presence of different TBR concentrations (12.5, 25, and 50 µM) in egg yolk extender. Fresh ejaculate served as a negative control (CtrlN). Significant post-thaw maintenance of the sperm motility, membrane and DNA integrity and mitochondrial activity (p < 0.001) were recorded following the administration of 25 μM and 50 μM TBR, then compared to CtrlC. All groups supplemented with TBR exhibited a significantly lower percentage of prematurely capacitated spermatozoa (p < 0.001) than CtrlC. Significantly decreased levels of global reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals were observed in the presence of 25 μM and 50 μM TBR (p < 0.01). Western blot analysis revealed that supplementation with 50 μM TBR significantly prevented the loss of NBC and ADCY10 (p < 0.01), while all TBR doses stabilized the levels of PKC (p < 0.05 at 50 μM TBR; p < 0.001 at 12.5 μM and 25 μM TBR). In summary, we suggest that TBR is effective in protecting the spermatozoa during the cryopreservation process through its potential to stimulate energy synthesis while preventing ROS overproduction and the loss of proteins involved in the sperm activation process.
{"title":"Cryoprotective Potential of Theobromine in the Improvement of the Post-Thaw Quality of Bovine Spermatozoa.","authors":"Filip Benko, Štefan Baňas, Michal Ďuračka, Miroslava Kačániová, Eva Tvrdá","doi":"10.3390/cells13201710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13201710","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Theobromine (TBR) is a methylxanthine known for its bronchodilatory and stimulatory effects. This research evaluated the vitality, capacitation patterns, oxidative characteristics, microbial profile and expression of capacitation-associated proteins (CatSper1/2, sodium bicarbonate cotransporter [NBC], protein kinases A [PKA] and C [PKC] and adenylate cyclase 10 [ADCY10]) in cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa (n = 30) in the absence (cryopreserved control [Ctrl<sub>C</sub>]) or presence of different TBR concentrations (12.5, 25, and 50 µM) in egg yolk extender. Fresh ejaculate served as a negative control (Ctrl<sub>N</sub>). Significant post-thaw maintenance of the sperm motility, membrane and DNA integrity and mitochondrial activity (<i>p</i> < 0.001) were recorded following the administration of 25 μM and 50 μM TBR, then compared to Ctrl<sub>C</sub>. All groups supplemented with TBR exhibited a significantly lower percentage of prematurely capacitated spermatozoa (<i>p</i> < 0.001) than Ctrl<sub>C</sub>. Significantly decreased levels of global reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals were observed in the presence of 25 μM and 50 μM TBR (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Western blot analysis revealed that supplementation with 50 μM TBR significantly prevented the loss of NBC and ADCY10 (<i>p</i> < 0.01), while all TBR doses stabilized the levels of PKC (<i>p</i> < 0.05 at 50 μM TBR; <i>p</i> < 0.001 at 12.5 μM and 25 μM TBR). In summary, we suggest that TBR is effective in protecting the spermatozoa during the cryopreservation process through its potential to stimulate energy synthesis while preventing ROS overproduction and the loss of proteins involved in the sperm activation process.</p>","PeriodicalId":9743,"journal":{"name":"Cells","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11505711/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nico Kraus, Frank Erhard Uschner, Magnus Moeslein, Robert Schierwagen, Wenyi Gu, Maximilian Joseph Brol, Eike Fürst, Inga Grünewald, Sophie Lotersztajn, Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou, Marta Duran-Güell, Roger Flores Costa, Joan Clària, Jonel Trebicka, Sabine Klein
Metabolic dysfunction-associated Steatohepatitis (MASH), is a prominent cause for liver cirrhosis. MASH-cirrhosis is responsible for liver complications and there is no specific treatment. To develop new therapeutic approaches, animal models are needed. The aim of this study was to develop a fast animal model of MASH-cirrhosis in rats reflecting the human disease. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injections in combination with a high-fat Western diet (WD) were used to induce MASH-cirrhosis. To accelerate liver injury, animals received phenobarbital (PB) in their drinking water using two different regimens. Rats developed advanced MASH-cirrhosis characterized by portal hypertension, blood biochemistry, hepatic ballooning, steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Importantly, rats receiving low-dose PB for the long term (LT) showed ascites after 6 weeks, whereas rats with high-dose short-term (ST) PB developed ascites after 8 weeks. ST- and LT-treated rats showed increased portal pressure (PP) and decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP). Of note, hepatocyte ballooning was only observed in the LT group. The LT administration of low-dose PB with CCl4 intoxication and WD represents a fast and reproducible rat model mimicking decompensated MASH-cirrhosis in humans. Thus, CCl4 + WD with LT low-dose phenobarbital treatment might be the preferred rat animal model for drug development in MASH-cirrhosis.
