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The Emerging Role of Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibition in Neurological Disorders: The State of the Art. 磷酸二酯酶 5 抑制剂在神经系统疾病中的新作用:技术现状。
IF 5.1 2区 生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.3390/cells13201720
Clara Crescioli, Maria Paola Paronetto

Growing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is not just a consequence of neurodegeneration in pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but it is rather a determinant factor, which plays a pivotal role in the onset and progression of these disorders. Neuroinflammation can affect cells and processes in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as immune cells, and might precede protein aggregation, which is a hallmark of the neurodegenerative process. Standard treatment methods are far from being able to counteract inflammation and delay neurodegeneration. Remarkably, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5is), which represent potent vasoactive drugs used as a first-line treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED), display important anti-inflammatory effects through cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) level stabilization. Since PDE5 hydrolyzes cGMP, several studies positioned PDE5 as a therapeutic target, and more specifically, PDE5is as potential alternative strategies for the treatment of a variety of neurological disorders. Indeed, PDE5is can limit neuroinflammation and enhance synaptic plasticity, with beneficial effects on cognitive function and memory. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of some of the main processes underlying neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration which may be potential targets for PDE5is, focusing on sildenafil, the most extensively studied. Current strategies using PDEis for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases will be summarized.

越来越多的证据表明,在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、亨廷顿病或肌萎缩侧索硬化症等病症中,神经炎症不仅仅是神经变性的结果,而且还是一个决定性因素,在这些疾病的发生和发展过程中起着举足轻重的作用。神经发炎会影响中枢神经系统(CNS)的细胞和过程以及免疫细胞,并可能先于蛋白质聚集,而蛋白质聚集是神经退行性病变过程的标志。标准的治疗方法远不能对抗炎症和延缓神经退行性变。值得注意的是,磷酸二酯酶 5 抑制剂(PDE5is)是一种强效血管活性药物,被用作治疗勃起功能障碍(ED)的一线药物,它通过稳定环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)水平而发挥重要的抗炎作用。由于 PDE5 可水解 cGMP,一些研究将 PDE5 定位为治疗靶点,更具体地说,PDE5is 是治疗各种神经系统疾病的潜在替代策略。事实上,PDE5is 可以限制神经炎症,增强突触可塑性,对认知功能和记忆产生有益影响。本综述旨在概述可能成为 PDE5is 潜在靶点的神经炎症和神经退行性变的一些主要过程,重点是西地那非,这是研究最为广泛的一种药物。文章还将总结目前使用 PDEis 治疗神经退行性疾病的策略。
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引用次数: 0
TRPV4 Mediates Alveolar Epithelial Barrier Integrity and Induces ADAM10-Driven E-Cadherin Shedding. TRPV4介导肺泡上皮屏障完整性并诱导ADAM10驱动的E-Cadherin脱落
IF 5.1 2区 生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.3390/cells13201717
Lena Schaller, Thomas Gudermann, Alexander Dietrich

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels have been associated with numerous pulmonary pathologies, including hypertension, asthma, and acute lung injury. However, their role in the alveolar epithelium remains unclear. We performed impedance-based resistance measurements in primary differentiated alveolar epithelial type I (AT1) cells from wild-type (WT) and TRPV4-deficient (TRPV4-/-) C57/BL6J mice to detect changes in AT1 barrier integrity upon TRPV4 activation. Both pharmacological (GSK1016790A) and a low pH-driven activation of TRPV4 were quantified, and the downstream effects on adherens junctions were assessed through the Western blotting of epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) protein levels. Importantly, a drop in pH caused a rapid decrease in AT1 barrier resistance and increased the formation of a ~35 kDa E-cadherin C-terminal fragment, with both effects significantly reduced in TRPV4-/- AT1 cells. Similarly, the pharmacological activation of TRPV4 in AT1 cells triggered an immediate transient loss of barrier resistance and the formation of the same E-cadherin fragment, which was again diminished by TRPV4 deficiency. Moreover, TRPV4-mediated E-cadherin cleavage was significantly reduced by GI254023X, an antagonist of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10). Our results confirm the role of TRPV4 in regulating alveolar epithelial barrier permeability and provide insight into a novel signaling pathway by which TRPV4-induced Ca2+ influx stimulates metalloprotease-driven ectodomain shedding.