{"title":"Decompensated MASH-Cirrhosis Model by Acute and Toxic Effects of Phenobarbital.","authors":"Nico Kraus, Frank Erhard Uschner, Magnus Moeslein, Robert Schierwagen, Wenyi Gu, Maximilian Joseph Brol, Eike Fürst, Inga Grünewald, Sophie Lotersztajn, Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou, Marta Duran-Güell, Roger Flores Costa, Joan Clària, Jonel Trebicka, Sabine Klein","doi":"10.3390/cells13201707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13201707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic dysfunction-associated Steatohepatitis (MASH), is a prominent cause for liver cirrhosis. MASH-cirrhosis is responsible for liver complications and there is no specific treatment. To develop new therapeutic approaches, animal models are needed. The aim of this study was to develop a fast animal model of MASH-cirrhosis in rats reflecting the human disease. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) injections in combination with a high-fat Western diet (WD) were used to induce MASH-cirrhosis. To accelerate liver injury, animals received phenobarbital (PB) in their drinking water using two different regimens. Rats developed advanced MASH-cirrhosis characterized by portal hypertension, blood biochemistry, hepatic ballooning, steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Importantly, rats receiving low-dose PB for the long term (LT) showed ascites after 6 weeks, whereas rats with high-dose short-term (ST) PB developed ascites after 8 weeks. ST- and LT-treated rats showed increased portal pressure (PP) and decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP). Of note, hepatocyte ballooning was only observed in the LT group. The LT administration of low-dose PB with CCl<sub>4</sub> intoxication and WD represents a fast and reproducible rat model mimicking decompensated MASH-cirrhosis in humans. Thus, CCl<sub>4</sub> + WD with LT low-dose phenobarbital treatment might be the preferred rat animal model for drug development in MASH-cirrhosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":9743,"journal":{"name":"Cells","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11505720/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Valeria V Bodrova, Olga N Shustova, Nina V Golubeva, Amina K Alieva, Vladislav V Vlodzyanovsky, Dmitry V Pevzner, Alexey V Mazurov
Increased platelet activity is a risk factor of thrombotic events in cardiovascular patients. We studied the relationship between platelet function, platelet size, and the content of reticulated platelets (RP) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD, n = 55) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS, n = 95) receiving acetylsalicylic acid + clopidogrel or ticagrelor, respectively. The control group consisted of patients with risk factors for CHD, but with no CHD/ACS and free of antiplatelet drugs (n = 66). Platelet function was evaluated by the exposure of activated glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa and P-selectin. In the control group, platelets were activated by TRAP (Thrombin Receptor Activating Peptide) 10 µM, and ADP 20, 5, 2.5 µM, and in the CHD/ACS groups, by TRAP 10 µM, and ADP 20 5 µM (±epinephrine 20 µM). Platelet size was assessed by the mean volume, % large forms, and forward scattering. RP were stained by thiazole orange. In the control group, activated GP IIb-IIIa and P-selectin correlated with platelet size and RP content after platelet activation by all agonists. Despite the decrease in platelet activity by antiplatelet drugs, most correlations (primarily for activated GP IIb-IIIa) were preserved in the CHD/ACS patients. In conclusion, increased platelet size and RP content are associated with increased platelet activity and the reduced efficacy of antiplatelet therapy.