瞬时受体电位类香草素 4(TRPV4)通道与许多肺部病症有关,包括高血压、哮喘和急性肺损伤。然而,它们在肺泡上皮细胞中的作用仍不清楚。我们在来自野生型(WT)和TRPV4缺陷型(TRPV4-/-)C57/BL6J小鼠的原代分化肺泡上皮I型(AT1)细胞中进行了基于阻抗的测量,以检测TRPV4激活后AT1屏障完整性的变化。对TRPV4的药理(GSK1016790A)激活和低pH值驱动激活进行了量化,并通过上皮粘连蛋白(E-cadherin)蛋白水平的Western印迹分析评估了其对粘连连接的下游影响。重要的是,pH 值下降会导致 AT1 屏障阻力迅速下降,并增加约 35 kDa E-cadherin C-terminal 片段的形成,而这两种效应在 TRPV4-/- AT1 细胞中均显著降低。同样,药理激活 AT1 细胞中的 TRPV4 会立即导致屏障阻力的短暂丧失,并形成相同的 E-cadherin 片段,而 TRPV4 的缺失又会减弱这种效应。此外,GI254023X(一种崩解素和金属蛋白酶 10(ADAM10)的拮抗剂)能显著减少 TRPV4 介导的 E-cadherin 分裂。我们的研究结果证实了 TRPV4 在调节肺泡上皮屏障通透性中的作用,并深入揭示了 TRPV4 诱导的 Ca2+ 流入刺激金属蛋白酶驱动的外表皮脱落的新型信号通路。
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引用次数: 0
Activation of Mammary Epithelial and Stromal Fibroblasts upon Exposure to Escherichia coli Metabolites. 乳腺上皮细胞和基质成纤维细胞暴露于大肠杆菌代谢物后的活化。
IF 5.1 2区 生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.3390/cells13201723
Jamilah H Alshehri, Huda K Al-Nasrallah, Mysoon M Al-Ansari, Abdelilah Aboussekhra

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. The mammary gland is composed of various types of cells including luminal cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, adipocytes, and specific microbiota. The reciprocal interaction between these multiple types of cells can dictate the initiation and progression of cancer, as well as metastasis and response to therapy. In the present report, we have shown that Escherichia coli-conditioned media (E-CM) can directly activate human mammary luminal epithelial cells (HMLEs), by inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process associated with increased proliferation and invasion capacities, as well as stemness features. Additionally, it has been shown that E-CM has an indirect pro-carcinogenic effect, mediated by the activation of normal breast fibroblasts (NBFs). Indeed, E-CM upregulated various markers of active fibroblasts (FAP-α, GPR77, and CD10), and enhanced the proliferation, migration, and invasion capacities of NBFs. Furthermore, E-CM induced an inflammatory response in NBFs by activating the pro-inflammatory NF-kB transcription factor and several of its downstream target cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. This E-CM-dependent activation of NBFs was confirmed by showing their paracrine pro-carcinogenic effects through inducing EMT and stemness features in normal breast epithelial cells. Interestingly, similar effects were obtained by recombinant human IL-1β. These results provide the first indication that E. coli can initiate breast carcinogenesis through the activation of breast stromal fibroblasts and their paracrine pro-carcinogenic effects.