血小板活性增加是心血管疾病患者发生血栓事件的一个危险因素。我们研究了分别接受乙酰水杨酸+氯吡格雷或替卡格雷治疗的冠心病(CHD,55 人)和急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS,95 人)患者的血小板功能、血小板大小和网状血小板(RP)含量之间的关系。对照组由具有冠心病危险因素但无冠心病/冠状动脉综合征且未服用抗血小板药物的患者组成(n = 66)。血小板功能通过活化糖蛋白(GP)IIb-IIIa和P-选择素的暴露进行评估。在对照组中,血小板被 TRAP(凝血酶受体激活肽)10 µM、ADP 20、5、2.5 µM激活;在 CHD/ACS 组中,血小板被 TRAP 10 µM、ADP 20 5 µM(±肾上腺素 20 µM)激活。血小板大小通过平均体积、大形血小板百分比和前向散射进行评估。RP 采用噻唑橙染色。在对照组中,所有激动剂激活血小板后,激活的 GP IIb-IIIa 和 P 选择素与血小板大小和 RP 含量相关。尽管抗血小板药物降低了血小板的活性,但大多数相关性(主要是活化的 GP IIb-IIIa)在冠心病/心肌梗死患者中得以保留。总之,血小板大小和 RP 含量的增加与血小板活性的增加和抗血小板疗法疗效的降低有关。
{"title":"Platelet Function, Platelet Size and Content of Reticulated Platelets: Interactions in Patients Receiving Dual Antiplatelet Therapy.","authors":"Valeria V Bodrova, Olga N Shustova, Nina V Golubeva, Amina K Alieva, Vladislav V Vlodzyanovsky, Dmitry V Pevzner, Alexey V Mazurov","doi":"10.3390/cells13201712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13201712","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increased platelet activity is a risk factor of thrombotic events in cardiovascular patients. We studied the relationship between platelet function, platelet size, and the content of reticulated platelets (RP) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD, n = 55) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS, n = 95) receiving acetylsalicylic acid + clopidogrel or ticagrelor, respectively. The control group consisted of patients with risk factors for CHD, but with no CHD/ACS and free of antiplatelet drugs (n = 66). Platelet function was evaluated by the exposure of activated glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa and P-selectin. In the control group, platelets were activated by TRAP (Thrombin Receptor Activating Peptide) 10 µM, and ADP 20, 5, 2.5 µM, and in the CHD/ACS groups, by TRAP 10 µM, and ADP 20 5 µM (±epinephrine 20 µM). Platelet size was assessed by the mean volume, % large forms, and forward scattering. RP were stained by thiazole orange. In the control group, activated GP IIb-IIIa and P-selectin correlated with platelet size and RP content after platelet activation by all agonists. Despite the decrease in platelet activity by antiplatelet drugs, most correlations (primarily for activated GP IIb-IIIa) were preserved in the CHD/ACS patients. In conclusion, increased platelet size and RP content are associated with increased platelet activity and the reduced efficacy of antiplatelet therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":9743,"journal":{"name":"Cells","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11506637/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marek Kos, Krzysztof Bojarski, Paulina Mertowska, Sebastian Mertowski, Piotr Tomaka, Łukasz Dziki, Ewelina Grywalska
(1) Introduction: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key in immune response by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In gastric cancer (GC), TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 are crucial for modulating immune response and tumor progression. (2) Objective: This study aimed to assess the percentage of dendritic cells and monocytes expressing TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9, along with the concentration of their soluble forms in the serum of GC patients compared to healthy volunteers. Factors such as disease stage, tumor type, age, and gender were also analyzed. (3) Materials and Methods: Blood samples from newly diagnosed GC patients and healthy controls were immunophenotyped using flow cytometry to assess TLR expression on dendritic cell subpopulations and monocytes. Serum-soluble TLRs were measured by ELISA. Statistical analysis considered clinical variables such as tumor type, stage, age, and gender. (4) Results: TLR expression was significantly higher in GC patients, except for TLR3 on classical monocytes. Soluble forms of all TLRs were elevated in GC patients, with significant differences based on disease stage but not tumor type, except for serum TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9. (5) Conclusions: Elevated TLR expression and soluble TLR levels in GC patients suggest a role in tumor pathogenesis and progression, offering potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
{"title":"Immunological Strategies in Gastric Cancer: How Toll-like Receptors 2, -3, -4, and -9 on Monocytes and Dendritic Cells Depend on Patient Factors?","authors":"Marek Kos, Krzysztof Bojarski, Paulina Mertowska, Sebastian Mertowski, Piotr Tomaka, Łukasz Dziki, Ewelina Grywalska","doi":"10.3390/cells13201708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13201708","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Introduction: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key in immune response by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In gastric cancer (GC), TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 are crucial for modulating immune response and tumor progression. (2) Objective: This study aimed to assess the percentage of dendritic cells and monocytes expressing TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9, along with the concentration of their soluble forms in the serum of GC patients compared to healthy volunteers. Factors such as disease stage, tumor type, age, and gender were also analyzed. (3) Materials and Methods: Blood samples from newly diagnosed GC patients and healthy controls were immunophenotyped using flow cytometry to assess TLR expression on dendritic cell subpopulations and monocytes. Serum-soluble TLRs were measured by ELISA. Statistical analysis considered clinical variables such as tumor type, stage, age, and gender. (4) Results: TLR expression was significantly higher in GC patients, except for TLR3 on classical monocytes. Soluble forms of all TLRs were elevated in GC patients, with significant differences based on disease stage but not tumor type, except for serum TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9. (5) Conclusions: Elevated TLR expression and soluble TLR levels in GC patients suggest a role in tumor pathogenesis and progression, offering potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":9743,"journal":{"name":"Cells","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11506270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kostas A Papavassiliou, Amalia A Sofianidi, Vassiliki A Gogou, Athanasios G Papavassiliou
While the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) has deep historical roots, its development as a formal scientific field was initiated in the 1950s by Newell and Simon, who invented a "thinking machine" called the Logic Theorist [...].
{"title":"The Promise of Artificial Intelligence in Reshaping Anticancer Drug Development.","authors":"Kostas A Papavassiliou, Amalia A Sofianidi, Vassiliki A Gogou, Athanasios G Papavassiliou","doi":"10.3390/cells13201709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13201709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) has deep historical roots, its development as a formal scientific field was initiated in the 1950s by Newell and Simon, who invented a \"thinking machine\" called the Logic Theorist [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":9743,"journal":{"name":"Cells","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11506475/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdul Hayee, Eiji Kobayashi, Chihiro Motozono, Hiroshi Hamana, Ha Thi Viet My, Takuya Okada, Naoki Toyooka, Satoshi Yamaguchi, Tatsuhiko Ozawa, Hiroyuki Kishi
The MHC class I-related 1 (MR1) molecule is a non-polymorphic antigen-presenting molecule that presents several metabolites to MR1-restricted T cells, including mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. MR1 ligands bind to MR1 molecules by forming a Schiff base with the K43 residue of MR1, which induces the folding of MR1 and its reach to the cell surface. An antagonistic MR1 ligand, Ac-6-FP, and the K43A mutation of MR1 are known to inhibit the responses of MR1-restricted T cells. In this study, we analyzed MR1-restricted TCRs obtained from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from breast cancer patients. They responded to two breast cancer cell lines independently from microbial infection and did not respond to other cancer cell lines or normal breast cells. Interestingly, the reactivity of these TCRs was not inhibited by Ac-6-FP, while it was attenuated by the K43A mutation of MR1. Our findings suggest the existence of a novel class of MR1-restricted TCRs whose antigen is expressed in some breast cancer cells and binds to MR1 depending on the K43 residue of MR1 but without being influenced by Ac-6-FP. This work provides new insight into the physiological roles of MR1 and MR1-restricted T cells.