乳腺癌是全球妇女癌症死亡的主要原因。乳腺由各种类型的细胞组成,包括管腔细胞、成纤维细胞、免疫细胞、脂肪细胞和特定的微生物群。这些多类型细胞之间的相互影响可决定癌症的发生和发展,以及转移和对治疗的反应。在本报告中,我们发现大肠杆菌调理培养基(E-CM)可通过诱导上皮细胞向间质转化(EMT)直接激活人类乳腺管腔上皮细胞(HMLEs)。此外,研究还表明,E-CM 通过激活正常乳腺成纤维细胞(NBFs)间接产生促癌作用。事实上,E-CM 上调了活性成纤维细胞的各种标记(FAP-α、GPR77 和 CD10),并增强了正常乳腺成纤维细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力。此外,E-CM 还通过激活促炎性 NF-kB 转录因子及其下游靶细胞因子(包括 IL-1β、IL-6 和 IL-8),诱导 NBFs 产生炎症反应。通过诱导正常乳腺上皮细胞的 EMT 和干性特征,NBFs 的旁分泌促癌作用得到了证实。有趣的是,重组人IL-1β也有类似的作用。这些结果首次表明,大肠杆菌可通过激活乳腺基质成纤维细胞及其旁分泌的促癌作用引发乳腺癌。
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引用次数: 0
Cryoprotective Potential of Theobromine in the Improvement of the Post-Thaw Quality of Bovine Spermatozoa. 可可碱在改善牛精子解冻后质量方面的低温保护潜力
IF 5.1 2区 生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.3390/cells13201710
Filip Benko, Štefan Baňas, Michal Ďuračka, Miroslava Kačániová, Eva Tvrdá

Theobromine (TBR) is a methylxanthine known for its bronchodilatory and stimulatory effects. This research evaluated the vitality, capacitation patterns, oxidative characteristics, microbial profile and expression of capacitation-associated proteins (CatSper1/2, sodium bicarbonate cotransporter [NBC], protein kinases A [PKA] and C [PKC] and adenylate cyclase 10 [ADCY10]) in cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa (n = 30) in the absence (cryopreserved control [CtrlC]) or presence of different TBR concentrations (12.5, 25, and 50 µM) in egg yolk extender. Fresh ejaculate served as a negative control (CtrlN). Significant post-thaw maintenance of the sperm motility, membrane and DNA integrity and mitochondrial activity (p < 0.001) were recorded following the administration of 25 μM and 50 μM TBR, then compared to CtrlC. All groups supplemented with TBR exhibited a significantly lower percentage of prematurely capacitated spermatozoa (p < 0.001) than CtrlC. Significantly decreased levels of global reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals were observed in the presence of 25 μM and 50 μM TBR (p < 0.01). Western blot analysis revealed that supplementation with 50 μM TBR significantly prevented the loss of NBC and ADCY10 (p < 0.01), while all TBR doses stabilized the levels of PKC (p < 0.05 at 50 μM TBR; p < 0.001 at 12.5 μM and 25 μM TBR). In summary, we suggest that TBR is effective in protecting the spermatozoa during the cryopreservation process through its potential to stimulate energy synthesis while preventing ROS overproduction and the loss of proteins involved in the sperm activation process.

可可碱(TBR)是一种甲基黄嘌呤,具有扩张支气管和刺激支气管的作用。本研究评估了冷冻保存的牛(n = 30)精子在无 TBR(冷冻保存对照 [CtrlC])或有不同浓度(12、5、25 和 50 µM)TBR 的情况下的活力、获能模式、氧化特性、微生物特征以及获能相关蛋白(CatSper1/2、碳酸氢钠共转运体 [NBC]、蛋白激酶 A [PKA] 和 C [PKC] 以及腺苷酸环化酶 10 [ADCY10])的表达。5、25 和 50 µM)。新鲜射精作为阴性对照(CtrlN)。与 CtrlC 相比,服用 25 μM 和 50 μM TBR 后,精子的运动能力、膜和 DNA 的完整性以及线粒体活性在解冻后都得到了显著的维持(p < 0.001)。与 CtrlC 相比,补充了 TBR 的所有组的过早获能精子百分比都明显降低(p < 0.001)。在 25 μM 和 50 μM TBR 的作用下,观察到全局活性氧(ROS)、过氧化氢和羟基自由基的水平明显下降(p < 0.01)。Western blot 分析显示,补充 50 μM TBR 能显著防止 NBC 和 ADCY10 的损失(p < 0.01),而所有 TBR 剂量都能稳定 PKC 的水平(50 μM TBR 时 p < 0.05;12.5 μM 和 25 μM TBR 时 p < 0.001)。总之,我们认为 TBR 在低温保存过程中能有效保护精子,因为它能刺激能量合成,同时防止 ROS 过度产生和精子活化过程中蛋白质的损失。
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引用次数: 0
Decompensated MASH-Cirrhosis Model by Acute and Toxic Effects of Phenobarbital. 苯巴比妥的急性和毒性作用导致的失代偿 MASH-Cirrhosis 模型
IF 5.1 2区 生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.3390/cells13201707
Nico Kraus, Frank Erhard Uschner, Magnus Moeslein, Robert Schierwagen, Wenyi Gu, Maximilian Joseph Brol, Eike Fürst, Inga Grünewald, Sophie Lotersztajn, Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou, Marta Duran-Güell, Roger Flores Costa, Joan Clària, Jonel Trebicka, Sabine Klein

Metabolic dysfunction-associated Steatohepatitis (MASH), is a prominent cause for liver cirrhosis. MASH-cirrhosis is responsible for liver complications and there is no specific treatment. To develop new therapeutic approaches, animal models are needed. The aim of this study was to develop a fast animal model of MASH-cirrhosis in rats reflecting the human disease. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injections in combination with a high-fat Western diet (WD) were used to induce MASH-cirrhosis. To accelerate liver injury, animals received phenobarbital (PB) in their drinking water using two different regimens. Rats developed advanced MASH-cirrhosis characterized by portal hypertension, blood biochemistry, hepatic ballooning, steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Importantly, rats receiving low-dose PB for the long term (LT) showed ascites after 6 weeks, whereas rats with high-dose short-term (ST) PB developed ascites after 8 weeks. ST- and LT-treated rats showed increased portal pressure (PP) and decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP). Of note, hepatocyte ballooning was only observed in the LT group. The LT administration of low-dose PB with CCl4 intoxication and WD represents a fast and reproducible rat model mimicking decompensated MASH-cirrhosis in humans. Thus, CCl4 + WD with LT low-dose phenobarbital treatment might be the preferred rat animal model for drug development in MASH-cirrhosis.

代谢功能障碍相关性脂肪性肝炎(MASH)是导致肝硬化的主要原因。MASH-肝硬化是肝脏并发症的罪魁祸首,目前尚无特效治疗方法。要开发新的治疗方法,需要动物模型。本研究的目的是在大鼠身上建立一个反映人类疾病的快速 MASH 肝硬化动物模型。通过注射四氯化碳(CCl4)和高脂西式饮食(WD)来诱导 MASH-肝硬化。为了加速肝损伤,采用两种不同的方案在动物的饮用水中加入苯巴比妥(PB)。大鼠出现了以门脉高压、血液生化、肝脏膨胀、脂肪变性、炎症和纤维化为特征的晚期 MASH-肝硬化。重要的是,长期(LT)接受低剂量 PB 的大鼠在 6 周后出现腹水,而短期(ST)接受高剂量 PB 的大鼠在 8 周后出现腹水。ST 和 LT 治疗大鼠的门静脉压力(PP)升高,平均动脉压(MAP)降低。值得注意的是,仅在 LT 组中观察到肝细胞气球形成。低剂量 PB LT 给药与 CCl4 中毒和 WD 是一种快速、可重复的模拟人类失代偿性 MASH-irrhosis 的大鼠模型。因此,CCl4+WD与LT低剂量苯巴比妥治疗可能是MASH-肝硬化药物开发的首选大鼠动物模型。
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引用次数: 0
Platelet Function, Platelet Size and Content of Reticulated Platelets: Interactions in Patients Receiving Dual Antiplatelet Therapy. 血小板功能、血小板大小和网状血小板含量:接受双重抗血小板疗法患者的相互作用。
IF 5.1 2区 生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.3390/cells13201712
Valeria V Bodrova, Olga N Shustova, Nina V Golubeva, Amina K Alieva, Vladislav V Vlodzyanovsky, Dmitry V Pevzner, Alexey V Mazurov