{"title":"Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte-Derived Atypical TCRs Recognizing Breast Cancer in an MR1-Dependent Manner.","authors":"Abdul Hayee, Eiji Kobayashi, Chihiro Motozono, Hiroshi Hamana, Ha Thi Viet My, Takuya Okada, Naoki Toyooka, Satoshi Yamaguchi, Tatsuhiko Ozawa, Hiroyuki Kishi","doi":"10.3390/cells13201711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13201711","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The MHC class I-related 1 (MR1) molecule is a non-polymorphic antigen-presenting molecule that presents several metabolites to MR1-restricted T cells, including mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. MR1 ligands bind to MR1 molecules by forming a Schiff base with the K43 residue of MR1, which induces the folding of MR1 and its reach to the cell surface. An antagonistic MR1 ligand, Ac-6-FP, and the K43A mutation of MR1 are known to inhibit the responses of MR1-restricted T cells. In this study, we analyzed MR1-restricted TCRs obtained from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from breast cancer patients. They responded to two breast cancer cell lines independently from microbial infection and did not respond to other cancer cell lines or normal breast cells. Interestingly, the reactivity of these TCRs was not inhibited by Ac-6-FP, while it was attenuated by the K43A mutation of MR1. Our findings suggest the existence of a novel class of MR1-restricted TCRs whose antigen is expressed in some breast cancer cells and binds to MR1 depending on the K43 residue of MR1 but without being influenced by Ac-6-FP. This work provides new insight into the physiological roles of MR1 and MR1-restricted T cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":9743,"journal":{"name":"Cells","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11506377/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juliette Restier-Verlet, Mélanie L Ferlazzo, Adeline Granzotto, Joëlle Al-Choboq, Camélia Bellemou, Maxime Estavoyer, Florentin Lecomte, Michel Bourguignon, Laurent Pujo-Menjouet, Nicolas Foray
Radiation impacting astronauts in their spacecraft come from a "bath" of high-energy rays (0.1-0.5 mGy per mission day) that reaches deep tissues like the heart and bones and a "stochastic rain" of low-energy particles from the shielding and impacting surface tissues like skin and lenses. However, these two components cannot be reproduced on Earth together. The MarsSimulator facility (Toulouse University, France) emits, thanks to a bag containing thorium salts, a continuous exposure of 120 mSv/y, corresponding to that prevailing in the International Space Station (ISS). By using immunofluorescence, we assessed DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) induced by 1-5 weeks exposure in ISS of human tissues evoked above, identified at risk for space exploration. All the tissues tested elicited DSBs that accumulated proportionally to the dose at a tissue-dependent rate (about 40 DSB/Gy for skin, 3 times more for lens). For the lens, bones, and radiosensitive skin cells tested, perinuclear localization of phosphorylated forms of ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein (pATM) was observed during the 1st to 3rd week of exposure. Since pATM crowns were shown to reflect accelerated aging, these findings suggest that a low dose rate of 120 mSv/y may accelerate the senescence process of the tested tissues. A mathematical model of pATM crown formation and disappearance has been proposed. Further investigations are needed to document these results in order to better evaluate the risks related to space exploration.
{"title":"Accelerated Aging Effects Observed In Vitro after an Exposure to Gamma-Rays Delivered at Very Low and Continuous Dose-Rate Equivalent to 1-5 Weeks in International Space Station.","authors":"Juliette Restier-Verlet, Mélanie L Ferlazzo, Adeline Granzotto, Joëlle Al-Choboq, Camélia Bellemou, Maxime Estavoyer, Florentin Lecomte, Michel Bourguignon, Laurent Pujo-Menjouet, Nicolas Foray","doi":"10.3390/cells13201703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13201703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radiation impacting astronauts in their spacecraft come from a \"bath\" of high-energy rays (0.1-0.5 mGy per mission day) that reaches deep tissues like the heart and bones and a \"stochastic rain\" of low-energy particles from the shielding and impacting surface tissues like skin and lenses. However, these two components cannot be reproduced on Earth together. The MarsSimulator facility (Toulouse University, France) emits, thanks to a bag containing thorium salts, a continuous exposure of 120 mSv/y, corresponding to that prevailing in the International Space Station (ISS). By using immunofluorescence, we assessed DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) induced by 1-5 weeks exposure in ISS of human tissues evoked above, identified at risk for space exploration. All the tissues tested elicited DSBs that accumulated proportionally to the dose at a tissue-dependent rate (about 40 DSB/Gy for skin, 3 times more for lens). For the lens, bones, and radiosensitive skin cells tested, perinuclear localization of phosphorylated forms of ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein (pATM) was observed during the 1st to 3rd week of exposure. Since pATM crowns were shown to reflect accelerated aging, these findings suggest that a low dose rate of 120 mSv/y may accelerate the senescence process of the tested tissues. A mathematical model of pATM crown formation and disappearance has been proposed. Further investigations are needed to document these results in order to better evaluate the risks related to space exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":9743,"journal":{"name":"Cells","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11506070/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}