Increased platelet activity is a risk factor of thrombotic events in cardiovascular patients. We studied the relationship between platelet function, platelet size, and the content of reticulated platelets (RP) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD, n = 55) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS, n = 95) receiving acetylsalicylic acid + clopidogrel or ticagrelor, respectively. The control group consisted of patients with risk factors for CHD, but with no CHD/ACS and free of antiplatelet drugs (n = 66). Platelet function was evaluated by the exposure of activated glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa and P-selectin. In the control group, platelets were activated by TRAP (Thrombin Receptor Activating Peptide) 10 µM, and ADP 20, 5, 2.5 µM, and in the CHD/ACS groups, by TRAP 10 µM, and ADP 20 5 µM (±epinephrine 20 µM). Platelet size was assessed by the mean volume, % large forms, and forward scattering. RP were stained by thiazole orange. In the control group, activated GP IIb-IIIa and P-selectin correlated with platelet size and RP content after platelet activation by all agonists. Despite the decrease in platelet activity by antiplatelet drugs, most correlations (primarily for activated GP IIb-IIIa) were preserved in the CHD/ACS patients. In conclusion, increased platelet size and RP content are associated with increased platelet activity and the reduced efficacy of antiplatelet therapy.

血小板活性增加是心血管疾病患者发生血栓事件的一个危险因素。我们研究了分别接受乙酰水杨酸+氯吡格雷或替卡格雷治疗的冠心病(CHD,55 人)和急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS,95 人)患者的血小板功能、血小板大小和网状血小板(RP)含量之间的关系。对照组由具有冠心病危险因素但无冠心病/冠状动脉综合征且未服用抗血小板药物的患者组成(n = 66)。血小板功能通过活化糖蛋白(GP)IIb-IIIa和P-选择素的暴露进行评估。在对照组中,血小板被 TRAP(凝血酶受体激活肽)10 µM、ADP 20、5、2.5 µM激活;在 CHD/ACS 组中,血小板被 TRAP 10 µM、ADP 20 5 µM(±肾上腺素 20 µM)激活。血小板大小通过平均体积、大形血小板百分比和前向散射进行评估。RP 采用噻唑橙染色。在对照组中,所有激动剂激活血小板后,激活的 GP IIb-IIIa 和 P 选择素与血小板大小和 RP 含量相关。尽管抗血小板药物降低了血小板的活性,但大多数相关性(主要是活化的 GP IIb-IIIa)在冠心病/心肌梗死患者中得以保留。总之,血小板大小和 RP 含量的增加与血小板活性的增加和抗血小板疗法疗效的降低有关。
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引用次数: 0
Immunological Strategies in Gastric Cancer: How Toll-like Receptors 2, -3, -4, and -9 on Monocytes and Dendritic Cells Depend on Patient Factors? 胃癌的免疫策略:单核细胞和树突状细胞上的 Toll 样受体 2、-3、-4 和 -9 如何取决于患者因素?
IF 5.1 2区 生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.3390/cells13201708
Marek Kos, Krzysztof Bojarski, Paulina Mertowska, Sebastian Mertowski, Piotr Tomaka, Łukasz Dziki, Ewelina Grywalska

(1) Introduction: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key in immune response by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In gastric cancer (GC), TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 are crucial for modulating immune response and tumor progression. (2) Objective: This study aimed to assess the percentage of dendritic cells and monocytes expressing TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9, along with the concentration of their soluble forms in the serum of GC patients compared to healthy volunteers. Factors such as disease stage, tumor type, age, and gender were also analyzed. (3) Materials and Methods: Blood samples from newly diagnosed GC patients and healthy controls were immunophenotyped using flow cytometry to assess TLR expression on dendritic cell subpopulations and monocytes. Serum-soluble TLRs were measured by ELISA. Statistical analysis considered clinical variables such as tumor type, stage, age, and gender. (4) Results: TLR expression was significantly higher in GC patients, except for TLR3 on classical monocytes. Soluble forms of all TLRs were elevated in GC patients, with significant differences based on disease stage but not tumor type, except for serum TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9. (5) Conclusions: Elevated TLR expression and soluble TLR levels in GC patients suggest a role in tumor pathogenesis and progression, offering potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

(1) 引言:Toll 样受体(TLRs)可识别病原体相关分子模式(PAMPs)和损伤相关分子模式(DAMPs),是免疫反应的关键。在胃癌(GC)中,TLR2、TLR3、TLR4 和 TLR9 是调节免疫反应和肿瘤进展的关键。(2)目的:本研究旨在评估与健康志愿者相比,GC 患者血清中表达 TLR2、TLR3、TLR4 和 TLR9 的树突状细胞和单核细胞的百分比及其可溶性形式的浓度。此外,还分析了疾病分期、肿瘤类型、年龄和性别等因素。(3)材料与方法:使用流式细胞术对新诊断的 GC 患者和健康对照者的血样进行免疫分型,以评估树突状细胞亚群和单核细胞上 TLR 的表达。血清可溶性 TLRs 采用 ELISA 法检测。统计分析考虑了肿瘤类型、分期、年龄和性别等临床变量。(4)结果:除经典单核细胞上的 TLR3 外,GC 患者的 TLR 表达明显较高。除了血清中的 TLR2、TLR4 和 TLR9 外,所有 TLR 的可溶性形式在 GC 患者中均有升高,且根据疾病分期而非肿瘤类型存在显著差异。(5)结论:GC 患者体内 TLR 表达和可溶性 TLR 水平的升高表明,TLR 在肿瘤的发病和进展过程中起着重要作用,并提供了潜在的生物标记物和治疗靶点。
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引用次数: 0
The Promise of Artificial Intelligence in Reshaping Anticancer Drug Development. 人工智能在重塑抗癌药物开发中的前景。
IF 5.1 2区 生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.3390/cells13201709
Kostas A Papavassiliou, Amalia A Sofianidi, Vassiliki A Gogou, Athanasios G Papavassiliou

While the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) has deep historical roots, its development as a formal scientific field was initiated in the 1950s by Newell and Simon, who invented a "thinking machine" called the Logic Theorist [...].

虽然人工智能(AI)的概念有着深厚的历史渊源,但其作为一个正式科学领域的发展却是由纽厄尔(Newell)和西蒙(Simon)在 20 世纪 50 年代发起的,他们发明了一种名为逻辑理论家(Logic Theorist)的 "思考机器"[...]。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte-Derived Atypical TCRs Recognizing Breast Cancer in an MR1-Dependent Manner. 肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞衍生的非典型 TCR 的特征以 MR1 依赖性方式识别乳腺癌。
IF 5.1 2区 生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.3390/cells13201711
Abdul Hayee, Eiji Kobayashi, Chihiro Motozono, Hiroshi Hamana, Ha Thi Viet My, Takuya Okada, Naoki Toyooka, Satoshi Yamaguchi, Tatsuhiko Ozawa, Hiroyuki Kishi

The MHC class I-related 1 (MR1) molecule is a non-polymorphic antigen-presenting molecule that presents several metabolites to MR1-restricted T cells, including mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. MR1 ligands bind to MR1 molecules by forming a Schiff base with the K43 residue of MR1, which induces the folding of MR1 and its reach to the cell surface. An antagonistic MR1 ligand, Ac-6-FP, and the K43A mutation of MR1 are known to inhibit the responses of MR1-restricted T cells. In this study, we analyzed MR1-restricted TCRs obtained from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from breast cancer patients. They responded to two breast cancer cell lines independently from microbial infection and did not respond to other cancer cell lines or normal breast cells. Interestingly, the reactivity of these TCRs was not inhibited by Ac-6-FP, while it was attenuated by the K43A mutation of MR1. Our findings suggest the existence of a novel class of MR1-restricted TCRs whose antigen is expressed in some breast cancer cells and binds to MR1 depending on the K43 residue of MR1 but without being influenced by Ac-6-FP. This work provides new insight into the physiological roles of MR1 and MR1-restricted T cells.

MHC I 类相关 1(MR1)分子是一种非多态性抗原递呈分子,可向受 MR1 限制的 T 细胞(包括粘膜相关不变 T 细胞(MAIT))递呈多种代谢产物。MR1 配体通过与 MR1 的 K43 残基形成希夫碱而与 MR1 分子结合,从而促使 MR1 折叠并到达细胞表面。已知一种拮抗的 MR1 配体 Ac-6-FP 和 MR1 的 K43A 突变可抑制 MR1 限制性 T 细胞的反应。在这项研究中,我们分析了从乳腺癌患者的肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(TIL)中获得的 MR1 限制性 TCR。它们对两种乳腺癌细胞系的反应与微生物感染无关,而对其他癌细胞系或正常乳腺细胞没有反应。有趣的是,Ac-6-FP 不会抑制这些 TCR 的反应性,而 MR1 的 K43A 突变则会减弱这种反应性。我们的研究结果表明,存在一类新型的受 MR1 限制的 TCR,它们的抗原在一些乳腺癌细胞中表达,并根据 MR1 的 K43 残基与 MR1 结合,但不受 Ac-6-FP 的影响。这项工作为了解 MR1 和 MR1 限制性 T 细胞的生理作用提供了新的视角。
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引用次数: 0
Accelerated Aging Effects Observed In Vitro after an Exposure to Gamma-Rays Delivered at Very Low and Continuous Dose-Rate Equivalent to 1-5 Weeks in International Space Station. 在国际空间站中以相当于 1-5 周的极低持续剂量率照射伽马射线后观察到的体外加速老化效应。
IF 5.1 2区 生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.3390/cells13201703
Juliette Restier-Verlet, Mélanie L Ferlazzo, Adeline Granzotto, Joëlle Al-Choboq, Camélia Bellemou, Maxime Estavoyer, Florentin Lecomte, Michel Bourguignon, Laurent Pujo-Menjouet, Nicolas Foray

Radiation impacting astronauts in their spacecraft come from a "bath" of high-energy rays (0.1-0.5 mGy per mission day) that reaches deep tissues like the heart and bones and a "stochastic rain" of low-energy particles from the shielding and impacting surface tissues like skin and lenses. However, these two components cannot be reproduced on Earth together. The MarsSimulator facility (Toulouse University, France) emits, thanks to a bag containing thorium salts, a continuous exposure of 120 mSv/y, corresponding to that prevailing in the International Space Station (ISS). By using immunofluorescence, we assessed DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) induced by 1-5 weeks exposure in ISS of human tissues evoked above, identified at risk for space exploration. All the tissues tested elicited DSBs that accumulated proportionally to the dose at a tissue-dependent rate (about 40 DSB/Gy for skin, 3 times more for lens). For the lens, bones, and radiosensitive skin cells tested, perinuclear localization of phosphorylated forms of ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein (pATM) was observed during the 1st to 3rd week of exposure. Since pATM crowns were shown to reflect accelerated aging, these findings suggest that a low dose rate of 120 mSv/y may accelerate the senescence process of the tested tissues. A mathematical model of pATM crown formation and disappearance has been proposed. Further investigations are needed to document these results in order to better evaluate the risks related to space exploration.

航天器中对宇航员产生影响的辐射来自于到达心脏和骨骼等深层组织的高能射线 "浴"(每个任务日 0.1-0.5 mGy),以及来自屏蔽和影响皮肤和镜片等表面组织的低能粒子 "随机雨"。然而,地球上无法同时再现这两个组成部分。火星模拟器设施(法国图卢兹大学)通过一个装有钍盐的袋子,持续释放出 120 mSv/y 的辐射,与国际空间站(ISS)的辐射量相当。通过使用免疫荧光技术,我们评估了在国际空间站中暴露 1-5 周所诱发的 DNA 双链断裂(DSB)情况,并确定了上述人体组织在太空探索中的风险。所有受测组织都诱发了 DSB,其累积率与剂量成正比(皮肤约为 40DSB/Gy,晶状体为其 3 倍)。在所测试的晶状体、骨骼和对辐射敏感的皮肤细胞中,在暴露的第 1 至第 3 周,观察到磷酰化形式的共济失调毛细血管扩张症突变蛋白(pATM)在核周定位。由于 pATM 冠被证明反映了加速衰老,这些发现表明 120 mSv/y 的低剂量率可能会加速受测组织的衰老过程。已经提出了一个关于 pATM 冠形成和消失的数学模型。为了更好地评估与空间探索有关的风险,需要进行进一步的调查,以记录这些结果。
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